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Appendix

Figure A.1 Centroids and moments of inertia of plane areas.

Volume and Area Formulas:

Table A.1 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW TABLES FOR A IDEAL GAS WITH k = 1.4
M or M 1 = local number or Mach number upstream of a normal shock wave;
p/pt = ratio of static pressure to total pressure; ρ/ρt = ratio of static density to total
density; T/Tt = ratio of static temperature to total temperature; A/A* = ratio of local
cross-sectional area of an isentropic stream tube to cross-sectional area at the point
where M = 1; M 2 = Mach number downstream of a normal shock wave; p2/p1 = static
pressure ratio across a normal shock wave; T2/T1 = static pressure ratio across a normal
shock wave; = total pressure ratio across normal shock wave.

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Subsonic Flow
M p/pt ρ/ρt T/Tt A/A*
0.00 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 ∞
0.05 0.9983 0.9988 0.9995 11.5914
0.10 0.9930 0.9950 0.9980 5.8218
0.15 0.9844 0.9888 0.9955 3.9103
0.20 0.9725 0.9803 0.9921 2.9630
0.25 0.9575 0.9694 0.9877 2.4027
0.30 0.9395 0.9564 0.9823 2.0351
0.35 0.9188 0.9413 0.9761 1.7780
0.40 0.8956 0.9243 0.9690 1.5901
0.45 0.8703 0.9055 0.9611 1.4487
0.50 0.8430 0.8852 0.9524 1.3398
0.52 0.8317 0.8766 0.9487 1.3034
0.54 0.8201 0.8679 0.9449 1.2703
0.56 0.8082 0.8589 0.9410 1.2403
0.58 0.7962 0.8498 0.9370 1.2130
0.60 0.7840 0.8405 0.9328 1.1882
0.62 0.7716 0.8310 0.9286 1.1657
0.64 0.7591 0.8213 0.9243 1.1452
0.66 0.7465 0.8115 0.9199 1.1265
0.68 0.7338 0.8016 0.9153 1.1097
0.70 0.7209 0.7916 0.9107 1.0944
0.72 0.7080 0.7814 0.9061 1.0806
0.74 0.6951 0.7712 0.9013 1.0681
0.76 0.6821 0.7609 0.8964 1.0570
0.78 0.6691 0.7505 0.8915 1.0471
0.80 0.6560 0.7400 0.8865 1.0382
0.82 0.6430 0.7295 0.8815 1.0305
0.84 0.6300 0.7189 0.8763 1.0237
0.86 0.6170 0.7083 0.8711 1.0179
0.88 0.6041 0.6977 0.8659 1.0129
0.90 0.5913 0.6870 0.8606 1.0089
0.92 0.5785 0.6764 0.8552 1.0056
0.94 0.5658 0.6658 0.8498 1.0031
0.96 0.5532 0.6551 0.8444 1.0014

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0.98 0.5407 0.6445 0.8389 1.0003

1.00 0.5283 0.6339 0.8333 1.0000
Supersonic Flow ormal Shock Wave
M1 p/pt ρ/ρt T/Tt A/A* M2 p2/p1 T2/T1
1.00 0.5283 0.6339 0.8333 1.000 1.0000 1.000 1.000 1.0000
1.01 0.5221 0.6287 0.8306 1.000 0.9901 1.023 1.007 0.9999
1.02 0.5160 0.6234 0.8278 1.000 0.9805 1.047 1.013 0.9999
1.03 0.5099 0.6181 0.8250 1.001 0.9712 1.071 1.020 0.9999
1.04 0.5039 0.6129 0.8222 1.001 0.9620 1.095 1.026 0.9999
1.05 0.4979 0.6077 0.8193 1.002 0.9531 1.120 1.033 0.9998
1.06 0.4919 0.6024 0.8165 1.003 0.9444 1.144 1.039 0.9997
1.07 0.4860 0.5972 0.8137 1.004 0.9360 1.169 1.046 0.9996
1.08 0.4800 0.5920 0.8108 1.005 0.9277 1.194 1.052 0.9994
1.09 0.4742 0.5869 0.8080 1.006 0.9196 1.219 1.059 0.9992
1.10 0.4684 0.5817 0.8052 1.008 0.9118 1.245 1.065 0.9989
1.11 0.4626 0.5766 0.8023 1.010 0.9041 1.271 1.071 0.9986
1.12 0.4568 0.5714 0.7994 1.011 0.8966 1.297 1.078 0.9982
1.13 0.4511 0.5663 0.7966 1.013 0.8892 1.323 1.084 0.9978
1.14 0.4455 0.5612 0.7937 1.015 0.8820 1.350 1.090 0.9973
1.15 0.4398 0.5562 0.7908 1.017 0.8750 1.376 1.097 0.9967
1.16 0.4343 0.5511 0.7879 1.020 0.8682 1.403 1.103 0.9961
1.17 0.4287 0.5461 0.7851 1.022 0.8615 1.430 1.109 0.9953
1.18 0.4232 0.5411 0.7822 1.025 0.8549 1.458 1.115 0.9946
1.19 0.4178 0.5361 0.7793 1.026 0.8485 1.485 1.122 0.9937
1.20 0.4124 0.5311 0.7764 1.030 0.8422 1.513 1.128 0.9928
1.21 0.4070 0.5262 0.7735 1.033 0.8360 1.541 1.134 0.9918
1.22 0.4017 0.5213 0.7706 1.037 0.8300 1.570 1.141 0.9907
1.23 0.3964 0.5164 0.7677 1.040 0.8241 1.598 1.147 0.9896
1.24 0.3912 0.5115 0.7648 1.043 0.8183 1.627 1.153 0.9884
1.25 0.3861 0.5067 0.7619 1.047 0.8126 1.656 1.159 0.9871
1.30 0.3609 0.4829 0.7474 1.066 0.7860 1.805 1.191 0.9794
1.35 0.3370 0.4598 0.7329 1.089 0.7618 1.960 1.223 0.9697
1.40 0.3142 0.4374 0.7184 1.115 0.7397 2.120 1.255 0.9582
1.45 0.2927 0.4158 0.7040 1.144 0.7196 2.286 1.287 0.9448
1.50 0.2724 0.3950 0.6897 1.176 0.7011 2.458 1.320 0.9278
1.55 0.2533 0.3750 0.6754 1.212 0.6841 2.636 1.354 0.9132

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Supersonic Flow ormal Shock Wave

M1 p/pt ρ/ρt T/Tt A/A* M2 p2/p1 T2/T1
1.60 0.2353 0.3557 0.6614 1.250 0.6684 2.820 1.388 0.8952
1.65 0.2184 0.3373 0.6475 1.292 0.6540 3.010 1.423 0.8760
1.70 0.2026 0.3197 0.6337 1.338 0.6405 3.205 1.458 0.8557
1.75 0.1878 0.3029 0.6202 1.386 0.6281 3.406 1.495 0.8346
1.80 0.1740 0.2868 0.6068 1.439 0.6165 3.613 1.532 0.8127
1.85 0.1612 0.2715 0.5936 1.495 0.6057 3.826 1.569 0.7902
1.90 0.1492 0.2570 0.5807 1.555 0.5956 4.045 1.608 0.7674
1.95 0.1381 0.2432 0.5680 1.619 0.5862 4.270 1.647 0.7442
2.00 0.1278 0.2300 0.5556 1.688 0.5774 4.500 1.688 0.7209
2.10 0.1094 0.2058 0.5313 1.837 0.5613 4.978 1.770 0.6742
2.20 0.9352-1† 0.1841 0.5081 2.005 0.5471 5.480 1.857 0.6281
2.30 0.7997-1 0.1646 0.4859 2.193 0.5344 6.005 1.947 0.5833
2.50 0.5853-1 0.1317 0.4444 2.637 0.5130 7.125 2.138 0.4990
2.60 0.5012-1 0.1179 0.4252 2.896 0.5039 7.720 2.238 0.4601
2.70 0.4295-1 0.1056 0.4068 3.183 0.4956 8.338 2.343 0.4236
2.80 0.3685-1 0.9463-1 0.3894 3.500 0.4882 8.980 2.451 0.3895
2.90 0.3165-1 0.8489-1 0.3729 3.850 0.4814 9.645 2.563 0.3577
3.00 0.2722-1 0.7623-1 0.3571 4.235 0.4752 10.330 2.679 0.3283
3.50 0.1311-1 0.4523-1 0.2899 6.790 0.4512 14.130 3.315 0.2129
4.00 0.6586-2 0.2766-1 0.2381 10.72 0.4350 18.500 4.047 0.1388
4.50 0.3455-2 0.1745-1 0.1980 16.56 0.4236 23.460 4.875 0.9170-1
5.00 0.1890-2 0.1134-1 0.1667 25.00 0.4152 29.000 5.800 0.6172-1
5.50 0.1075-2 0.7578-2 0.1418 36.87 0.4090 35.130 6.822 0.4236-1
6.00 0.6334-2 0.5194-2 0.1220 53.18 0.4042 41.830 7.941 0.2965-1
6.50 0.3855-2 0.3643-2 0.1058 75.13 0.4004 49.130 9.156 0.2115-1
7.00 0.2416-3 0.2609-2 0.9259-1 104.1 0.3974 57.000 10.47 0.1535-1
7.50 0.1554-3 0.1904-2 0.8163-1 141.8 0.3949 65.460 11.88 0.1133-1
8.00 0.1024-3 0.1414-2 0.7246-1 190.1 0.3929 74.500 13.39 0.8488-2
8.50 0.6898-4 0.1066-2 0.6472-1 251.1 0.3912 84.130 14.99 0.6449-2
9.00 0.4739-4 0.8150-3 0.5814-1 327.2 0.3898 94.330 16.69 0.4964-2
9.50 0.3314-4 0.6313-3 0.5249-1 421.1 0.3886 105.100 18.49 0.3866-2

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Supersonic Flow ormal Shock Wave

M1 p/pt ρ/ρt T/Tt A/A* M2 p2/p1 T2/T1

10.00 0.2356-4 0.4948-3 0.4762-1 535.9 0.3876 116.500 20.39 0.3045-2

†) x-n means x · 10-n.
SOURCE: Abridged with permission from R. E. Bolz and G. L. Tuve, The Handbook of Tables
for Applied Engineering Sciences, CRC Press, Inc., Cleveland, 1973. Copyright © 1973 by The
Chemical Rubber Co., CRC Press, Inc.

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Figure A.2 Absolute viscosities of certain gases and liquids [Adapted from Fluid Mechanics,
5th ed., by V. L. Streeter. Copyright © 1971, McGraw-Hill Book Company, /ew
York. Used with permission of the McGraw-Hill Book Company.]

Figure A.3 Kinematic viscosities of certain gases and liquids. The gases are at standard
pressure. [Adapted from Fluid Mechanics, 5th ed., by V. L. Streeter. Copyright ©
1971, McGraw-Hill Book Company, /ew York. Used with permission of the
McGraw-Hill Book Company.]

Table A.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASES [T = 15°C (59 °F), p = 1 ATM]

cp

Gas Density Kinematic R, Gas S

kg/m3 Viscosity Constant J/kg Sutherland's
(slugs/ft3) m2/s (ft2/s) K Constant K
(ft-lbf/slug-°R) (°R)

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cp

Gas Density Kinematic R, Gas S

kg/m3 Viscosity Constant J/kg Sutherland's
(slugs/ft3) m2/s (ft2/s) K Constant K
(ft-lbf/slug-°R) (°R)
Air 1.22 1.46 × 10-5 287 1004 1.40 111
(0.00237) (1.58 × 10-4) (1716) (0.240) (199)
Carbon 1.85 7.84 × 10-6 189 841 1.30 222
dioxide
(0.0036) (8.48 × 10-5) (1130) (0.201) (400)
Helium 0.169 1.14 × 10-4 2077 5187 1.66 79.4
(0.00033) (1.22 × 10-3) (12,419) (1.24) (143)
Hydrogen 0.0851 1.01 × 10-4 4127 14,223 1.41 96.7
(0.00017) (1.09 × 10-3) (24,677) (3.40) (174)
Methane 0.678 1.59 × 10-5 518 2208 1.31 198
(natural
gas)
(0.0013) (1.72 × 10-4) (3098) (0.528) (356)
Nitrogen 1.18 1.45 × 10-5 297 1041 1.40 107
(0.0023) (1.56 × 10-4) (1776) (0.249) (192)
Oxygen 1.35 1.50 × 10-5 260 916 1.40
(0.0026) (1.61 × 10-4) (1555) (0.219)

SOURCE: V. L. Streeter (ed.), Handbook of Fluid Dynamics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New
York, 1961; also R. E. Bolz and G. L. Tuve, Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering
Science, CRC Press, Inc. Cleveland, 1973; and Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Chemical
Rubber Company, 1951.

Table A.3 MECHAICAL PROPERTIES OF AIR AT STADARD

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Temperature Density Specific Weight Dynamic Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity
kg/m3 /m3  · s/m2 m2/s
-20°C 1.40 13.70 1.61 × 10-5 1.16 × 10-5
-10°C 1.34 13.20 1.67 × 10-5 1.24 × 10-5
0°C 1.29 12.70 1.72 × 10-5 1.33 × 10-5
10°C 1.25 12.20 1.76 × 10-5 1.41 × 10-5
20°C 1.20 11.80 1.81 × 10-5 1.51 × 10-5

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Temperature Density Specific Weight Dynamic Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity

30°C 1.17 11.40 1.86 × 10-5 1.60 × 10-5
40°C 1.13 11.10 1.91 × 10-5 1.69 × 10-5
50°C 1.09 10.70 1.95 × 10-5 1.79 × 10-5
60°C 1.06 10.40 2.00 × 10-5 1.89 × 10-5
70°C 1.03 10.10 2.04 × 10-5 1.99 × 10-5
80°C 1.00 9.81 2.09 × 10-5 2.09 × 10-5
90°C 0.97 9.54 2.13 × 10-5 2.19 × 10-5
100°C 0.95 9.28 2.17 × 10-5 2.29 × 10-5
120°C 0.90 8.82 2.26 × 10-5 2.51 × 10-5
140°C 0.85 8.38 2.34 × 10-5 2.74 × 10-5
160°C 0.81 7.99 2.42 × 10-5 2.97 × 10-5
180°C 0.78 7.65 2.50 × 10-5 3.20 × 10-5
200°C 0.75 7.32 2.57 × 10-5 3.44 × 10-5
slugs/ft3 lbf/ft3 lbf-s/ft2 ft2/s
0°F 0.00269 0.0866 3.39 × 10-7 1.26 × 10-4
20°F 0.00257 0.0828 3.51 × 10-7 1.37 × 10-4
40°F 0.00247 0.0794 3.63 × 10-7 1.47 × 10-4
60°F 0.00237 0.0764 3.74 × 10-7 1.58 × 10-4
80°F 0.00228 0.0735 3.85 × 10-7 1.69 × 10-4
100°F 0.00220 0.0709 3.96 × 10-7 1.80 × 10-4
120°F 0.00213 0.0685 4.07 × 10-7 1.91 × 10-4
150°F 0.00202 0.0651 4.23 × 10-7 2.09 × 10-4
200°F 0.00187 0.0601 4.48 × 10-7 2.40 × 10-4
300°F 0.00162 0.0522 4.96 × 10-7 3.05 × 10-4
400°F 0.00143 0.0462 5.40 × 10-7 3.77 × 10-4
SOURCE: Reprinted with permission from R. E. Bolz and G. L. Tuve, Handbook of Tables for
Applied Engineering Science, CRC Press, Inc., Cleveland, 1973. Copyright © 1973 by The
Chemical Rubber Co., CRC Press, Inc.

Table A.4 APPROXIMATE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMMO LIQUIDS AT

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Liquid and Density Specific Specific Dynamic Kinematic Surface
Temperature kg/m3 Gravity Weight Viscosity Viscosity Tension

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(slugs/ft3) /m3  · s/m2 m2/s (ft2/s) /m*

(lbf/ft3) (lbf-s/ft2) (lbf/ft)
Ethyl 799 0.79 7,850 1.2 × 10-3 1.5 × 10-6 2.2 × 10-2
alcohol(1)(3)
20°C (68°F) (1.55) (50.0) (2.5 × 10-5) (1.6 × 10-5) (1.5 × 10-3)
Carbon 1,590 1.59 15,600 9.6 × 10-4 6.0 × 10-7 2.6 × 10-2
tetrachloride(3)
20°C (68°F) (3.09) (99.5) (2.0 × 10-5) (6.5 × 10-6) (1.8 × 10-3)
Glycerine(3) 1,260 1.26 12,300 1.41 1.12 × 10-3 6.3 × 10-2
20°C (68°F) (2.45) (78.5) (2.95 × 10-2) (1.22 × 10-2) (4.3 × 10-3)
Kerosene(1)(2) 814 0.81 8,010 1.9 × 10-3 2.37 × 10-6 2.9 × 10-2
20°C (68°F) (1.58) (51) (4.0 × 10-5) (2.55 × 10-5) (2.0 × 10-3)
Mercury(1)(3) 13,550 13.55 133,000 1.5 × 10-3 1.2 × 10-7 4.8 × 10-1
20°C (68°F) (26.3) (847) (3.1 × 10-5) (1.3 × 10-6) (3.3 × 10-2)
Sea water 1,026 1.03 10,070 1.4 × 10-3 1.4 × 10-6
10°C at 3.3%
salinity
(1.99) (64.1) (2.9 × 10-5) (1.5 × 10-5)
Oils—38°C 870 0.87 8,530 3.6 × 10-2 4.1 × 10-5
(100°F)
SAE 10 W(4) (1.69) (54.4) (7.5 × 10-4) (4.4 × 10-4)
SAE 880 0.88 8,630 6.7 × 10-2 7.6 × 10-5
10 W-30(4)
(1.71) (55.1) (1.4 × 10-3) (8.2 × 10-4)
SAE 30(4) 880 0.88 8,630 1.0 × 10-1 1.1 × 10-4
(1.71) (55.1) (2.1 × 10-3) (1.2 × 10-3)
*) Liquid-air surface tension values.
SOURCES: (1) V. L. Streeter, Handbook of Fluid Dynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961; (2)
V. L. Streeter, Fluid Mechanics, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1966; (3) A. A. Newman,
Glycerol, CRC Press, Cleveland, 1968; (4) R. E. Bolz and G. L. Tuve, Handbook of Tables for
Applied Engineering Sciences, CRC Press, Cleveland, 1973.

Table A.5 APPROXIMATE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER* AT

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Temperature Density Specific Dynamic Kinematic Vapor
Weight Viscosity Viscosity Pressure
kg/m3 /m3  · s/m2 m2/s /m2 abs
0°C 1000 9810 1.79 × 10-3 1.79 × 10-6 611

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Temperature Density Specific Dynamic Kinematic Vapor

Weight Viscosity Viscosity Pressure
5°C 1000 9810 1.51 × 10-3 1.51 × 10-6 872
10°C 1000 9810 1.31 × 10-3 1.31 × 10-6 1,230
15°C 999 9800 1.14 × 10-3 1.14 × 10-6 1,700
20°C 998 9790 1.00 × 10-3 1.00 × 10-6 2,340
25°C 997 9781 8.91 × 10-4 8.94 × 10-7 3,170
30°C 996 9771 7.97 × 10-4 8.00 × 10-7 4,250
35°C 994 9751 7.20 × 10-4 7.24 × 10-7 5,630
40°C 992 9732 6.53 × 10-4 6.58 × 10-7 7,380
50°C 988 9693 5.47 × 10-4 5.53 × 10-7 12,300
60°C 983 9643 4.66 × 10-4 4.74 × 10-7 20,000
70°C 978 9594 4.04 × 10-4 4.13 × 10-7 31,200
80°C 972 9535 3.54 × 10-4 3.64 × 10-7 47,400
90°C 965 9467 3.15 × 10-4 3.26 × 10-7 70,100
100°C 958 9398 2.82 × 10-4 2.94 × 10-7 101,300

slugs/ft3 lbf/ft3 lbf-s/ft2 ft2/s psia

40°F 1.94 62.43 3.23 × 10-5 1.66 × 10-5 0.122
50°F 1.94 62.40 2.73 × 10-5 1.41 × 10-5 0.178
60°F 1.94 62.37 2.36 × 10-5 1.22 × 10-5 0.256
70°F 1.94 62.30 2.05 × 10-5 1.06 × 10-5 0.363
80°F 1.93 62.22 1.80 × 10-5 0.930 × 10-5 0.506
100°F 1.93 62.00 1.42 × 10-5 0.739 × 10-5 0.949
120°F 1.92 61.72 1.17 × 10-5 0.609 × 10-5 1.69
140°F 1.91 61.38 0.981 × 10-5 0.514 × 10-5 2.89
160°F 1.90 61.00 0.838 × 10-5 0.442 × 10-5 4.74
180°F 1.88 60.58 0.726 × 10-5 0.385 × 10-5 7.51
200°F 1.87 60.12 0.637 × 10-5 0.341 × 10-5 11.53
212°F 1.86 59.83 0.593 × 10-5 0.319 × 10-5 14.70

*) Notes: (1) Bulk modulus Ev of water is approximately 2.2 GPa (3.2 × 105 psi); (2) water-air
surface tension is approximately 7.3 × 10-2 N/m (5 × 10-3 lbf/ft) from 10°C to 50°C.
SOURCE: Reprinted with permission from R. E. Bolz and G. L. Tuve, Handbook of Tables for
Applied Engineering Science, CRC Press, Inc., Cleveland, 1973. Copyright © 1973 by The

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Chemical Rubber Co., CRC Press, Inc.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Table A.6 OME CLATURE

Symbol Dimensions Description
A L2 Area
Aj L2 Jet area
A0 L2 Orifice area
A* L2 Nozzle area at M = 1
a L/T2 Acceleration
b … Intensive property
B L Linear measure
B … Extensive property
b L Linear measure
Cc … Coefficient of contraction
CD … Coefficient of drag
Cd … Coefficient of discharge
Cf … Average shear stress coefficient
CF … Force coefficient
CH … Head coefficient
CL … Coefficient of lift
CP … Power coefficient
Cp … Pressure coefficient
CQ … Discharge coefficient
CT … Thrust coefficient
Cv … Coefficient of velocity
c L/T Speed of sound
cf … Local shear stress coefficient
cp L2/T2θ Specific heat at constant pressure
cv L2/T2θ Specific heat at constant volume
CP … Center of pressure
cs … Control surface
cv … Control volume
D L Diameter
D L Hydraulic depth
Dh L Hydraulic diameter
d L Diameter

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Symbol Dimensions Description

d L Depth
E ML2/T2 Energy
E L Specific energy
Ev M/LT2 Elasticity, bulk
e L2/T2 Energy per unit mass
Fr … Froude number
F ML/T2 Force
FD ML/T2 Drag force
FL ML/T2 Lift force
FS ML/T2 Surface resistance
f … Friction factor
G … Giga, multiple = 109
g L/T2 Acceleration due to gravity
H L Head
h L Piezometric head
h L2/T2θ Specific enthalpy
hf L Head loss in pipe
hL L Head loss
hp L Head supplied by pump
ht L Head given up to turbine

L4 Area moment of inertia, centroidal

i … Unit vector in x direction
j … Unit vector in y direction
k … Unit vector in z direction
K … Minor loss coefficient
k … Ratio of specific heats
ks L Equivalent sand roughness
L L Linear measure
l L Linear measure
ℓ L Linear measure
M … Mach number
M ML2/T2 Moment
m M Mass

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Symbol Dimensions Description

M/T Mass flow rate
$ T-1 Rotational speed
$s L3/4/T3/2 Specific speed
$ss L3/4/T3/2 Suction specific speed
n … Manning's roughness coefficient
n T-1 Rotational speed
ns … Specific speed
nss … Suction specific speed
p M/LT2 Pressure
∆p M/LT2 Change in pressure
P ML2/T3 Power
p* M/LT2 Pressure at M = 1
pt M/LT2 Total pressure
pv M/LT2 Vapor pressure
pz ML2/T2 Piezometric pressure
Q L3/T Discharge, volumetric flow rate
Q ML2/T2 Heat transferred
q L2/T Discharge per unit width
q M/LT2 Kinetic pressure
Rh L Hydraulic radius
R ML/T2 Reaction or resultant force
R L2/θT2 Gas constant
Re … Reynolds number
r L Linear measure in radial direction
S L2 Planform area
St … Strouhal number
S0 … Channel slope
s L2/T2θ Specific entropy
S … Specific gravity
s L Linear measure
T ML2/T2 Torque
T θ Temperature

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Symbol Dimensions Description

Tt θ Total temperature
T* θ Temperature at M = 1
t T Time
U0 L/T Free-stream velocity
u L/T Velocity component, x direction
u L2/T2 Internal energy per unit of mass
u* L/T Shear velocity
u′ L/T Velocity fluctuation in x direction
V L/T Velocity
V0 L/T Free-stream velocity

L3 Volume

L/T Area-averaged velocity

ν L/T Velocity component, y direction
ν′ L/T Velocity fluctuation in y direction
W ML2/T2 Work
W ML/T2 Weight
We … Weber number
w L/T Velocity component, z direction
x L Linear measure
y L Linear measure
yc L Critical depth
yn L Normal depth
z L Elevation
∆z L Change in elevation
Greek Letters
α … Angular measure
α … Lapse rate
α … Kinetic energy correction factor
α … Angle of attack
β … Angular measure
Γ L2/T Circulation
γ M/L2T2 Specific weight
∆ … Increment
δ L Boundary layer thickness

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Symbol Dimensions Description

δ′ L Laminar sublayer thickness
δN′ L Nom. laminar sublayer thickness
η … Efficiency
θ … Angular measure
κ … Turbulence constant
µ M/LT Dynamic viscosity
τ M/LT2 Shear stress
ν L2/T Kinematic viscosity
π … Dimensionless group
ρ M/L3 Mass density
ρ* M/L3 Density at M = 1
ρt M/L3 Total density
Ω T-1 Rate of rotation
ω T-1 Angular speed
ω T-1 Vorticity
σ M/T2 Surface tension

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Formulas for Unit Conversions http://edugen.wiley.com/edugen/courses/crs2436/simulations/tabels/tabl...

Table F.1 FORMULAS FOR UIT COVERSIOS*

ame, Symbol, Dimensions Conversion Formula
Length L L 1 m = 3.281 ft = 1.094 yd = 39.37 in = km/1000 = 106 µm
1 ft = 0.3048 m = 12 in = mile/5280 = km/3281
1 mm = m/1000 = in/25.4 = 39.37 mil = 1000 µm = 107 Å
Speed V L/T 1 m/s = 3.600 km/hr = 3.281 ft/s = 2.237 mph = 1.944 knots
1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s = 0.6818 mph = 1.097 km/hr = 0.5925 knots
Mass m M 1 kg = 2.205 lbm = 1000 g = slug/14.59 = (metric ton or tonne or
Mg)/1000
1 lbm = lbf · s2/(32.17 ft) = kg/2.205 = slug/32.17 = 453.6 g
= 16 oz = 7000 grains = short ton/2000 = metric ton (tonne)/2205
Density ρ M/L3 1000 kg/m3 = 62.43 lbm/ft3 = 1.940 slug/ft3 = 8.345 lbm/gal (US)
Force F ML/T2 1 lbf = 4.448 N = 32.17 lbm · ft/s2
1  = kg · m/s2 = 0.2248 lbf = 105 dyne
Pressure P M/LT2 1 Pa = N/m2 = kg/m · s2 = 10-5 bar = 1.450 × 10-4 lbf/in2 = inch
H2O/249.1

= 0.007501 torr = 10.00 dyne/cm2

1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 2116 psf = 1.013 bar = 14.70 lbf/in2 = 33.90 ft
of water
= 29.92 in of mercury = 10.33 m of water = 760 mm of
mercury = 760 torr
1 psi = atm/14.70 = 6.895 kPa = 27.68 in H2O = 51.71 torr
Volume L3 1 m3 = 35.31 ft3 = 1000 L = 264.2 U.S. gal

1 ft3 = 0.02832 m3 = 28.32 L = 7.481 U.S. gal = acre-ft/43,560

1 U.S. gal = 231 in3 = barrel (petroleum)/42 = 4 U.S. quarts = 8
U.S. pints
= 3.785 L = 0.003785 m3
Volume Flow Q L3/T 1 m3/s = 35.31 ft3/s = 2119 cfm = 264.2 gal (US)/s = 15850 gal
Rate (US)/m
(Discharge)
1 cfs = 1 ft3/s = 28.32 L/s = 7.481 gal (US)/s = 448.8 gal (US)/m
Mass Flow M/T 1 kg/s = 2.205 lbm/s = 0.06852 slug/s
Rate
Energy and E, W ML2/T2 1 J = kg · m2/s2 = N · m = W · s = volt · coulomb = 0.7376 ft · lbf
Work
= 9.478 × 10-4 Btu = 0.2388 cal = 107 erg = kWh/3.600 × 106

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ame, Symbol, Dimensions Conversion Formula

Power ML2/T3 1 W = J/s = N · m/s = kg · m2/s3 = 1.341 × 10-3 hp
= 0.7376 ft · lbf/s = 1.0
volt-ampere = 0.2388 cal/s = 9.478 × 10-4 Btu/s
1 hp = 0.7457 kW = 550 ft · lbf/s = 33,000 ft · lbf/min = 2544
Btu/h
Angular ω T-1 1.0 rad/s = 9.549 rpm = 0.1591 rev/s
Speed
Viscosity µ M/LT 1 Pa · s = kg/m · s = N · s/m2 = 10
poise = 0.02089 lbf · s/ft2 = 0.6720 lbm/ft · s
Kinematic ν L2/T 1 m2/s = 10.76 ft2/s = 106 cSt
Viscosity
Temperature T Θ K = °C + 273.15 = °R/1.8
°C = (°F - 32)/1.8
°R = °F + 459.67 = 1.8 K
° F = 1.8°C + 32

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Commonly Used Equations http://edugen.wiley.com/edugen/courses/crs2436/simulations/tabels/tabl...

Table F.2 COMMO LY USED EQUATIO S

Specific weight
γ = ρg (Eq. 2.2, p. 16)
Specific gravity
(Eq. 2.3, p. 16)

Ideal gas law

p = ρRT (Eq. 2.5, p. 17)
Definition of viscosity
(Eq. 2.6, p. 19 )

Kinematic viscosity
ν = µ/ρ (Eq. 2.8, p. 20)
Pressure equation
Pabs = Patm + Pgage (Eq. 3.3a, p. 35)
Pabs = Patm - Pvacuum (Eq. 3.3b, p. 35)
Hydrostatic equation
(Eq. 3.7a, p. 38)

pz = p1 + γz1 = p2 + γz2 = constant (Eq. 3.7b, p. 38)

∆p = -γ∆z (Eq. 3.7c, p. 38)
Manometer equations
(Eq. 3.18, p. 45)

h1 - h2 = ∆h(γB/γA - 1) (Eq. 3.19, p. 46)

Hydrostatic force equations (flat panels)
(Eq. 3.23, p. 50)
(Eq. 3.28, p. 51)

Buoyant force (Archimedes equation)

(Eq. 3.36, p. 56)

The Bernoulli equation

(Eq. 418b, p. 92)

(Eq. 418a, p. 92)

Coefficient of pressure

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Eq. 4.50, p. 109)

Volume flow rate equation

(Eq. 5.8, p. 131)

Mass flow rate equation

(Eq. 5.9, p. 131)

Continuity equation
(Eq. 5.24, p. 138)

(Eq. 5.25, p. 138)

ρ1 A1 V2 = ρ2 A2 V2 (Eq. 5.26, p. 142)

Momentum equation
(Eq. 6.5, p. 164)

(Eq. 6.6, p. 164)

Energy equation
(Eq. 7.29; p. 225)

The power equation

P = FV = Tω (Eq. 7.3; p. 218)
(Eq. 7.31; p. 227)
Efficiency of a machine
(Eq. 7.32; p. 227)

Reynolds number (pipe)

(Eq. 10.2, p. 317)

Combined head loss equation

(Eq. 10.45, p. 339)

Friction factor f (Resistance coefficient)

(Eq. 10.34, p. 326)

(Eq. 10.39, p. 331)

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Drag force equation

(Eq. 11.5, p. 365)

Lift force equation

(Eq. 11.17, p. 381)

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Useful Constants http://edugen.wiley.com/edugen/courses/crs2436/simulations/tabels/tabl...

Table F.3 USEFUL COSTATS

ame of Constant Value
Acceleration of gravity g = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
Universal gas constant Ru = 8.314 kJ/kmol · K = 1545 ft · lbf/lbmol · °R
Standard atmospheric patm = 1.0 atm = 101.3 kPa = 14.70 psi = 2116 psf = 33.90 ft of water
pressure
Patm = 10.33 m of water = 760 mm of Hg = 29.92 in of Hg = 760
torr = 1.013 bar

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Properties of Air [T = 20°C (68°F), p = 1 atm] http://edugen.wiley.com/edugen/courses/crs2436/simulations/tabels/tabl...

Table F.4 PROPERTIES OF AIR [T = 20°C (68°F), p = 1 ATM]

Property SI Units Traditional Units
Specific gas constant Rair = 287.0 J/kg · K Rair = 1716 ft · lbf/slug · °R
Density ρ = 1.20 kg/m3 ρ = 0.0752 lbm/ft3 = 0.00234 slug/ft3
Specific weight γ = 11.8 N/m3 γ = 0.0752 lbf/ft3
Viscosity µ = 1.81 × 10-5 N · s/m2 µ = 3.81 × 10-7 lbf · s/ft2
Kinematic viscosity ν = 1.51 × 10-5 m2/s ν = 1.63 × 10-4 ft2/s
Specific heat ratio k = cp/cv = 1.40 k = cp/cv = 1.40
Specific heat cp = 1004 J/kg · K cp = 0.241 Btu/lbm · °R
Speed of sound c = 343 m/s c = 1130 ft/s

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Properties of Water [T = 15°C (59°F), p = 1 atm] http://edugen.wiley.com/edugen/courses/crs2436/simulations/tabels/tabl...

Table F.5 PROPERTIES OF WATER [T = 15°C (59°F), p = 1 ATM]

Property SI Units Traditional Units
Density ρ = 999 kg/m3 ρ = 62.4 lbm/ft3 = 1.94 slug/ft3
Specific weight γ = 9800 N/m3 γ = 62.4 lbf/ft3
Viscosity µ = 1.14 × 10-3 N · s/m2 µ = 2.38 × 10-5 lbf · s/ft2
Kinematic viscosity ν = 1.14 × 10-6 m2/s ν = 1.23 × 10-5 ft2/s
Surface tension (water-air) σ = 0.073 N/m σ = 0.0050 lbf/ft
Bulk modulus of elasticity Ev = 2.14 × 109 Pa Ev = 3.10 × 105 psi

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Properties of Water [T = 4°C (39°F), p = 1 atm] http://edugen.wiley.com/edugen/courses/crs2436/simulations/tabels/tabl...

Table F.6 PROPERTIES OF WATER [T = 4°C (39°F), p = 1 ATM]

Property SI Units Traditional Units
Density 1000 kg/m3 62.4 lbm/ft3 = 1.94 slug/ft3
Specific weight 9810 N/m3 62.4 lbf/ft3

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Inside Front Cover http://edugen.wiley.com/edugen/courses/crs2436/crowe9771/crowe9771...

Inside Front Cover

Table F.1 FORMULAS FOR UIT COVERSIOS*
ame, Symbol, Dimensions Conversion Formula
Length L L 1 m = 3.281 ft = 1.094 yd = 39.37 in = km/1000 = 106 µm
1 ft = 0.3048 m = 12 in = mile/5280 = km/3281
1 mm = m/1000 = in/25.4 = 39.37 mil = 1000 µm = 107 Å
Speed V L/T 1 m/s = 3.600 km/hr = 3.281 ft/s = 2.237 mph = 1.944 knots
1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s = 0.6818 mph = 1.097 km/hr = 0.5925 knots
Mass m M 1 kg = 2.205 lbm = 1000 g = slug/14.59 = (metric ton or tonne or
Mg)/1000
1 lbm = lbf · s2/(32.17 ft) = kg/2.205 = slug/32.17 = 453.6 g
= 16 oz = 7000 grains = short ton/2000 = metric ton (tonne)/2205
Density ρ M/L3 1000 kg/m3 = 62.43 lbm/ft3 = 1.940 slug/ft3 = 8.345 lbm/gal (US)
Force F ML/T2 1 lbf = 4.448 N = 32.17 lbm · ft/s2
1  = kg · m/s2 = 0.2248 lbf = 105 dyne
Pressure P M/LT2 1 Pa = N/m2 = kg/m · s2 = 10-5 bar = 1.450 × 10-4 lbf/in2 = inch
H2O/249.1

= 0.007501 torr = 10.00 dyne/cm2

1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 2116 psf = 1.013
bar = 14.70 lbf/in2 = 33.90 ft of water
= 29.92 in of mercury = 10.33 m of water = 760 mm of
mercury = 760 torr
1 psi = atm/14.70 = 6.895 kPa = 27.68 in H2O = 51.71 torr
Volume L3 1 m3 = 35.31 ft3 = 1000 L = 264.2 U.S. gal

1 ft3 = 0.02832 m3 = 28.32 L = 7.481 U.S. gal = acre-ft/43,560

1 U.S. gal = 231 in3 = barrel (petroleum)/42 = 4 U.S. quarts = 8
U.S. pints
= 3.785 L = 0.003785 m3
Volume Flow Q L3/T 1 m3/s = 35.31 ft3/s = 2119 cfm = 264.2 gal (US)/s = 15850 gal
Rate (US)/m
(Discharge)
1 cfs = 1 ft3/s = 28.32 L/s = 7.481 gal (US)/s = 448.8 gal (US)/m
Mass Flow M/T 1 kg/s = 2.205 lbm/s = 0.06852 slug/s
Rate

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ame, Symbol, Dimensions Conversion Formula

Energy and E, W ML2/T2 1 J = kg · m2/s2 = N · m = W · s = volt · coulomb = 0.7376 ft · lbf
Work
= 9.478 × 10-4 Btu = 0.2388 cal = 107 erg = kWh/3.600 × 106
Power ML2/T3 1 W = J/s = N · m/s = kg · m2/s3 = 1.341 × 10-3 hp
= 0.7376 ft · lbf/s = 1.0
volt-ampere = 0.2388 cal/s = 9.478 × 10-4 Btu/s
1 hp = 0.7457 kW = 550 ft · lbf/s = 33,000 ft · lbf/min = 2544
Btu/h
Angular ω T-1 1.0 rad/s = 9.549 rpm = 0.1591 rev/s
Speed
Viscosity µ M/LT 1 Pa · s = kg/m · s = N · s/m2 = 10
poise = 0.02089 lbf · s/ft2 = 0.6720 lbm/ft · s
Kinematic ν L2/T 1 m2/s = 10.76 ft2/s = 106 cSt
Viscosity
Temperature T Θ K = °C + 273.15 = °R/1.8
°C = (°F - 32)/1.8
°R = °F + 459.67 = 1.8 K
° F = 1.8°C + 32
*) A useful online reference is www.onlineconversion.com

Table F.2 COMMOLY USED EQUATIOS

Specific weight
γ = ρg (Eq. 2.2, p. 16)
Specific gravity
(Eq. 2.3, p. 16)

Ideal gas law

p = ρRT (Eq. 2.5, p. 17)
Definition of viscosity
(Eq. 2.6, p. 19 )

Kinematic viscosity
ν = µ/ρ (Eq. 2.8, p. 20)
Pressure equation
Pabs = Patm + Pgage (Eq. 3.3a, p. 35)
Pabs = Patm - Pvacuum (Eq. 3.3b, p. 35)
Hydrostatic equation
(Eq. 3.7a, p. 38)

pz = p1 + γz1 = p2 + γz2 = constant (Eq. 3.7b, p. 38)

∆p = -γ∆z (Eq. 3.7c, p. 38)

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Manometer equations
(Eq. 3.18, p. 45)

h1 - h2 = ∆h(γB/γA - 1) (Eq. 3.19, p. 46)

Hydrostatic force equations (flat panels)
(Eq. 3.23, p. 50)
(Eq. 3.28, p. 51)

Buoyant force (Archimedes equation)

(Eq. 3.36, p. 56)

The Bernoulli equation

(Eq. 418b, p. 92)

(Eq. 418a, p. 92)

Coefficient of pressure
Eq. 4.50, p. 109)

Volume flow rate equation

(Eq. 5.8, p. 131)

Mass flow rate equation

(Eq. 5.9, p. 131)

Continuity equation
(Eq. 5.24, p. 138)

(Eq. 5.25, p. 138)

ρ1 A1 V2 = ρ2 A2 V2 (Eq. 5.26, p. 142)

Momentum equation
(Eq. 6.5, p. 164)

(Eq. 6.6, p. 164)

Energy equation
(Eq. 7.29; p. 225)

The power equation

P = FV = Tω (Eq. 7.3; p. 218)
(Eq. 7.31; p. 227)
Efficiency of a machine

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(Eq. 7.32; p. 227)

Reynolds number (pipe)

(Eq. 10.2, p. 317)

Combined head loss equation

(Eq. 10.45, p. 339)

Friction factor f (Resistance coefficient)

(Eq. 10.34, p. 326)

(Eq. 10.39, p. 331)

Drag force equation

(Eq. 11.5, p. 365)

Lift force equation

(Eq. 11.17, p. 381)

Table F.3 USEFUL COSTATS

ame of Constant Value
Acceleration of gravity g = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
Universal gas constant Ru = 8.314 kJ/kmol · K = 1545 ft · lbf/lbmol · °R
Standard atmospheric patm = 1.0 atm = 101.3 kPa = 14.70 psi = 2116 psf = 33.90 ft of water
pressure
Patm = 10.33 m of water = 760 mm of Hg = 29.92 in of Hg = 760
torr = 1.013 bar

Table F.4 PROPERTIES OF AIR [T = 20°C (68°F), p = 1 ATM]

Property SI Units Traditional Units
Specific gas constant Rair = 287.0 J/kg · K Rair = 1716 ft · lbf/slug · °R
Density ρ = 1.20 kg/m3 ρ = 0.0752 lbm/ft3 = 0.00234 slug/ft3
Specific weight γ = 11.8 N/m3 γ = 0.0752 lbf/ft3
Viscosity µ = 1.81 × 10-5 N · s/m2 µ = 3.81 × 10-7 lbf · s/ft2
Kinematic viscosity ν = 1.51 × 10-5 m2/s ν = 1.63 × 10-4 ft2/s
Specific heat ratio k = cp/cv = 1.40 k = cp/cv = 1.40
Specific heat cp = 1004 J/kg · K cp = 0.241 Btu/lbm · °R
Speed of sound c = 343 m/s c = 1130 ft/s

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Table F.5 PROPERTIES OF WATER [T = 15°C (59°F), p = 1 ATM]

Property SI Units Traditional Units
Density ρ = 999 kg/m3 ρ = 62.4 lbm/ft3 = 1.94 slug/ft3
Specific weight γ = 9800 N/m3 γ = 62.4 lbf/ft3
Viscosity µ = 1.14 × 10-3 N · s/m2 µ = 2.38 × 10-5 lbf · s/ft2
Kinematic viscosity ν = 1.14 × 10-6 m2/s ν = 1.23 × 10-5 ft2/s
Surface tension (water-air) σ = 0.073 N/m σ = 0.0050 lbf/ft
Bulk modulus of elasticity Ev = 2.14 × 109 Pa Ev = 3.10 × 105 psi

Table F.6 PROPERTIES OF WATER [T = 4°C (39°F), p = 1 ATM]

Property SI Units Traditional Units
Density 1000 kg/m3 62.4 lbm/ft3 = 1.94 slug/ft3
Specific weight 9810 N/m3 62.4 lbf/ft3

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Inside Back Cover

Table A.6 OMECLATURE
Symbol Dimensions Description
A L2 Area
Aj L2 Jet area
A0 L2 Orifice area
A* L2 Nozzle area at M = 1
a L/T2 Acceleration
b … Intensive property
B L Linear measure
B … Extensive property
b L Linear measure
Cc … Coefficient of contraction
CD … Coefficient of drag
Cd … Coefficient of discharge
Cf … Average shear stress coefficient
CF … Force coefficient
CH … Head coefficient
CL … Coefficient of lift
CP … Power coefficient
Cp … Pressure coefficient
CQ … Discharge coefficient
CT … Thrust coefficient
Cv … Coefficient of velocity
c L/T Speed of sound
cf … Local shear stress coefficient
cp L2/T2θ Specific heat at constant pressure
cv L2/T2θ Specific heat at constant volume
CP … Center of pressure

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Symbol Dimensions Description

cs … Control surface
cv … Control volume
D L Diameter
D L Hydraulic depth
Dh L Hydraulic diameter
d L Diameter
d L Depth
E ML2/T2 Energy
E L Specific energy
Ev M/LT2 Elasticity, bulk
e L2/T2 Energy per unit mass
Fr … Froude number
F ML/T2 Force
FD ML/T2 Drag force
FL ML/T2 Lift force
FS ML/T2 Surface resistance
f … Friction factor
G … Giga, multiple = 109
g L/T2 Acceleration due to gravity
H L Head
h L Piezometric head
h L2/T2θ Specific enthalpy
hf L Head loss in pipe
hL L Head loss
hp L Head supplied by pump
ht L Head given up to turbine
L4 Area moment of inertia, centroidal
i … Unit vector in x direction
j … Unit vector in y direction
k … Unit vector in z direction
K … Minor loss coefficient
k … Ratio of specific heats
ks L Equivalent sand roughness

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Symbol Dimensions Description

L L Linear measure
l L Linear measure
ℓ L Linear measure
M … Mach number
M ML2/T2 Moment
m M Mass
M/T Mass flow rate
$ T-1 Rotational speed
$s L3/4/T3/2 Specific speed
$ss L3/4/T3/2 Suction specific speed
n … Manning's roughness coefficient
n T-1 Rotational speed
ns … Specific speed
nss … Suction specific speed
p M/LT2 Pressure
∆p M/LT2 Change in pressure
P ML2/T3 Power
p* M/LT2 Pressure at M = 1
pt M/LT2 Total pressure
pv M/LT2 Vapor pressure
pz ML2/T2 Piezometric pressure
Q L3/T Discharge, volumetric flow rate
Q ML2/T2 Heat transferred
q L2/T Discharge per unit width
q M/LT2 Kinetic pressure
Rh L Hydraulic radius
R ML/T2 Reaction or resultant force
R L2/θT2 Gas constant
Re … Reynolds number
r L Linear measure in radial direction
S L2 Planform area
St … Strouhal number

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Symbol Dimensions Description

S0 … Channel slope
s L2/T2θ Specific entropy
S … Specific gravity
s L Linear measure
T ML2/T2 Torque
T θ Temperature
Tt θ Total temperature
T* θ Temperature at M = 1
t T Time
U0 L/T Free-stream velocity
u L/T Velocity component, x direction
u L2/T2 Internal energy per unit of mass
u* L/T Shear velocity
u′ L/T Velocity fluctuation in x direction
V L/T Velocity
V0 L/T Free-stream velocity
L3 Volume

L/T Area-averaged velocity

ν L/T Velocity component, y direction
ν′ L/T Velocity fluctuation in y direction
W ML2/T2 Work
W ML/T2 Weight
We … Weber number
w L/T Velocity component, z direction
x L Linear measure
y L Linear measure
yc L Critical depth
yn L Normal depth
z L Elevation
∆z L Change in elevation
Greek Letters
α … Angular measure
α … Lapse rate
α … Kinetic energy correction factor

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Symbol Dimensions Description

α … Angle of attack
β … Angular measure
Γ L2/T Circulation
γ M/L2T2 Specific weight
∆ … Increment
δ L Boundary layer thickness
δ′ L Laminar sublayer thickness
δN′ L Nom. laminar sublayer thickness

η … Efficiency
θ … Angular measure
κ … Turbulence constant
µ M/LT Dynamic viscosity
τ M/LT2 Shear stress
ν L2/T Kinematic viscosity
π … Dimensionless group
ρ M/L3 Mass density
ρ* M/L3 Density at M = 1
ρt M/L3 Total density
Ω T-1 Rate of rotation
ω T-1 Angular speed
ω T-1 Vorticity
σ M/T2 Surface tension

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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