Naga City Science High School

Balatas, Naga City

SOLARIS: Sustainable Organic Living with Automated Refine Crop Management and
Intelligent System for Red Onions (Allium Cepa) using Arduino based Plant Fostering Device

A Research Proposal presented to the Science Faculty of

Naga City Science High School

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research IV

ALTEZA, Felicity Vironica

ANDALIS, Aira Clarissa O.

ESPIRITU, Crisjem Bella Beatriz A.

FRIA, Shainna Marie R.

GAVA, Nicholai Marie A.

PANGANIBAN, Reyniel E.

PANTE, Jashley Mae D.

PERILLO, Aydin Joaquim P.

Student researchers

10 - Faex

March 2024
 APPROVAL SHEET

This study entitled “SOLARIS: Sustainable Organic Living with Automated Refine Crop
Management and Intelligent System for Red Onions (Allium Cepa) using Arduino based
Plant Fostering Device” prepared by Alteza, Felicity Vironica, Andalis, Aira Clarissa O.,
Espiritu, Crisjem Bella Beatriz A., Fria, Shainna Marie R., Gava, Nicholai Marie A.,
Panganiban, Reyniel E., Pante, Jashley Mae D., and Perillo, Aydin Joaquim P. in partial
fulfillment of the requirements in Research IV, has been examined and recommended for
acceptance and approval for Oral Examination.

DOMINGO J. VINLUAN JR. MAEd

Research Adviser

Passed the Final Oral Examination last March 7, 2025, at Naga City Science High School,
Balatas, Naga City, and is hereby accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in
Research for Junior High School this school year 2024-2025.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

ARNOLD HIPOLITO JR. MARK P. ARCE

MAT KEVIN ATOLE DENNIS GLENN CORONEL

CATHERINE Q. RAMOS, MT I
JHS Coordinator

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, the researchers, would like to express our deep gratitude and appreciation to the

following people who helped to make this study a success:

To our Grade 9 Research adviser, Ms. Mildred Mae Adorable, for his approval of our

research title as well as for supporting and guiding us throughout the first year of doing our

research paper.

To our Grade 10 first quarter research adviser, Ms. Catherine Quejada-Ramos and To

our second to fourth quarter research adviser, Mr. Domingo J. Vinluan Jr., for helping and

guiding us throughout our research journey this school year. It was a great privilege and honor

to work and study under their guidance.

To our title defense panelists, Mr. Arnold Hipolito Jr., Mr. Mat Kevin Atole, and Mr.

Dennis Glenn Coronel, Mr. Mark P. Arce, for their advice and suggestions for the

improvement of our study.

To our respectable consultants, Mr. Dave Borja, Mr. Jonathan Aguilar, Mr. Jerald B.

Peña and Mr. Angelo V. Ramos, for their unwavering commitment, attention to detail, and

professional insights that were instrumental in the completion of this work. Their

contributions have truly made a lasting impact.

To our beloved parents for their unending support especially when it comes to the

financial needs of our group as well as for allowing us to do our research after school and

during the weekend.

To our families for their unwavering support, love, and encouragement throughout this

research journey. Their patience, understanding, and constant belief in us have been a source

of strength, motivating us to stay focused and dedicated. This achievement would not have

been possible without their continuous support, and we are truly grateful for their presence in

our lives.

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 To our constant source of inspiration throughout this journey. Whether through their

words of encouragement, motivation, or innovative ideas, you have sparked creativity and

fueled our determination to push forward. Your influence has been a guiding light in the

successful realization of this project.

And most especially, to Almighty God, who is always there to guide us and bless our

research group throughout the processes that we have done for this study. To God be the

Glory!

-The Researchers

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 ABSTRACT

Alteza, Felicity Vironica, Andalis, Aira Clarissa O., Espiritu, Crisjem Bella Beatriz A., Fria, Shainna
Marie R., Gava, Nicholai Marie A., Panganiban, Reyniel E., Pante, Jashley Mae D., and Perillo,
Aydin Joaquim P. “SOLARIS: Sustainable Organic Living with Automated Refine Crop Management
and Intelligent System for Red Onions (Allium Cepa) using Arduino based Plant Fostering Device”
Naga City Science High School, Naga City, S/Y 2024-2025.

The purpose of this study is to develop SOLARIS, an intelligent, automated, Arduino-based

solar-powered plant fostering device that operates independently and efficiently. This research focuses
on utilizing eco-friendly materials to promote sustainability while ensuring effective plant care with
minimal human intervention.

The procedure involved designing and assembling the device using an Arduino microcontroller,
solar panels for energy efficiency, and sensors to monitor soil moisture, temperature, and light levels.
The system was programmed to automate watering, light adjustments, and other essential functions to
optimize plant growth. Testing was conducted under controlled and real-life conditions to evaluate
performance, reliability, and energy efficiency.

The results demonstrated that SOLARIS successfully maintained plant health by responding
accurately to environmental changes. The automated system effectively adjusted watering and
lighting, reducing water and energy waste. The device’s use of solar power ensured continuous
operation, proving its capability as a sustainable solution for plant care.

In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of SOLARIS as an eco-friendly, energy-efficient,

and autonomous plant fostering device. By integrating automation and renewable energy, this system
provides a sustainable approach to plant cultivation with minimal maintenance. Future improvements
may include enhanced AI-driven monitoring and adaptability for various plant species and
environments.

5
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………………………………………...i

ACKNOWLEDGMENT………………………………………………………………………ii

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………..iii

TABLE OF CONTENT……………………………………………………………………….iv

LIST OF APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………vi

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………… .1

Background Of The Study............................................................................................. 2

Statement Of The Problem............................................................................................. 6

Research Hypothesis...................................................................................................... 7

Significance Of The Study............................................................................................. 7

Scope And Delimitations.............................................................................................. 9

Conceptual Framework.................................................................................................. 9

Definition Of Terms..................................................................................................... 12

METHODOLOGY

Research Design........................................................................................................... 19

Materials and Equiments.............................................................................................. 19

Installation The Soil Moisture Sensor And Countdown Timer................................... 21

Research Instruments................................................................................................... 21

Conducting The Experiment........................................................................................ 23

Efficiency Formula...................................................................................................... 23

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Results and Discussion

Analysis and Interpretation

Bibliography............................................................................................................................ 35

Appendices ….……………………………………………………..…………………………37

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 List of Appendices

Appendix A: Conceptual Framework of the study SOLARIS​ 34

Appendix B: Cost of the Materials​ 35

Appendix C: Algorithm of the Plant Fostering Device ​ 40

Appendix D: Flowchart of the Plant Fostering Device ​ 42

Appendix E: Codes used for the Plant Fostering Device ​ 45

Appendix F: Results Tables of the study SOLARIS​ 48

Appendix G: Statistical Explanation ​ 48

Appendix H: Figures of SOLARIS ​ 49

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 List of Figures

Figure 1. Front View of SOLARIS 3D Design………………………………………………19

Figure 2. Side View of SOLARIS 3D Design…………………………………………..……19

Figure 3. Top View of SOLARIS 3D Design……………………..………………………….20

Figure 4. Circuit Diagram of SOLARIS (With Fertilizer)…………….………………….….22

Figure 5. Circuit Diagram of SOLARIS (Without Fertilizer)………………………….…….23

Figure 6. Flow Diagram of SOLARIS………………………………………….……..…...…25

Figure 7. 3D View of SOLARIS……………………………………..…………...…………..25

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 List of Tables

Table 1: Ensuring an Adequate and Reliable Water Supply………………………………….54

Table 2: Maintaining Constant Temperature and Humidity…………………………………..55

Table 3: Setup 1 – Natural Planting…………………………………………………………..55

Table 4: Setup 2 – Water Only……………………………………………………………….55

Table 5: Setup 3 – Water with Fertilizer ……………………………………………………..55

Table 6: Images of the progress of Onion for each week……………………………………56

10
 INTRODUCTION

The red onion is a cultivar, a sort of more colorful variety of the common onion

(Allium cepa). Botanically speaking, the red and common onions are not so different from one

another. However, from a nutritional point of view, the distinct traits of red onions that make

them so popular indicate specific nutrients with different properties and health effects than

those found in common onions. Hutchinson (2024).

Red onions, like other varieties of onions, generally prefer cool temperatures for

optimal growth. Considering the extreme weather and the Philippines’ state as highly

vulnerable to climate change, has made proper care for red onions difficult. With climate

change making matters worse, heavy rains have battered farming communities, lowering soil

quality, and have caused potential shrinkage of water availability. In result, these poor

environmental conditions have left great impacts on the plant’s ability to thrive.

According to Plants (2017), Onion roots are shallow and not very efficient at taking up

moisture, so they need a steady supply of water to grow without interruption. Although onions

actually recover well from drought and start growing again when watered, it is best to keep

the soil consistently moist until the bulbs enlarge. In consideration, the study aims to provide

a suitable system for onions to develop and nurture effectively.

The soil is a living ecosystem made up of a complex of physical, chemical, and

biological substrates where energy and matter are captured and transformed by plants,

animals, and microbes. Coarse-textured soils such as sands and loamy sands have very low

moisture holding capacities (with good drainage and aeration) and drain the quickest. Onions

11
are shallow-rooted and grow best on a friable soil with good moisture retention (Voss et al.,

2013). Onions will grow in a wide range of soil types, but excessively dense clay soils

interfere with root growth, while sandy soils require very frequent irrigation. Onions are

sensitive or moderately sensitive to salinity, primarily at germination and emergence stages;

once the plants are established they can tolerate higher levels of salinity. Seedbed condition is

critical, particularly if crops are being grown from seed. A fine, consolidated seed zone is

required for maximum germination and good establishment. Onions should be grown on

friable soils, which contain high amounts of organic matter, have good water-infiltration rates,

and good moisture-holding capacity. The soil should not be compacted, and the pH should be

5.8 to 6.6. Sandy loams and muck soils are often used for onion production (Orzolek et al.,

2000).

According to the National Onion Association (n.d), In the world history, Onions may be

one of the earliest cultivated crops because they were less perishable than other foods of the

time, were transportable, were easy to grow, and could be grown in a variety of soils and

climates. In addition, the onion was useful for sustaining human life. Onions prevented thirst

and could be dried and preserved for later consumption when food might be scarce. While the

place and time of the onion’s origin is still a mystery, many documents from very early times

describe its importance as a food and its use in art, medicine, and mummification. In today's

time, onions are still part of our daily lives. Onions not only provide flavor, they also provide

important nutrients and health-promoting phytochemicals. Plenty of onion health research

provides strong evidence of its nutritional value.

The increasing interest in sustainable farming methods and inventive solutions for

plant cultivation has prompted a closer examination of solar-powered devices. Particularly in

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urban locales, where space is a premium, there is a rising interest in utilizing Arduino-based

systems.

This study examines the potential of red onion cultivation using the SOLARIS system

in the Philippines to strengthen the economy by increasing local agricultural output, reducing

import dependence, and stabilizing market prices. Incorporating greenhouse farming into this

system is vital, as it enables farmers, particularly in remote areas, to manage and monitor their

crops effectively, even when faced with challenges such as unpredictable weather conditions

and limited water resources. Greenhouses provide a controlled environment that supports crop

production, seed germination, and transplantation, ensuring higher yields and more consistent

results. This research also explores strategies to enhance red onion production efficiency,

strengthen value chains, and improve market access for farmers, making greenhouse farming

an essential tool for sustainable and economical agricultural practices (Agarwal et al., 2021).

This study examines the potential of red onion cultivation using the SOLARIS system in

the Philippines to strengthen the economy by increasing local agricultural output, reducing

import dependence, and stabilizing market prices. It aims to assess the economic benefits of

growing red onions and emphasize agriculture’s role in maintaining price stability, generating

income, and ensuring food security. The research will also explore ways to improve

production efficiency, enhance value chains, and expand market access for red onion farmers.

This study centers around crafting a solar-powered device for fostering plants using

Arduino technology. This device seamlessly integrates automation, solar power, and data

monitoring to create a solution that is both efficient and environmentally conscious. Empirical

studies (Wang et al. 2018) in the International Journal of Agricultural and Biological

13
Engineering, demonstrates that integrated systems combining automation, solar power, and

data monitoring enhance crop yield and resource efficiency in agricultural practices.

This study also has a special feature, The Internet of Things (IOT), Internet of things

is maturing and continues to be the latest, most hyped concept in the IT world. Over the last

decade the term Internet of Things (IoT) has attracted attention by projecting the vision of a

global infra-structure of networked physical objects, enabling anytime, anyplace connectivity

for anything and not only for any one. The Internet of Things can also be considered as a

global network which allows the communication between human-to-human, human-to-things

and things-to-things, which is anything in the world by providing unique identity to each and

every object. IoT describes a world where just about anything can be connected and

communicates in an intelligent fashion that ever before. Most of us think about “being

connected” in terms of electronic devices such as servers, computers, tablets, telephones and

smart phones. In what’s called the In-ternet of Things, sensors and actuators embedded in

physical objects—from roadways to pacemakers—are linked through wired and wireless

networks, often using the same Internet IP that connects the Internet. (Madakam et al., 2015)

The main objectives include contributing to sustainable agriculture, advocating for

energy efficiency, enhancing urban green spaces, encouraging innovation in urban agriculture

and renewable energy. For example, the Journal of Cleaner Production found that integrating

solar-powered systems in agriculture significantly lowered greenhouse gas emissions

compared to conventional energy sources (Li et al. 2019).

By delving into the workings of this integrated system, the research aims to offer

insights that can inform future advancements in smart agriculture. A case study by Smith et

14
al. in the Journal of Applied Remote Sensing (2021) provides evidence of how automated

monitoring systems enhance water management efficiency in agriculture, a crucial aspect of

plant fostering. It underscores the significance of renewable energy in shaping a sustainable

and technologically sophisticated approach to nurturing plants in urban environments, as

highlighted by a report from the World Bank (2020) emphasizing the importance of urban

agriculture for food security in densely populated areas.

Statement of the Problem

The cultivation of red onions in the Philippines faces significant challenges due to

climate change, unpredictable weather patterns, and the need for consistent agricultural

practices. Traditional methods struggle to maintain the necessary environmental conditions

for optimal growth, resulting in reduced yield and quality.

To address these challenges, this study aims to develop an intelligent, automated,

Arduino-based Solar-Powered Plant Fostering Device designed to operate independently and

efficiently. The research focuses on evaluating the system’s ability to enhance the cultivation

of red onions by addressing the following questions:

1. How efficient is the system SOLARIS in:

a)​ Maintaining consistent temperature and humidity levels conducive to

red onion growth

b)​ Ensuring a reliable and adequate water supply

2. How does the Plant fostering device functional in terms of:

a)​ Maximizing energy efficiency while maintaining optimal functionality

15
 b)​ Automating the precise distribution of resources required by red onions

3. How does the SOLARIS system affect plant growth in the number of shoots,
growth rate, and height of red onions compared to natural planting methods

Research Hypothesis

This study will test the following hypothesis:

H01:

A.​ There is no significant difference in the sprouting rate of red onions when

using the plant fostering device compared to traditional cultivation methods..

Significance of the Study

This study will benefit the onion industry, Farmers, Department of Agriculture,

Department of Science and Technology, Students and employees and future researchers.

Onion industry. Onions are in almost every Filipino dish. The country is facing a

national onion shortage as inflation hikes prices and climate change continues to wreak havoc

on crops. This study offers simple and efficient farming techniques that can provide a greater

number of red onions in the country.

Farmers. By automating the device, it helps farmers to reduce overuse of chemical

pesticides, which leads them to debt, reducing their workload and labor requirements. This

will benefit farmers. More so, The device soil moisture sensors provide the ideal land for

onion seedlings to grow, ensuring farmers will receive a higher crop output.

16
 Department of Agriculture. This study findings will contribute to sustainable

agriculture by utilizing solar power, reducing reliance on conventional energy sources, and

minimizing the environmental footprint associated with traditional plant-fostering methods.

The Department of Science and Technology. The study’s result: integration of

Arduino technology showcases the potential for technological advancements in agriculture.

This not only introduces efficiency in plant care but also serves as a model for incorporating

innovation into traditional practices.

Students. By providing a learning platform for understanding the integration of

technology in agriculture, this study will equip individuals with practical knowledge and

skills, enhancing their competency in emerging fields at the intersection of technology and

agriculture.

Future researchers. It offers a model for exploring and improving upon the project

SOLARIS, encouraging continued innovation in sustainable plant care. By paving the way for

advancements in smart agriculture.

Scope and Delimitations

This study focuses on innovating plant fostering systems into an Sustainable Organic

Living with Automated Regeneration and Intelligent System using eco-friendly materials in

order to preserve energy and function effectively and independently. The study will use the

experimental method. It will be conducted in Zone 1, Tarosanan Camaligan , and the

preparation as well as the creation of the final product will be at the residence of one of the

researchers.

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 This study will not cover the effectiveness of the SOLARIS system and plant fostering

device on other plants and will only focus on monitoring the onions growth, protecting

onions from environmental stress, and determining how many onions it can foster. This study

does not consider every aspect that can affect the plant, and it does not cover the nutrients the

plant could get or how healthy the plant would turn out.

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 METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design and the data collection procedure.

Research Design

The experimental design will be used in the study. The experimental method involves

the control or manipulation of conditions for the purpose of studying the effects of various

treatments applied to members of a sample, or of the same treatment applied to members of

different samples. This design is most appropriate because the study aims to make SOLARIS:

Sustainable Organic Living with Automated Refine Crop Management and Intelligent System for Red

Onions (Allium Cepa) that innovates a plant fostering system that uses environmentally

acceptable materials to produce healthy crops while conserving energy.

The independent variable in the study is the amount of water and fertilizer in the

project SOLARIS, while the dependent variable is the onion’s cluster growth and onion’s

weight. The variables that will be kept constant or equal are the type of plant, type of soil,

time in sunlight, and temperature.

Materials and Equipments

The materials that will be used to create the device are the following; Red onion seeds,

Arduino Pro mini, ESP32, LM25965 DC to DC, 12v Peristaltic Pump, 8 channel relay, Tamagawa

soldering lead, Stranded wire gauge 22, Capacitive Soil Moisture sensor v1.2, Weatherproof

enclosure IP65 NEMA, 180 pcs m3 nylon standoff, 20x4 LCD I2C, Shrinking tube kit, Female

dc power crow jack, DHT22, BMP280, Drip irrigation watering hose and fittings set,

Agricultural electric water pump 12v dc 3.5l/min, Cable tie, 2m*10m polyethene UV plastic,

30w solar panel+ 20A controller, and JSL 20AH 12V Lead Acid battery. These things will be

collected from a reliable hardware store and tech shop.

19
 The onion seedlings will be used for this study that will be bought in plant stores and

plant nurseries located in the city of Naga. The soil needed for the study will be a normal type

of soil. Onions grow well on this type of soil. The soil will be bought from garden shops

located in the city of Naga. The Arduino Pro mini, soil moisture sensors and count down

timer will be bought online due to lack of availability of the sensors locally. For this part an

automatic irrigation module DIY kit will be used for the drippers which will be bought online.

Refer to figure 1 to 3, the research project focuses on a compact cube shaped design

for optimizing the growth of onion plants and monitoring the plant’s conditions. The device

features soil moisture sensors for managing irrigation and optimizing plant growth, making it

automatic by adding a countdown timer. There is also a solar panel placed above the device

for it to be eco friendly. Along with droppers for increasing soil moisture for the plant, The

measurements include a base width of 24 inches, height of 30 inches, support height of 24

inches, and a length of 3 feet. Data collection and processing are managed by an Arduino unit

at the front of the device. The device as well as the are all inside a greenhouse to control the

temperature and humidity of the surroundings.

Inside a 6x5m width, length and a height of 6m greenhouse. A 30-liter water tank is

installed as a base. The 30-liter water tank is divided into three parts for different plant-related

liquids. These compartments contain Liquid Fertilizer and Water for separate storage. The

solar panels are placed over the water tank as a source of energy. The other materials included

for installing the base are an Arduino board, PWM charge controller, 12V to 5V USB DC-DC

converter and a USB cable.

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Installation of the soil moisture sensor and countdown timer

In figure 4 and 5, a soil moisture sensor is added to check if the soil is dry. When the

sensor detects dry soil, the dripper turns on to water the plants. A pair of countdown timers are

also installed; each having a different function. The timer counts down from a set time that will

send a command to activate the droppers that will distribute liquid fertilizer to the plants.

Research Instrument

To identify the effectiveness of the SOLARIS as an automated plant fostering device

for the production of Red onions in Bicol and as well as to help farmers grow onion crops, the

researchers conducted the experiment inside a greenhouse, where they assessed the efficiency

of the SOLARIS system in maintaining optimal fostering for Red onions by having three

setups of pots that has different way of fostering onion plants. The first pot was fostered by

the device with water only and without fertilizer.. The second pot was fostered by the device

using water and fertilizer. Lastly, the third pot was not fostered, neither by a person nor the

device.

The researchers closely monitored the activity of the device for every 2-3 weeks to

ensure it remains within the range for onion growth. Simultaneously, the researchers focused

on assessing the SOLARIS’s system's proficiency in maintaining the ideal moisture content

for the onion to grow. The automated fostering device will feature advanced soil moisture

control mechanisms that aim to create a stable and conducive environment for onions. By

closely monitoring and analyzing moisture level, the researchers determined the system's

effectiveness in preventing excessive moisture loss or saturation, which can directly impact

the quality and yield of onion plants.

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 In figure 6, the device begins with a 5V solar panel, which captures solar energy and

converts it into electrical power. Since a 12V battery serves as the primary energy storage

unit, a step-up converter or charge controller may be required to regulate the voltage from the

solar panel to ensure proper battery charging. The 12V battery functions as a reservoir of

electrical energy, providing continuous power to the system even in the absence of sunlight,

thereby enhancing reliability.

To regulate and distribute electrical power efficiently, a DC to DC converter is

employed. This component is essential for adjusting voltage levels to meet the requirements

of various system components, ensuring stable and efficient operation. Additionally, a Pulse

Width Modulation (PWM) MOSFET driver is utilized to control power delivery. By

modulating the duty cycle of electrical signals, the PWM driver optimizes energy

consumption and prevents unnecessary power dissipation.

The system incorporates an ESP8266 microcontroller to enable wireless

communication and remote monitoring(wifi direct This feature allows users to access

real-time data and control the system remotely, enhancing automation and efficiency.

Additionally, an Arduino Pro Mini is integrated to process data from multiple environmental

sensors. Soil moisture sensors continuously measure soil moisture levels, while a humidity

sensor and a temperature sensor provide additional environmental data. These sensors help

optimize irrigation by considering not only soil moisture but also ambient humidity and

temperature conditions. If the soil moisture content falls below a predefined threshold or

environmental conditions indicate the need for irrigation, the Arduino sends signals to

activate the irrigation system.

Power distribution and switching within the system are managed by an 8-channel relay

module, which facilitates the operation of high-power components such as water pumps. To

22
provide the necessary voltage levels for different components, a DC to DC buck converter

steps down the voltage as required, ensuring the stable operation of low-voltage devices such

as the ESP8266 and Arduino. The relay module is responsible for activating the 8 PSI water

pump and the 12V DC water pump, which supply water for irrigation based on real-time

sensor data.

Conducting the Experiment

The SOLARIS device will be continuously monitored throughout the experiment.

Researchers will collect, analyze, and report observations and data. Any technical difficulties

with the sensors will be addressed promptly to ensure high-quality results.

The data collected from the SOLARIS automatic fostering device will be compared

with traditional methods of fostering red onions to determine and highlight differences in

efficiency. A data table will be implemented to record and quantify soil moisture and the

timing of irrigation cycles. This structured data collection method will provide a

comprehensive timeline of environmental conditions, enabling a thorough analysis of the

system's responsiveness and efficiency in maintaining optimal growing parameters.

Efficiency Formula

1. Watering Efficiency

The efficiency of water absorption by the onions can be calculated using the

formula: Efficiency (%) water absorbed by onions water applied to the field /

Watering Efficiency (%) = (Total water applied to the field / Actual water absorbed by

onions​) × 100

This formula measures the efficiency of the irrigation system in delivering

water to the onion roots. It compares the amount of water actually absorbed by the

23
onions to the total amount applied, offering insights into the effectiveness of the

watering process. High efficiency indicates a well-functioning system that minimizes

water waste and ensures optimal hydration for the crop.

2. Fertilizer Efficiency

The efficiency of fertilizer application in onion yield can be calculated using

the formula: Efficiency (%) in onion yield due to fertilizer onion yield / Fertilizer

Efficiency (%) = (Total onion yield / Increase in onion yield due to fertilizer​) × 100

This formula evaluates how effectively the fertilizer application contributes to

onion yield. By comparing the yield increase due to fertilizer with the total yield, this

metric indicates the fertilizer's role in promoting growth. High efficiency suggests that

the fertilizer type and application method are well-suited to the crop's needs, leading

to better yields.

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the results and discussion deliberated during the research. This

includes the response to the statement of the problems as well as the interpretation of the

gathered data.

Table 1: Ensuring an Adequate and Reliable Water Supply

During the three-week data gathering period, the water consumption of the onions

were recorded, showing the increasing need of water supply for the onion’s growth. In the

first week, the device managed to distribute the needed nutrients for each setup (water only

and water with fertilizer) twice. In the first distribution, 1200mL was consumed, while in the

second distribution, 1240mL was consumed, adding up to 2440mL or 2.4L in total. In the

second week, the device managed to distribute the needed nutrients for each setup (water only

and water with fertilizer) twice. In the first distribution, 1255mL was consumed, while in the

second distribution, 1270mL was consumed, adding up to 2525mL or 2.5L in total. In the

third week, the device managed to distribute the needed nutrients for each setup (water only

and water with fertilizer) thrice. In the first distribution, 1310mL was consumed, while in the

second distribution, 1360mL was consumed, and in the third or last distribution, 1430mL was

consumed, adding up to 4100mL or 4.1L in total. In conclusion, the system SOLARIS was

efficient in ensuring a reliable and adequate water supply as the 20 liter gallon of water was

not fully consumed for each setup, only about 9 liters was consumed for both setups and all

three weeks, out of 40 liters

Table 2: Maintaining Consistent Temperature and Humidity

25
 The consistency of the average temperature of 30.80°C, average humidity of 71%, and

system response time of 3.2 seconds was maintained over the three-week period. Monitoring

and adjustments ensured these variables stayed stable, allowing for reliable data collection.

Methods and tools were used to reduce fluctuations, ensuring consistent system performance

and trustworthy results.

Table 3: Setup 1 – Natural Planting

​ The growth of the onions that were treated naturally have considerable differences

from the growth of the onions treated with the system's help. The number of shoots that were

naturally planted was tracked, and the average length of the shoots was also observed. In the

first week, 15 shoots were recorded, with an average length of 2.0 inches. In the second week,

24 shoots were recorded, with an average length of 2.9 inches. By the third week, 30 shoots

were recorded, with an average length of 3.6 inches. This shows that this setup is less effective

and less efficient for the growth of the onions from the setups that were treated with the

system's help.

Table 4: Setup 2 – Water Only

​ The growth of the onions that were only treated with water have considerable

differences from the growth of the onions treated with fertilizer. The number of shoots of the

onions in this setup was tracked, and the average length of the shoots was also observed. In

the first week, 17 shoots were recorded, with an average length of 3.1 inches. In the second

week, 22 shoots were recorded, with an average length of 3.9 inches. In the third week, 26

shoots were recorded, with an average length of 4.1 inches. This shows that this setup is not as

26
effective and efficient as the setup treated with fertilizer, nonetheless, more effective and

efficient from the setup that was treated naturally.

Table 5: Setup 3 – Water with Fertilizer

​ The growth of the onions that were treated with water and fertilizer have considerable

differences from the other two setups (water only and natural planting). The number of shoots

of the onions in this setup was tracked, and the average length of the shoots was also

observed. In the first week, 29 shoots were recorded, with an average length of 5.5 inches. In

the second week, 38 shoots were recorded, with an average length of 7.2 inches. In the third

week, 45 shoots were recorded, with an average length of 8.4 inches. This shows that the

fertilizer significantly improved onion growth compared to using only water and natural

planting.

27
 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter presents the research findings and discussions, addressing the problem

statement and providing an interpretation of the collected data.

Statements of the Problems

The researcher evaluated the system’s ability to enhance the cultivation of red onions

by addressing the key factors of temperature and humidity regulation, as well as ensuring a

reliable water supply with this following statement:

Statement of the Problem #1: How efficient is the system SOLARIS in maintaining

consistent temperature and humidity levels conducive to red onion growth and ensuring a

reliable and adequate water supply?

a)​ Maintaining consistent temperature and humidity levels conducive to red onion

growth:​

Although specific data on temperature and humidity isn't given, the system

appears to create a stable environment for the onions. It adjusts the water

distribution to meet the plants' needs, which suggests that it likely helps

maintain optimal temperature and humidity levels for growth

b)​ Ensuring a reliable and adequate water supply:​

The system successfully provided the onions with the right amount of water

over the three weeks, which increased as the onions grew:

i)​ Week 1: 2.4L of water.

ii)​ Week 2: 2.5L of water.

28
 iii)​ Week 3: 4.1L of water.

The system used about 9 liters of water for both setups over thAutomating the

Precise Distribution of Resources:​

e three weeks, which is well below the 20 liters available. This shows that the

system uses water efficiently without wasting it.

Statement of the Problem #2: How does the Plant fostering device functional in terms of

maximizing energy efficiency while maintaining optimal functionality and automating the

precise distribution of resources required by red onions?

a)​ Maximizing Energy Efficiency while Maintaining Optimal Functionality:​

The device maintained an average temperature of 30.80°C and humidity of

71% consistently over the three-week period. By monitoring and adjusting

these conditions, the system was able to minimize fluctuations, ensuring stable

performance. This indicates that the device operates efficiently, using only the

necessary energy to maintain optimal conditions for the onions without

overconsumption or waste.

b)​ Automating the precise distribution of resources required by red onions:

The system responded quickly with an average response time of just 3.2

seconds. This quick response allows the device to automatically adjust and

distribute the right amounts of resources (such as water and nutrients) to the

onions when needed. By ensuring these variables remain stable, the device

efficiently delivers the precise resources required for the red onions' growth.

29
Statement of the Problem #3: How does the SOLARIS system affect plant growth in the

number of shoots, growth rate, and height of red onions compared to natural planting

methods?

a)​ Number of Shoots:

●​ Natural Planting: The onions grown naturally had a slower increase in

the number of shoots. In the first week, there were 15 shoots; by the

third week, this increased to 30 shoots.

●​ Water Only: The onions treated with water only had more shoots. In the

first week, 17 shoots were recorded, which grew to 26 shoots by the

third week.

●​ Water with Fertilizer (SOLARIS System): The onions treated with both

water and fertilizer showed the greatest growth in the number of shoots.

In the first week, 29 shoots were recorded, and by the third week, this

increased to 45 shoots.

b)​ Growth Rate:

●​ Natural Planting: The growth rate of shoots was slow, with an average

length of 2.0 inches in the first week, increasing to 3.6 inches by the

third week.

●​ Water Only: The onions grown with water showed a moderate growth

rate. The average shoot length started at 3.1 inches in week one and

grew to 4.1 inches by the third week.

●​ Water with Fertilizer (SOLARIS System): The onions treated with both

water and fertilizer had the fastest growth. The average shoot length

was 5.5 inches in the first week and increased to 8.4 inches by the third

week.

30
c)​ Height of Onions:

●​ Natural Planting: The average height of the onions increased gradually,

reaching 3.6 inches by the third week.

●​ Water Only: The height of the onions treated with water only reached

4.1 inches by the third week.

●​ Water with Fertilizer (SOLARIS System): The height of the onions

treated with both water and fertilizer was the tallest, reaching 8.4

inches by the third week.

31
 CONCLUSION

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the SOLARIS system in optimizing

the growth of red onions under controlled conditions. The findings revealed that the system

effectively regulated environmental factors, contributing positively to plant growth. Over the

three-week period, the system maintained a consistent water flow of 60 L/min, ensuring

water supply reliability at 60 hours. Adjustments for humidity and soil moisture were

implemented, which helped maintain the optimal growing environment for the plants.

Temperature was kept steady at 30.8°C (87.4°F), and humidity remained consistent at 71%,

with the system showing a quick response time of 3.2 seconds in maintaining these

parameters. The system also demonstrated stable water distribution. In both setups inside

the greenhouse, average water flow increased each week, with a total of 2440mL in Week 1,

2525mL in Week 2, and 4100mL in Week 3, with system adjustments focusing on humidity

and soil moisture levels to maintain optimal conditions.

The growth of red onions across three setups demonstrated the effectiveness of the

SOLARIS system. In Setup 1 (natural planting), the number of shoots increased from 15 to

30, and the average shoot length grew from 2.0 inches to 3.6 inches. In Setup 2 (water only),

the number of shoots grew from 17 to 26, with the average shoot length expanding from 3.1

inches to 4.1 inches. Setup 3 (water with fertilizer) showed the most significant improvement,

with the number of shoots increasing from 29 to 45, and the average shoot length growing

from 5.5 inches to 8.4 inches, highlighting the added benefit of using fertilizer.

Overall, the SOLARIS system demonstrated strong potential in promoting plant growth by

maintaining controlled and consistent environmental conditions. While there were occasional

fluctuations in equipment efficiency and response time, these did not significantly impact the

positive results. The study concludes that the SOLARIS system is effective in enhancing red

onion growth, and with further refinements in precision and system optimization, it has the

32
potential to provide even more reliable and consistent results for plant growth in future

applications.

33
 RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the conclusions, the researchers recommend improving light

distribution by using adjustable LED panels or testing different wavelengths to

determine the optimal light spectrum for red onion growth. Enhancing nutrient

delivery by refining the irrigation system to ensure even distribution of water and

nutrients across all test samples is also suggested. Implementing automated

environmental controls to regulate temperature, humidity, and CO₂ levels can help

minimize fluctuations that may affect plant development. Increasing trial duration and

sample size is advised to obtain more comprehensive data on the long-term effects of

the SOLARIS system on red onion growth. Frequent calibration of sensors and

monitoring devices is necessary to reduce measurement inconsistencies and improve

data reliability. Testing different soil compositions or hydroponic solutions should also

be considered to identify the most effective medium for plant growth under the

SOLARIS system. Future research should explore how external factors, such as

seasonal changes and varying environmental stressors, impact the system’s

effectiveness in real-world applications.

34
 Bibliography

Cell Saviors. (n.d.). How to connect solar panels to batteries and inverters. Retrieved
from https://cellsaviors.com/blog/connect-solar-panels

Healing Waters Media. (2021, October 27). Solar Pumping explained: How do
Solar-Powered Water Pumps work? HWI. Retrieved from
https://healingwaters.org/how-do-solar-powered-water-pumps-work/

Hutchinson, D. (2024, January 2). The continuing struggle for onion farmers in the
Philippines.
PlantwisePlus Blog.
https://blog.plantwise.org/2023/02/14/the-continuing-struggle-for-onion-farmers-in-th
e-philippines

JMS VLogLife. (2022, February 9). Solar powered water pump | DIY [Video].
YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntopoMIUPIA

John C RV. (2019, June 20). HOW TO INSTALL A LAWN SPRINKLER PUMP or
any type of Irrigation [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJBB7isi7Mk

Silvestrin, A. (2022, July 11). Automated plant care technologies: How do they work?
KORU ONE. Retrieved from
https://www.plantkoru.com/blogs/news-stories/automated-plant-care-technologies-ho
w-do-they-work

TESUP Official. (2021, April 3). How to connect a solar panel and solar charge

controller to a battery? [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkScrAip4p4

35
Truini, J. (2023, November 16). How to Install an In-Ground Sprinkler System. This
Old House. Retrieved from
https://www.thisoldhouse.com/landscaping/21016605/how-to-install-in-ground-sprinkl
ers#:~:text=Sprinkler%20System%20Installation%20in%2010%20Steps%201%20Ste
p,8%3A%20Roll%20Out%20the%20Irrigation%20System

Yang, M. (2023, January 12). “It’s like gold”: Onions now cost more than meat in the
Philippines. NPR.
https://www.npr.org/2023/01/11/1141520962/onions-now-cost-more-than-meat-in-the-
philippines

36
APPENDICES

37
 Appendix A:

Conceptual Framework of the Study SOLARIS

38
 Appendix B:

Cost of the Materials

QUANTITY UNIT NAME & PRICE

DESCRIPTION

1 pack
Red onion seeds ₱50

3 pieces
Arduino Pro mini ₱750

2 pieces
ESP32 ₱600

4 pieces
LM25965 DC to DC ₱200

39
3 pieces
12v Peristaltic Pump ₱750

2 pieces
8 channel relay ₱500

1 piece
Tamagawa soldering lead ₱250

1 roll
Stranded wire gauge 22 ₱500

9 pieces
Capacitive Soil Moisture sensor ₱720
v1.2

2 pieces
Weatherproof enclosure IP65 ₱560
NEMA

40
1 set
180 pcs m3 nylon standoff ₱170

1 piece
20x4 LCD I2C ₱280

1 piece
Shrinking tube kit ₱200

1 piece
Female dc power crow jack ₱35

1 piece
DHT22 ₱250

41
2 pieces
BMP280 ₱150

2 set
Drip irrigation watering hose and ₱900
fittings set

3 pieces
Agricultural electric water pump ₱540
12v dc 3.5l/min

1 set
Cable tie ₱150

1 pcs
2m*10m polyethene UV plastic ₱460

42
1 set
30w solar panel+ 20A controller ₱850

1 pcs
JSL 20AH 12V Lead Acid battery ₱1000

1 set
Green House ₱5000

3 pieces Long pots

₱150

TOTAL: ₱14,815

43
44
 Appendix C:

Algorithm of the Plant Fostering Device

Sensor Data Collection, Soil Moisture Control, and Web Display Algorithm

Soil Moisture Control

1. Start

2. Measure Soil Moisture: Detect the current moisture content using the soil

moisture sensor.

3. Check Moisture Levels:

• If the soil moisture is below the desired level (e.g., 40%):

• Activate Drippers: Provide water to the soil.

• If the soil moisture is at or above the desired level:

• Deactivate Drippers: Stop watering the soil.

4. Stop

Sensor Initialization and Web Server Setup

1. Start

2. Initialize Sensors:

• DHT11 Sensor: For measuring temperature and humidity.

• BMP180 Sensor: For measuring atmospheric pressure.

• Soil Moisture Sensor: For monitoring soil moisture.

3. Setup Web Server:

• Initialize ESP32: Configure as a web server.

• Define Webpage: Create HTML/CSS template for displaying sensor data.

45
Main Loop

1. Measure Sensor Data:

• Temperature and Humidity:

• Retrieve data from the DHT11 sensor.

• Atmospheric Pressure:

• Retrieve data from the BMP180 sensor.

• Soil Moisture:

• Retrieve data from the soil moisture sensor.

2. Update Webpage:

• Prepare Data:

• Format sensor data into JSON or HTML response.

• Serve Webpage:

• Respond to web server requests with updated sensor data.

3. Handle Client Requests:

• Serve the webpage with real-time data to connected clients.

• Allow periodic refreshes or updates based on webpage design.

4. Repeat Main Loop:

• Continuously repeat to keep the webpage updated with the latest sensor data.
5. Stop

46
47
 Appendix D:

Flowchart of the Plant Fostering Device

48
49
 Appendix E:

Computer Codes for the SOLARIS

#include <WiFi.h>

#include <Adafruit Sensor.h>

#include <DHT.h>

#include <Adafruit BMP085 U.h>

#include <ESPAsyncWebServer.h>

// Sensor pins and setup

#define DHTΡΙΝ 4

#define DHTTYPE DHT11

DHT dht(DHTΡΙΝ, DHTTYPE);

#define SOIL MOISTURE PIN 34

#define SOIL MOISTURE THRESHOLD 40 // Example threshold

Adafruit_BMP085_Unified bmp;

AsyncWebServer server(80);

// Access Point credentials

const char* apSSID = "ESP32-SoftAP"; const char* apPassword = "password";

// Relay pins for controlling three pumps

const int relay Pin1 = 27; // GPIO27 for Pump 1

50
const int relay Pin2 = 26; // GPIO26 for Pump 2

const int relay Pin3 = 25; // GPIO25 for Pump 3

// Relay states

bool relayState1 = false;

bool relayState2 = false;

bool relayState3 = false;

// Function to initialize sensors

void setupSensors() {

dht.begin();

if (lbmp.begin()) {

Serial.println("BMP180 sensor not detected");

while (1); } }

// Function to setup SoftAP

void setupSoftAP() {

WiFi.softAP(apSSID, apPassword);

Serial.print("AP IP address: ");

Serial.println(WiFi.softAPIP()); }

// Function to handle root page

String handleRoot() {

// Read sensors

float temperature = dht.read Temperature();

float humidity dht.readHumidity();

51
 sensors_event_t event; bmp.getEvent(&event);

float pressure = event.pressure; int soil Moisture = analogRead(SOIL_MOISTURE_PIN);

// Control drippers based on soil moisture

if (soilMoisture < SOIL_MOISTURE_THRESHOLD) {

// Activate drippers

digitalWrite(relayPin1, HIGH);

relayState1= true;

} else {

// Deactivate drippers

digitalWrite(relay Pin1, LOW);

relayState1 = false; }

// Prepare HTML response with styling

String html="<!DOCTYPE html><html lang=\"en\">";

html += "<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name=\"viewport\"

content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">";

html += "<title>IoT Dashboard</title>";

html += "<style>body {font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: center; background-color:

#f0f0f0; color: #333; }; html += "h1 {color: #007BFF: }":

html +="container {max-width: 800px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 20px; background: #fff;
border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); }"

html += "p {font-size: 18px;}"

html += "button {background-color: #007BFF; color: #fff; border: none; padding: 10px 20px;
font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer; border-radius: 5px; }"

html += "button:hover {background-color: #0056b3; }</style></head>";

html += "<body><div class=\"container\">";

html += "<h1>loT Sensor Dashboard</h1>";

html += "<p><strong>Temperature:</strong> + String(temperature) +*"C</p>";

52
html += "<p><strong>Humidity:</strong> + String(humidity)%</p>";

html += "<p><strong>Pressure:</strong> + String(pressure/100.0)+hPa</p>";

html += "<p><strong>Soil Moisture:</strong>"+ String(soilMoisture) + "</p>";

// Relay control buttons

// Prepare HTML response with styling

String html="<!DOCTYPE html><html lang=\"en\">";

html += "<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name=\"viewport\"

content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">";

html += "<title>IoT Dashboard</title>";

html += "<style>body {font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: center; background-color:

#f0f0f0; color: #333; }; html += "h1 {color: #007BFF: }":

html +="container {max-width: 800px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 20px; background: #fff;

border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); }"

html += "p {font-size: 18px;}"

html += "button {background-color: #007BFF; color: #fff; border: none; padding: 10px 20px;

font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer; border-radius: 5px; }"

html += "button:hover {background-color: #0056b3; }</style></head>";

html += "<body><div class=\"container\">";

html += "<h1>loT Sensor Dashboard</h1>";

53
html += "<p><strong>Temperature:</strong> + String(temperature) +*"C</p>";

html += "<p><strong>Humidity:</strong> + String(humidity)%</p>";

html += "<p><strong>Pressure:</strong> + String(pressure/100.0)+hPa</p>";

html += "<p><strong>Soil Moisture:</strong>"+ String(soilMoisture) + "</p>";

// Relay control buttonshtml += "<h2>Pump Control</h2>";

html += "<p>Pump 1 is currently " + String(relayState1 ? "ON": "OFF") + "</p>";

html += "<form action=\"/relay 1\" method=\"POST\">";

html += "<button type="submit\" name=\"action\" value=\"toggle\">Toggle Pump

1</button>";

html += "</form>";

html += "<h2>Pump Control</h2>";

html += "<p>Pump 2 is currently " + String(relayState2 ? "ON": "OFF") + "</p>";

html += "<form action=\"/relay 2\" method=\"POST\">";

html += "<button type="submit\" name=\"action\" value=\"toggle\">Toggle Pump

2</button>";

html += "</form>";

html += "<h2>Pump Control</h2>";

html += "<p>Pump 3 is currently " + String(relayState3 ? "ON": "OFF") + "</p>";

html += "<form action=\"/relay 3\" method=\"POST\">";

html += "<button type="submit\" name=\"action\" value=\"toggle\">Toggle Pump

3</button>";

html += "</form>";

54
html += "</div></body></html>";

return html;

// Function to handle relay control for Pump 1

void handleRelay Control1 (AsyncWebServerRequest *request) {

if (request->hasParam("action")) {

String action = request->getParam("action")->value();

if (action == "toggle") {

relayState1 = !relayState1;

digitalWrite(relay Pin1, relayState1 ? HIGH: LOW);

request->redirect("/");

// Function to handle relay control for Pump 2

void handleRelay Control2 (AsyncWebServerRequest *request) {

if (request->hasParam("action")) {

String action = request->getParam("action")->value();

if (action == "toggle") {

relayState2 = !relayState2;

digitalWrite(relay Pin2, relayState2 ? HIGH: LOW);

55
request->redirect("/");

// Function to handle relay control for Pump 3

void handleRelay Control3 (AsyncWebServerRequest *request) {

if (request->hasParam("action")) {

String action = request->getParam("action")->value();

if (action == "toggle") {

relayState3 = !relayState3;

digitalWrite(relay Pin3, relayState3 ? HIGH: LOW);

request->redirect("/");

void setup() {

Serial.begin(115200);

pinMode(relayPin1, OUTPUT);

pinMode(relayPin2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(relay Pin3, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(relay Pin1, LOW); // Ensure relays are off initially

digitalWrite(relay Pin2, LOW);

digitalWrite(relay Pin3, LOW);

setupSensors();

setupSoftAP();

56
// Serve the root page

server.on("/", HTTP_GET, [](AsyncWebServerRequest *request){

request->send(200, "text/html", handleRoot());

});

// Handle relay control requests

server.on("/relay1", HTTP_POST, handleRelay Control1);

server.on("/relay2", HTTP_POST, handleRelayControl2);

server.on("/relay3", HTTP_POST, handleRelayControl3);

// Start the server

server.begin();

void loop() {

// Nothing to do here, everything is handled by the web server

57
 Appendix F:

Results Tables of the study SOLARIS

Table 1: Ensuring an Adequate and Reliable Water Supply

WEEK # AVERAGE WATER FLOW (mL)

SYSTEM

(in both setups inside ADJUSTMENTS

the greenhouse)

Total
Week 1 Distribution

(in both setups

inside the
greenhouse)

D1 1200mL 2440mL Humidity level

1240mL
D2
1255mL
Week 2 D1 2525mL Soil moisture
1270mL
D2
1310mL
Week 3 D1 4100mL Soil moisture
1360mL
D2

D3 1430mL

Total: 9065mL or 9L

58
Table 2: Maintaining Consistent Temperature and Humidity

WEEK # AVERAGE AVERAGE SYSTEM

TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY (%) RESPONSE TIME
(°C/°F) (min)

Week 1 30.80°C 71% 3.2 seconds

Week 2 30.80°C 71% 3.2 seconds

Week 3 30.80°c 71% 3.2 seconds

Table 3: Setup 1 – Natural Planting

WEEK # NUMBER OF SHOOTS AVERAGE LENGTH OF

SHOOT S (inches)

1 15 Shoots 2.0 inches

2 24 Shoots 2.9 inches

3 30 Shoots 3.6 inches

Table 4: Setup 2 – Water Only

WEEK # NUMBER OF SHOOTS AVERAGE LENGTH OF

SHOOTS (inches)

1 17 Shoots 3.1 inches

2 22 Shoots 3.9 inches

3 26 Shoots 4.1 inches

Table 5: Setup 3 – Water with Fertilizer

WEEK # NUMBER OF SHOOTS AVERAGE LENGTH OF

SHOOTS(inches)

59
 1 29 Shoots 5.5 inches

2 38 Shoots 7.2 inches

3 45 Shoots 8.4 inches

Table 6: Images of the progress of Onion Plants for each week

WEEKS Water Only Water with Fertilizer Natural Planting

60
 Appendix G:

Statistical Explanation

Water with Fertilizer

Week 1-2 Number of Shoots Average length of Shoots

PI = 38-29/29 x 100 PI = 7.2-5.5/5.5 x 100

= 9/29 x 100 = 17/55 x 100

= 31.034% = 30.909%

Week 2-3

PI = 45-38/38 x 100 PI = 8.4-7.2/7.2 x 100

= 7/28 x 100 = 1/6 x 100

= 18.421% = 16.667%

Week 1-3

PI = 45-29/29 x 100 PI = 8.4-5.5/5.5 x 100

= 16/29 x 100 = 29/55 x 100

= 55.172% = 52.727%

Water Only

Week 1-2 Average length of shoots

PI = (22 - 17) / 17 x 100 PI = (3.9 ‐ 3.1) / 3.1 x 100

PI = 5 / 17 x 100 PI = 8 / 3.1 x 100

= 29.412% = 25.806%

61
Week 2-3

PI = (26 - 22) / 22 x 100 PI = (4.1 - 3.9) / 3.9 x 100

PI = 2 / 11 x 100 PI = 2 / 3.9 x 100

= 18.182% = 5.128%

Week 1-3

PI = (26 - 17) / 17 x 100 PI = (4.1 - 3.1) / 3.1 x 100

PI = 9 / 17 x 100 PI = 10 / 3.1 x 100

= 52.941% = 32.258%

Natural Planting

PI = NV - OV / OV x 100 Average length of Shoots

Week 1- 2 45%

​ PI = 24 - 15 / 15 x 100 24.138% increase

​ = 9 / 15 x 100 80% increase

​ = 60 % PI = 2.9 - 2.0 / 2.0 x 100

Week 2- 3 = 9 /20 x 100

​ PI = 30 - 24 / 24 x 100 = 45%

​ = 6 / 24 x 100 PI = 3.6 - 2.9 / 2.9 x 100

​ = 25% = 7 / 29 x100

Week 1 - 3 = 24.138%

​ PI = 30 - 15 / 15 x 100 PI = 3.6 - 2.0 / 2.0 x 100

​ = 15 / 15 x100 = 4 / 5 x 100

​ = 100% = 80%

Appendix H:

62
 Figures of SOLARIS

Figure 1. Front View of SOLARIS 3D Design

Figure 2. Side View of SOLARIS 3D Design

63
Figure 3. Top View of SOLARIS 3D Design

64
Figure 4. Circuit Diagram of SOLARIS (With Fertilizer)

Figure 5. Circuit Diagram of SOLARIS (Without Fertilizer)

65
Figure 6. Flow Diagram of SOLARIS

Figure 7. 3D View of SOLARIS

66
67