Regulation 2019 Academic Year 2023-2024

IFET COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
19UMEPC603 - HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

UNIT: IV - RADIATION
Syllabus: Black Body Radiation – Grey body radiation - Shape Factor – Electrical
Analogy – Radiation Shields. Radiation through gases. Radiation heat exchange between black
bodies, heat exchanger between non-black bodies- infinite parallel planes and infinite long
concentric cylinders. Effects of radiation from gases and vapour.

PART-A (2 Marks)
Black Body Radiation
1. What are the types of radiation? (R)
2. Distinguish between emissive power and monochromatic emissive power. (U)
3. How does the wavelength distribution of radiation emitted by a gas differ from that of a (A)
surface at the same temperature?
4. What do you mean by absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity? (U)
5. Assume the sun to be black body emitting radiation with maximum intensity at 0.52 (A)
μm , calculate the surface temperature of the sun.
6. Find the temperature of the sun assume the sun to be black body, if the intensity of (A)
radiation is maximum at the wave length of 0.5 μm .
7. State Wien’s displacement law and Planck’s distribution law. (R)
8. Define Emissivity. (R)
9. What are the characteristics of Blackbody Radiation? (U)
Grey body radiation:
10. What is meant by grey body? (U)
11. State Kirchoff’s law of radiation. (R)
12. What is reradiating surface? What simplification does a reradiating surface offer in the (A)
radiation analysis?
13. State Lambert’s cosine law for radiation. (R)
14. What is meant by radiation surface? How they expressed? For what kind of surfaces in (A)
the radiation surface resistance is zero?
15. How does radiosity for a surface differ from the emitted energy? For what kind of (A)
surfaces are these two quantities identical?
Shape Factor:
16. Distinguish between irradiation and radiosity. (U)
17. Two parallel radiating planes 100¿ 50 cm are separated by a distance of 50 cm. What is (A)
the radiation shape factor between the planes?
Electrical Analogy:
18. Discuss the term electrical analogy. (R)
19. What does the view factor represent? When is the view factor from a surface to itself (A)
not 0?
20. Explain why surfaces usually have quite different absorptivity’s for solar radiation? (A)
Justify
21. What is the crossed- strings method? For what kind of geometries is the crossed- strings (A)
method applicable?
Regulation 2019 Academic Year 2023-2024

22. Give short note on opaque body. (U)

23. What is a radiation shield? Why is it used? (R)
24. What is gas radiation? (R)
25. Define Beer’s Law. (R)
43. Draw the Schematic diagram of a three-surface enclosure and its network diagram. (S)
Radiation Shields:
26. What is the purpose of radiation shield used in nuclear reactor? (A)
27. What are the reasons to present for a participating medium that complicates the (U)
radiation analysis?
Radiation through gases
28. What is meant by black body? Does a blackbody actually exist? (A)
29. How is the thermal energy of a material affected by the absorption of incident (A)
radiation?
30. Write down the expression for a thermometer used to measure the temperature of a (U)
fluid.

PART-B (16 MARKS)

1. Emissivities of two large parallel plates maintained at 800 oC and 300oC are 0.3 (16) (A)
and 0.5 respectively. Find the net radiant heat exchange per square metre for these
plates. Find the percentage reduction in heat transfer when a polished aluminum
radiation shield (ε =0 . 05 ) is placed between them. Also find the temperature of
shield.
2. (A) State laws of radiation and solve the following. Assume the sun to be block (08) (A)
body emitting radiation with maximum intensity at λ=0 .5 μm , Calculate the
surface temperature of the sun and the heat flux at its surface.
(B) Derive the relation for heat exchange between infinite parallel plates and (08) (R)
solve
3. Consider double wall as two infinite parallel planes. The emissivity of the walls (16) (A)
is 0.3 and 0.8 respectively. The space between the walls is evacuated. Find the heat
transfer/unit area when inner and outer surface temperatures are 300 oC and 260oC.
To reduce the heat flow, a shield of polished aluminum with ( ε =0 . 05 ) is inserted
between the walls. Find the reduction in heat transfer.
4. What is a black body? A 20 cm diameter spherical ball at 527 oC is suspended in (16) (R)
the air. The ball closely approximates a black body. Determine the total black body
emissive power, and spectral black body emissive power at wavelength of 3 μ m
5. (A) A thin aluminum sheet with an emissivity of 0.1 on both sides is placed (08) (A)
between two very large parallel plates that are maintained at uniform temperatures
T1 = 800 K and T2 = 500 K and have emissivities, ε 1=0 . 2 andε 1=0 . 7 , and,
respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two
plates per unit surface area of the plates and compare the result to that without the
shield.
(B) Two large parallel planes are at 1000 K and 600 K. Determine the heat (08) (A)
exchange per unit area. (i) if surfaces are black (ii) if the hot one has an emissivity
of 0.8 and the cooler one 0.5 (iii) if a large plate is inserted between these two, the
plate having an emissivity of 0.2.
Regulation 2019 Academic Year 2023-2024

6. Calculate the following for an industrial furnace in the form of a black body and (16) (A)
emitting radiation at 3000oC:
a) Monochromatic emitting power 1 μm length
b) Wavelength at which the emissive is maximum
c) Maximum emissive power
d) Total emissive power
7. Two parallel plates of size 1.0m ¿ 1.0 spaced 0.5 m apart are located in very large (16) (A)
room, the walls are maintained at a temperature of 27 oC. One plate is maintained at
a temperature of 900oC and the other at 400oC. Their emissivities are 0.2 and 0.5
respectively. If the plate’s exchanges heat between themselves and surroundings,
find the heat transfer to each plate and to them. Consider only the plate surfaces
facing each other.
8. Two very large parallel planes exchange heat by radiation. The emissivities of (16) (A)
the planes are respectively 0.3 and 0.8. To minimize the radiation exchange
between the planes; a polished aluminum radiation shield is placed between them.
If the emissivity of the shield is 0.04 on both sides, find the percentage reduction
in heat transfer rate.
9. Charge-coupled deince (CCD) image sensors, that are common in modern digital (16) (U)
cameras, a respond differently to light sources with different spectral distributions.
The incandescent light may be approximated as a blackbody at the effective surface
temperature of 2800 K. determine the fraction of radiation emitted within the
visible spectrum wavelengths, from 0.40 micrometer (violet) to 0.76 micrometer
(red), for the incandescent lighting source.
10. A cylindrical shaped furnace is 1 m dia and 1 m high. The top surface having an (16) (A)
emissivity of 0.7 emit a uniform heat flux of 7 kW/m 2. The bottom surface with an
emissivity of 0.4 is maintained at 350 K. The sides are insulated and function as
reradiating surfaces. Determine the heat transfer to bottom surface and also the
temperatures of the top and sides.
11. Two large parallel planes are at T =800 K, ε 1 =0.3, T =400 K, ε 2 =0.7 (16) (A)
1 2

ε
and are separated by a gray gas having g =0.2, τg=0.8. Calculate the heat-transfer
rate between the two planes and the temperature of the gas using a radiation
network. Compare with the heat transfer without presence of the gas.
12. (A) A gas turbine combustion chamber is 0.35 m in diameter and the walls are (08) (A)
maintained at 500oC. The products of combustion are at 1000 oC and a pressure of 1
atm and contain 12% CO2 and 10% H2O vapour by volume. Determine the net
radiant heat transfer per unit surface area.
B) Define the following terms (08) (R)
1. Monochromatic emissivity
2. Grey body
3. Shape factor
13. (A) The spectral emissivity function of an opaque surface at 1000K is (08) (A)
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approximated as ελ1 = 0.4, 0≤ λ< 2µm; ελ2 = 0.7, 2 µm ≤ λ< 6µm; ελ3 =
0.3, 6 µm ≤ λ< ∞
Determine the average emissivity of the surface and the rate of radiation emission
from the surface, in W/m2
(B) Considering radiation in gases, derive the exponential decay formula. (08) (U)
14. A cylindrical furnace whose height and diameter are 5 m contains combustion (16) (S)
gases at 1200 K and a total pressure of 2 atm. The composition of the combustion
gases is determined by volumetric analysis to be 80 % N2, 8% H2O, 7%O2 and 5
% CO2. Determine the effective emissivity of the combustion gases
15.(A) Derive Wien’s displacement law of radiation from Planck’s law (08) (A)
(B).Consider a cylindrical furnace with outer radius = 1 m and height = 1m. (08) (S)
The top (surface 1) and the base (surface2) of the furnace have emissivities 0.8 &
0.4 and are maintained at uniform temperatures of 700 K and 500K respectively.
The side surface closely approximates a black body and is maintained at a
temperature of 400 K. Find the net rate of radiation heat transfer at each surface
during steady state operation.
16. Two large parallel planes at temperature 1000 K and 800 K having emissivity (16) (A)
of 0.5 and 0.8 respectively. A radiation shield having an emissivity 0.5 on one side
(facing hot place) and an emissivity of 0.04 on the other is placed in between the
planes. Determine the heat transfer rates by radiation with and without radiation
shield.