Limits Formula Sheet:

Trigonometric Limits:
sin 𝑥 𝑥
lim = lim =1
→ 𝑥 → sin 𝑥

tan 𝑥 𝑥
lim = lim =1
→ 𝑥 → tan 𝑥

1 − cos 𝑥
lim =0
→ 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) 𝑥
lim = lim =1
→ 𝑥 → 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)

𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥) 𝑥
lim = lim =1
→ 𝑥 → 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥)

sin(𝑥 − 𝑎) tan (𝑥 − 𝑎)
lim = lim =1
→ 𝑥−𝑎 → 𝑥−𝑎

sin (1⁄𝑥 )
lim =1
→ 1⁄𝑥

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
lim = lim =0
→ 𝑥 → 𝑥

Exponential Limits:
𝑒 −1
lim 𝑒 = 1 lim =1
→ → 𝑥

1 𝑥+1
lim 1 + = lim = 𝑒
→ 𝑥 → 𝑥

⁄
𝑎
lim [1 + 𝑥] =𝑒 lim 1 + = 𝑒
→ → 𝑥
Logarithmic Limits:
ln (1 + 𝑥) 𝑎 −1
lim =1 lim = ln 𝑎
→ 𝑥 → 𝑥
Other Limits:
[1 + 𝑥 ] − 1
lim =𝑛
→ 𝑥

www.Video-Tutor.net
 Calculus 1 – Derivatives Formula Sheet:
Basic Derivatives:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[𝒄] = 0 [𝒙] = 1 [𝒄𝒙] = 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑
[𝒄 ∗ 𝒇(𝒙)] = 𝑐 ∗ 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Trigonometric Derivatives:
𝑑 𝑑
[𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙] = cos 𝑥 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙] = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
[𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙] = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 [𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙] = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
[𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙] = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 [𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙] = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The Power Rule:

𝑑 𝒏
[𝒙 ] = 𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

The Product Rule:

𝑑
[𝒖𝒗] = 𝑢 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣′
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
[𝒖𝒗𝒘] = 𝑢 𝑣𝑤 + 𝑢𝑣 𝑤 + 𝑢𝑣𝑤′
𝑑𝑥

The Quotient Rule:

𝑑 𝒖 𝑣𝑢 − 𝑢𝑣′
=
𝑑𝑥 𝒗 𝑣

The Reciprocal Rule:

𝑑 𝟏 −𝑢′
=
𝑑𝑥 𝒖 𝑢

www.Video-Tutor.net
The Chain Rule:
𝒅𝒚 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∗
𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝒇 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) ∗ 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝒇 𝒈(𝒖) = 𝑓 𝑔(𝑢) ∗ 𝑔 (𝑢) ∗ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 = 𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)] ∗ 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Trig Derivatives:
𝑑 𝑑
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒖) = cos(𝑢) 𝑢 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒖) = − sin(𝑢) 𝑢′
“With Chain Rule” 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒖) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑢) 𝑢 𝐜𝐨𝐭(𝒖) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 (𝑢) 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝒖) = sec(𝑢) tan(𝑢) 𝑢 𝐜𝐬𝐜(𝒖) = − csc(𝑢) cot(𝑢) 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Inverse Trig Derivatives:

𝑑 𝑢′ 𝑑 −𝑢′
[𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏 (𝒖)] = [𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏 (𝒖)] =
“With Chain Rule” 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢

𝑑 𝑢′ 𝑑 −𝑢′
[𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟏 (𝒖)] = [𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝟏 (𝒖)] =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢

𝑑 𝑢′ 𝑑 −𝑢′
[𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝟏 (𝒖)] = [𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝟏 (𝒖)] =
𝑑𝑥 |𝑢|√𝑢 − 1 𝑑𝑥 |𝑢|√𝑢 − 1

Exponential Derivatives:
𝑑 𝒖
[𝒆 ] = 𝑒 ∗ 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝒖
[𝒂 ] = 𝑎 ∗ 𝑢 ∗ ln 𝑎
𝑑𝑥

Derivatives of Logs:
𝑑 𝑢′
[𝐥𝐧 𝒖] =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢

𝑑 𝑢′
[𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝒖)] =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln 𝑎

www.Video-Tutor.net
Logarithmic Di erentiation:
𝑑 𝒗 𝑣𝑢′
[𝒖 ] = 𝑢 + 𝑣 ln (𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑢

Inverse Functions:
𝑑 1
[𝒇 𝟏 (𝒂)] = 𝒇(𝒃) = 𝒂 𝒇 𝟏 (𝒂) = 𝒃
𝑑𝑥 𝑓′(𝑏)

𝑑 1
[𝒇 𝟏 (𝒙)] =
𝑑𝑥 𝑓 [𝑓 (𝑥)]

Limit Definition:
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝒇 (𝒙) = lim
→ ℎ

Alternative Definition:
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝒇 (𝒂) = lim
→ 𝑥−𝑎

www.Video-Tutor.net
 Applications of Derivatives – Formula Sheet:
Average Rate of Change:

𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑚 =
𝑏−𝑎

Tangent Line Equation:

𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥 )

Instantaneous Rate of Change:

𝑚 = 𝑓 (𝑐)

The Normal Line:

1
𝑚 =−
𝑚

Critical Points:

𝑓 (𝑐) = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 (𝑐) = 𝐷𝑁𝐸

Rolle’s Theorem:

1. 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑛 [𝑎, 𝑏]

2. 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑛 (𝑎, 𝑏)
3. 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏)

If the 3 conditions above are met, then there is a number c in

(a, b) where 𝑓 (𝑐) = 0.

Mean Value Theorem:

If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and di erentiable on (a, b), then

there is a number c in (a, b) such that

𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 (𝑐) =
𝑏−𝑎

𝑚 = 𝑚

www.Video-Tutor.net
 Increasing/Decreasing Test:

1. 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 (𝑥) > 0.

2. 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 (𝑥) < 0.
3. 𝐼𝑓 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑐, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑐.

First Derivative Test:

1. 𝐼𝑓 𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 + 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑎𝑡 𝑐, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑎𝑡 𝑐.

2. 𝐼𝑓 𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 − 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑐, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑎𝑡 𝑐.
3. 𝐼𝑓 𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠𝑛′𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑐, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑎𝑡 𝑐.

Concavity Test:

1. 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑝 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 (𝑥) > 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔.

2. 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 (𝑥) < 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔.

Inflection Points:

𝐼𝑓 𝑓 (𝑐) = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 (𝑐) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑐 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑐.

Note: 𝑓 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐.

Second Derivative Test:

1. 𝐼𝑓 𝑓 (𝑐) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (𝑐) > 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑐.

2. 𝐼𝑓 𝑓 (𝑐) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (𝑐) < 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑐.

Note: 𝑓 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐.

L’hospital’s Rule: Newton’s Method for Approximating the Zeros of a Function:

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥 )

lim = lim 𝑥 = 𝑥 −
→ 𝑔(𝑥) → 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑓′(𝑥 )
Note: 𝑔 (𝑥) ≠ 0 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑎.

www.Video-Tutor.net
Di erentials: Tangent Line Approximations: 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎))
𝒅𝒚 = 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓′(𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎)
dx  Di erential of x
dy  Di erential of y
Linear Equation – Point Slope Form: 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑥 , 𝑦 )
Note: ∆𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑦 ≈ 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥 )
∆𝒚 = 𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑎 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑎)
Note: 𝑚 = 𝑓 (𝑎) 𝑎=𝑥 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑦

Description: Average Cost Function:

C(x)  Cost Function 𝐶(𝑥)

𝒄(𝒙) =
c(x)  Average Cost Function 𝑥
C’(x)  Marginal Cost Function

Note: 𝑐(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐶 (𝑥) = 𝑐(𝑥)

Revenue Function: Profit Function:

𝑹(𝒙) = 𝑥 ∙ 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝑅(𝑥) − 𝐶(𝑥)

Note: 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 (𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑)𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. Note: 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅 (𝑥) = 𝐶′(𝑥)

Description: Marginal Profit:

R’(x)  Marginal Revenue 𝑷 (𝒙) = 𝑅 (𝑥) − 𝐶′(𝑥)

P’(x)  Marginal Profit
C’(x)  Marginal Cost

Average Velocity: Average Acceleration:

𝑠(𝑏) − 𝑠(𝑎) 𝑣(𝑏) − 𝑣(𝑎)

𝑣̅ = 𝑎=
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎

Instantaneous Velocity: Instantaneous Acceleration:

𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑠′(𝑡) 𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑣′(𝑡)

Displacement: The Position Function:

𝑑 = 𝑠(𝑏) − 𝑠(𝑎) 𝑠(𝑡)

www.Video-Tutor.net
 Integration Formulas:
The Power Rule:
𝑥
𝒂 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝐶
𝑛+1

1 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = ∗
𝑎 𝑛+1

Rational Functions:
𝟏 𝟏 1
𝒅𝒙 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝒅𝒙 = ln |𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| + 𝐶
𝒙 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 𝑎

Exponential Functions:
1
𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑒 + 𝐶 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒃
𝒅𝒙 = 𝑒 +𝐶
𝑎

𝑎
𝒂𝒃𝒙 𝒅
𝒅𝒙 = +𝐶
𝑏 ln 𝑎

Trig Functions:
cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) 𝒅𝒙 = − +𝐶
𝑎

sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) 𝒅𝒙 = +𝐶
𝑎

𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ln | sec 𝑥 | + 𝐶 = − ln | cos 𝑥| + 𝐶

𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ln | sin 𝑥 | + 𝐶 = − ln | csc 𝑥| + 𝐶

𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ln|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + 𝐶

𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ln|csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥| + 𝐶

Integration By Parts:
𝒖 𝒅𝒗 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

𝒖𝒗 𝒅𝒘 = 𝑢𝑣𝑤 − 𝑣𝑤 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑢𝑤 𝑑𝑣

www.Video-Tutor.net
Integration By Parts:
“Related Formulas” 𝑒
𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒃𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = [𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥] + 𝐶
𝑎 +𝑏

𝑒
𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒃𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = [𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥] + 𝐶
𝑎 +𝑏

𝑥 𝑥
𝒙𝒏 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ln 𝑥 − +𝐶 𝑛 ≠1
𝑛+1 (𝑛 + 1)

1 𝑛
𝒙𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎

Trig Substitution:
𝑢 𝑎 𝑢
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = 𝑎 − 𝑢 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝐶
2 2 𝑎

𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑔 𝑆𝑢𝑏: 𝒖 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒅𝜽

𝑢 𝑎
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = 𝑢 + 𝑎 + ln 𝑢 + 𝑢 + 𝑎 +𝐶
2 2

𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑔 𝑆𝑢𝑏: 𝒖 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 (𝜽) 𝒅𝜽

𝑢 𝑎
𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = 𝑢 − 𝑎 − ln 𝑢 + 𝑢 − 𝑎 +𝐶
2 2

𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑔 𝑆𝑢𝑏: 𝒖 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽

Reduction Formulas:
1 1 1
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑥 − sin(2𝑥) + 𝐶 = (𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥) + 𝐶
2 4 2

1 1 1
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑥 + sin(2𝑥) + 𝐶 = (𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥) + 𝐶
2 4 2

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = − cot 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶

1 𝑛−1
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) cos(𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛

1 𝑛−1
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) sin(𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛

1
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒏 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑛 ≠ 1
𝑛−1

www.Video-Tutor.net
Reduction Formulas:
1
𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒏 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑛 ≠ 1
𝑛−1

1 𝑛−2
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒏 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥) tan(𝑥) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑛 ≠ 1
𝑛−1 𝑛−1

1 𝑛−2
𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒏 (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (𝑥) cot(𝑥) + 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑛 ≠ 1
𝑛−1 𝑛−1

Integration of Logs:
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒅 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) 𝒅𝒙 = log +𝐶
𝑎 𝑒

Inverse Trig:
“Related Formulas” 𝟏 1 𝑢 1 𝑢
𝒅𝒖 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝐶 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 +𝐶
𝒂𝟐 +𝒖 𝟐 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

𝟏 𝑢 𝑢
𝒅𝒖 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝐶 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝐶
√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝑎 𝑎

𝟏 1 𝑢 1 𝑢
𝒅𝒖 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 𝐶 = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 +𝐶
𝒖√𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

Inverse Trig Formulas:

𝟏 (𝒖)
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑢) + 1 − 𝑢 + 𝐶

𝟏 (𝒖) (𝑢) − 1 − 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒖 = 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠

𝟏 (𝒖)
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒅𝒖 = 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑢) − ln 1 + 𝑢 + 𝐶

𝟏 (𝒖) (𝑢) + ln 1 + 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒅𝒖 = 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡

𝟏 (𝒖) (𝑢) − ln 𝑢 + 𝑢 − 1 + 𝐶
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒅𝒖 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝟏 (𝒖) (𝑢) + ln 𝑢 + 𝑢 − 1 + 𝐶
𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒅𝒖 = 𝑢 𝑐𝑠𝑐

www.Video-Tutor.net
 Table of Integrals:
Form: 𝒖𝟐 ± 𝒂𝟐
𝟏 1 𝑢−𝑎
𝒅𝒖 = ln + 𝐶 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: |𝑢 − 𝑎| = |𝑎 − 𝑢|
𝒖𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 2𝑎 𝑢+𝑎

𝟏 1 𝑢+𝑎 1 𝑎+𝑢
𝒅𝒖 = ln + 𝐶 = ln +𝐶
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖 𝟐 2𝑎 𝑢−𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑢

𝟏
𝒅𝒖 = ln 𝑢 + 𝑢 ± 𝑎 +𝐶
𝒖𝟐 ± 𝒂𝟐

𝒖𝟐 ± 𝒂𝟐 𝑢 ±𝑎
𝒅𝒖 = − + ln 𝑢 + 𝑢 ± 𝑎 +𝐶
𝒖𝟐 𝑢

𝒖𝟐 1
𝒅𝒖 = 𝑢 𝑢 ± 𝑎 ∓ 𝑎 ln 𝑢 + 𝑢 ± 𝑎 +𝐶
𝒖𝟐 ± 𝒂𝟐 2

𝟏 𝑢 ±𝑎
𝒅𝒖 = ∓ +𝐶
𝒖𝟐 𝒖𝟐 ± 𝒂𝟐 𝑎 𝑢

𝟏 ±𝑢
𝒅𝒖 = +𝐶
(𝒖𝟐 ± 𝒂𝟐 )𝟑/𝟐 𝑎 𝑢 ±𝑎

𝒖𝟐 𝑢 𝑎 𝑢
𝒅𝒖 = − 𝑎 − 𝑢 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝐶
√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 2 2 𝑎

𝟏 √𝑎 − 𝑢
𝒅𝒖 = − +𝐶
𝒖𝟐 √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 𝑎 𝑢

√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 √𝑎 − 𝑢 𝑢
𝟐
𝒅𝒖 = − − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝐶
𝒖 𝑢 𝑎

Form: √𝒂 + 𝒃𝒖
𝒖 2𝑏𝑢 − 4𝑎
𝒅𝒖 = √𝑎 + 𝑏𝑢 + 𝐶
√𝒂 + 𝒃𝒖 3𝑏

𝟏 1 √𝑎 + 𝑏𝑢 − √𝑎
𝒅𝒖 = ln +𝐶 𝑎>0
𝒖√𝒂 + 𝒃𝒖 √𝑎 √𝑎 + 𝑏𝑢 + √𝑎

√𝒂 + 𝒃𝒖 1
𝒅𝒖 = 2√𝑎 + 𝑏𝑢 + 𝑎 𝑑𝑢
𝒖 𝑢√𝑎 + 𝑏𝑢

www.Video-Tutor.net
Form: 𝟏⁄(𝒂 + 𝒃𝒖)
𝒖 𝑢 𝑎
𝒅𝒖 = − ln|𝑎 + 𝑏𝑢| + 𝐶
𝒂 + 𝒃𝒖 𝑏 𝑏

𝟏 1 𝑢
𝒅𝒖 = ln +𝐶
𝒖(𝒂 + 𝒃𝒖) 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑢

𝟏 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑢 1
𝒅𝒖 = ln −
𝒖𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒃𝒖) 𝑎 𝑢 𝑎𝑢

𝒖𝟐 1 𝑎 𝑎
𝒅𝒖 = 𝑢 − 𝑢 + ln|𝑎 + 𝑏𝑢| + 𝐶
𝒂 + 𝒃𝒖 2𝑏 𝑏 𝑏

𝒖𝟐 1 𝑎
𝟐
𝒅𝒖 = 𝑏𝑢 − − 2𝑎 ln|𝑎 + 𝑏𝑢| + 𝐶
(𝒂 + 𝒃𝒖) 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑢

Form: 𝟏⁄(𝒂 + 𝒃𝒖 + 𝒄𝒖𝟐 )

𝟏 2 2𝑐𝑢 + 𝑏
𝟐
𝒅𝒖 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝑏 < 4𝑎𝑐
𝒂 + 𝒃𝒖 + 𝒄𝒖 √4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 √4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏

𝟏 1 2𝑐𝑢 + 𝑏 − √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝟐
𝒅𝒖 = ln + 𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝑏 > 4𝑎𝑐
𝒂 + 𝒃𝒖 + 𝒄𝒖 √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 2𝑐𝑢 + 𝑏 + √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐

www.Video-Tutor.net
 Applications of Integration – Formula Sheet:
Area under the Curve: Antiderivatives:
𝑏−𝑎
𝐴= 𝑓(𝑥 ) ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑛

𝐴= 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 → [𝑎, 𝑏] 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶

Summation Formulas: Rectilinear Motion:

𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑠 (𝑡)

𝑐 = 𝑐𝑛 𝑖=
2
𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑣′(𝑡)

𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
𝑖 = 𝑣(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠(𝑡) + 𝐶
6

𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 𝑎(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣(𝑡) + 𝐶

𝑖 =
2

Summation Formulas: Definition of the Definite Integral:

6𝑛 + 15𝑛 + 10𝑛 − 𝑛
𝑖 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) ∆𝑥
30 →

Summation Formulas: Evaluating Definite Integrals:

2𝑛 + 6𝑛 + 5𝑛 − 𝑛
𝑖 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
12

Area – Riemann Sums: (Left, Right, & Midpoint) Properties of Definite Integrals:

𝐴 = ∆𝑥[𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓(𝑥 )+. . . 𝑓(𝑥 )]

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 = ∆𝑥[𝑓(𝑥 . ) + 𝑓(𝑥 . ) + 𝑓(𝑥 . ) + 𝑓(𝑥 . )]

𝐴 = ∆𝑥[𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓(𝑥 )+. . . 𝑓(𝑥 )] 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐(𝑏 − 𝑎)

𝑏−𝑎
∆𝑥 =
𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

www.Video-Tutor.net
Area – Trapezoidal Rule: (Approximate Integration)

∆𝑥
𝑇 = [𝑓(𝑥 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥 )+. . .2𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓(𝑥 )]
2

𝑏−𝑎
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 𝑇 ∆𝑥 = 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑖∆𝑥
𝑛
Area – Simpson’s Rule: (Approximate Integration)

∆𝑥
𝑆 = [𝑓(𝑥 ) + 4𝑓(𝑥 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥 ) + 4𝑓(𝑥 )+. . .2𝑓(𝑥 ) + 4𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓(𝑥 )]
3

𝑏−𝑎
𝑛 → 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 ∆𝑥 =
𝑛
Error Bounds – Trapezoidal & Midpoint: |𝑓′′(𝑥)| ≤ 𝐾 Error Bounds – Simpson’s Rule:

𝐾(𝑏 − 𝑎) 𝐾(𝑏 − 𝑎) 𝐾(𝑏 − 𝑎)

|𝐸 | ≤ |𝐸 | ≤ |𝐸 | ≤ 𝑓 ( ) (𝑥) ≤ 𝐾 𝑜𝑛 [𝑎, 𝑏]
12𝑛 24𝑛 180𝑛

Integral of Even Functions: Fundamental Theorem of Calculus – Part 1:

𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Integral of Odd Functions:
If f(x) is continuous on the interval [a, b], then
g(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
and di erentiable on the open interval (a, b).

Natural Log defined as an integral: Fundamental Theorem of Calculus – Part 2:

1
ln(𝑥) = 𝑑𝑡 𝑥>0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑡

U-Substitution: Net Change Theorem:

𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)] ∙ 𝑔 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝐹 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)

( )
𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑔 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 𝑉′(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉(𝑏) − 𝑉(𝑎)
( )

www.Video-Tutor.net
Area Between Curves: Area Between Curves:

𝐴= [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 (𝑡𝑜𝑝 − 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚)

𝐴= [𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦 (𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡)

Disk Method: Disk Method:

𝑉=𝜋 𝑅 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑉=𝜋 𝑅 (𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

Washer Method: Washer Method:

𝑉=𝜋 [𝑅 (𝑥) − 𝑅 (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥

𝑉=𝜋 [𝑅 (𝑦) − 𝑅 (𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦

Shell Method: Shell Method:

𝑉 = 2𝜋 𝑅(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑉 = 2𝜋 𝑅(𝑦) ℎ(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

Improper Integrals: Volume by Cross Sections:

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑉= 𝐴(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑠 ⊥ 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

→

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑉= 𝐴(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑠 ⊥ 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

→

www.Video-Tutor.net
Work done by a Force: Arc Length:

𝑑𝑦
𝐿= 1 + [𝑓′(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 𝐿= 1+ 𝑑𝑥
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 𝑊= 𝐹(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Note: 𝑑𝑥
F(x) is a function of force with respect to position. 𝐿= 1 + [𝑔′(𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦 𝐿= 1+ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦

Gravitational Force: Area of a Surface of Revolution:

𝐺𝑀 𝑀
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 𝐹= 𝑆 = 2𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 1 + [𝑓′(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝑅

Restoring Force of Springs – Hooke’s Law:

𝑑𝑦
𝑆 = 2𝜋 𝑦 1+ 𝑑𝑥
𝐹(𝑥) = −𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Work required to pump water out of a tank: Area of a Surface of Revolution:

𝑊 = 𝑝𝑔 𝑉(𝑥) 𝐷(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑆 = 2𝜋 𝑔(𝑦) 1 + [𝑔′(𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦

Density of Water:
𝑑𝑥
𝑆 = 2𝜋 𝑥 1+ 𝑑𝑦
𝑝 = 62.5 𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑓𝑡 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 𝑑𝑦

Work done by an expanding gas: Average Value of a function:

1
𝑊= 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 𝑓 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑏−𝑎

Mean Value Theorem for Integrals: Mean Value Theorem for Integrals:

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑐)(𝑏 − 𝑎)

𝐴 =𝐴

𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑐)

𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑓

www.Video-Tutor.net
 Moment around the x-axis:

𝑀 = 𝑚𝑦

Moment around the y-axis:

𝑀 = 𝑚𝑥

Center of Mass: Coordinates of the Center of Mass: (𝑥̅ , 𝑦)

𝑀 𝑀
𝑥̅ = 𝑦=
𝑚 𝑚

𝑀 = 𝑚𝑥 𝑀 = 𝑚𝑦

𝑚 𝑥 +𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 +𝑚 𝑦
𝑥̅ = 𝑦=
𝑚 +𝑚 𝑚 +𝑚

Centroid: 𝐶 (𝑥 , [𝑓(𝑥̅ ) + 𝑔(𝑥̅ )] Coordinates of the Center of Mass: (𝑥̅ , 𝑦)

1
𝑥̅ = 𝑥[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝐴

1 1
𝑦= [𝑓 (𝑥) − 𝑔 (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 2

Mass of the Plate: (𝑝 → 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦) Moment of the system around the x-axis:

1
𝑚 = 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝 [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 𝑀 =𝑝 [𝑓 (𝑥) − 𝑔 (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
2

Area of the Plate / Laminar: Moment of the system around the y-axis:

𝐴= [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 𝑀 =𝑝 𝑥[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥

Surface Density: Linear Density: (Not used in the formulas above)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑝= (𝑘𝑔/𝑚 ) 𝑝= (𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

www.Video-Tutor.net
Hydrostatic Force: Hydrostatic Force:

𝐹=𝑊 ℎ(𝑦) 𝐿(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

Weight Density:

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑔 𝑚
𝑊= = = 𝑔 = 𝑝𝑔
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 𝑉

𝑊 = 9800 𝑁/𝑚 = 62.4 𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑓𝑡

Normal Density:

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑝= (𝑘𝑔/𝑚 )
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝑝 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚

Note: 𝐿(𝑦) → 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ℎ(𝑦) → 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ

Probability Density Functions:

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 1

𝑃(𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Probability Density Functions: Probability of Exponential Distributions:

The Mean: 0 𝑡<0

.
𝑓(𝑡) = 1
/
𝑢= 𝑥𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑡≥0
𝑢

1
The Median: 𝑃(𝑡 > 𝑎) = 𝑒 /
𝑑𝑡
𝑢
1
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 1
2 𝑃(𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏) = 𝑒 /
𝑑𝑡
𝑢

www.Video-Tutor.net
Probability of a Normal Distribution: Probability of a Normal Distribution:

( ) ⁄
𝑒
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝜎√2𝜋

( ) ⁄
𝑒
𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝜎√2𝜋

( ) ⁄
𝑒
𝑃(𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏) = 𝑑𝑥
𝜎√2𝜋

www.Video-Tutor.net