ME REVIEW
Von Eric A. Damirez, M.Sc.
Density, Specific Volume, Specific
Weight and Specific Gravity
Density of any substance is its mass per unit volume.
𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉
Specific Volume is the reciprocal of density.
1 𝑉
𝜈= =
𝜌 𝑚
Specific Weight refers to the ratio of weight to the volume of a
substance.
𝑊
𝛾=
𝑉
Specific Gravity refers to the ratio of the density of a
substance to the density of standard fluid.
𝜌!"#!$%&'(
𝑠𝑔 =
𝜌!$%&)%*)
Density, Specific Volume, Specific
Weight and Specific Gravity
The specific weight of an object is 3.5 KN/m3. Determine the
following:
• mass density
• mass if the dimension of the object are 6cm x 15 cm x 18 cm
• Specific Volume
• Specific Gravity
Density, Specific Volume, Specific
Weight and Specific Gravity
The specific weight of an object is 3.5 KN/m3. Determine the
following:
• mass density
• mass if the dimension of the object are 6cm x 15 cm x 18 cm
• Specific Volume
• Specific Gravity
Density, Specific Volume, Specific
Weight and Specific Gravity
The specific weight of an object is 3.5 KN/m3. Determine the
following:
• mass density
• mass if the dimension of the object are 6cm x 15 cm x 18 cm
• Specific Volume
• Specific Gravity
Density, Specific Volume, Specific
Weight and Specific Gravity
The specific weight of an object is 3.5 KN/m3. Determine the
following:
• mass density
• mass if the dimension of the object are 6cm x 15 cm x 18 cm
• Specific Volume
• Specific Gravity
Viscosity
Dynamic viscosity (µd)
𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒
1 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 1 + −𝑠
𝑐𝑚
10 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 1 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠
1 𝑟𝑒𝑦𝑛 = 1 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − 𝑠
Viscosity
Kinematic viscosity (µk)
𝜇"
𝜇! =
𝜌
Viscosity
Kinematic viscosity (µk)
𝑐𝑚!
1 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒 = 1
𝑠
Problem Solving
A fluid (s.g.=0.978) has an absolute viscosity of 0.00402
poise. Find the dynamic viscosity in Pa-s and the kinematic
viscosity in stokes.
Compressible/Incompressible Fluid
Compressible fluids are the fluids with
variable density. Incompressible fluid are
the fluids with constant density. They could
be liquids and gases. Although there is no
such thing in reality as an incompressible
fluid, we use this term where the change in
density with pressure is so small as to be
negligible.
Incompressible Fluid
Problem Solving
If atmospheric air 14.7 psia and 60°F at sea level, what is the
pressure at 12000 ft altitude if air is incompressible. Note: At
60°F ; the density of air is 0.0763 Ibm/ft3; P1 = 14.7 psia
Compressible Fluid
Problem Solving
If atmospheric air 14.7 psia and 60°F at sea level, what is the
pressure at 12000 ft altitude if air is compressible. Note: At
60°F ; the density of air is 0.0763 Ibm/ft3; P1 = 14.7 psia
Reynolds Number (Re)
It is defined as the ratio of inertial force and
viscous force
𝐷𝑣𝜌
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇"
Reynolds Number (Re)
𝑅𝑒 ≤ 2000 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟
2000 < 𝑅𝑒 < 4000 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑅𝑒 ≥ 4000 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡)
Problem Solving
A fluid, with a viscosity of 2.5x10-5 ft2/s, is flowing inside a 3
in diameter pipe at 1 fps. Determine the type of flow.
Friction Factor
For laminar flow in all pipes for all fluids, the
value of the friction factor is
64
𝑓=
𝑅𝑒
Friction Factor
For smooth pipes, Blasius suggest, for
Reynolds number between 3000 and
100000
0.316
𝑓 = #.!%
𝑅𝑒
Friction head loss
Friction head loss
!
𝑓𝐿𝑣
ℎ& =
2𝑔𝐷
(𝐷𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑦)
f = coefficient of friction
L = length of penstock
v = velocity
D = diameter
Equivalent Diameter
𝐷 = 4𝑅!
Hydraulic Radius
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑅# =
𝑊𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Problem Solving
Find the friction head loss for 10 m long rectangular channel
(1.5 m by 2.25 m) where the water flow rate is 10 m3/s.
Assume Re=1000.
THANK YOU!
