1

Unit-II
Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order
Topic to be covered: Linear Differential Equations with constant coefficients:
Linear Differential Equations with constant coefficients:
Linear Differential equations are most important in the study of
electro-mechanical vibrations and other engineering problems.
1) Define linear differential equation.
Ans: Linear Differential equations are those in which the dependent variable and
its derivatives occur only in the first degree and are not multiplied together.
Thus the general linear differential equation of the nth order is of the form
dny d n 1 y d n2 y
 p 1  p2 .....  pn y  X ......(1).
dx n dx n 1 dx n 2
where p1 , p2 ,.... pn and X are functions of x only
if p1 , p2 ,.... pn are constants then above equation (1) is said to be a linear
differential equation With constant co-efficients.
2) Define complete solution of a linear differential equation.
Ans: The general solution (or complete solution) of above linear differential
equation (1) of nth order is y = u + v.
Here u is called the complementary function (C.F) and v is called the particular
integral (P.I) of the above equation (1).
Auxiliary equation: Let given differential equation be 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 0
Then the algebraic equation f(m)=0 is called an auxiliary equation of 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 0
Complementary function:
dny d n 1 y d n 2 y
The general solution of  p1  p2 .....  pn y  0........(1)
dx n dx n 1 dx n 2
is called a complementary function.
3) Rule for finding complementary function.
dny d n 1 y d n2 y
Ans: To solve the equation  p1 n 1  p2 n  2 .....  pn y  0........(1)
dx n dx dx
where p1 , p2 ,.... pn are cons tan ts
The equation (1) in symbolic form is
d
D n
 p1 D n 1  p1 D n  2 .....  pn  y  0, where D 
dx
Its symbolic co-efficient equated to zero,( auxiliary equation)
i.e., D n  p1 D n 1  p1 D n  2 .....  pn  0.........(2)
Let m1 , m2 ,....mn beits roots.Then equation (2) is ( D  m1 )( D  m2 )....( D  mn ) y  0

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Case-1: If all roots be real and different, then the complementary function of (1)
is y  c1e  c2 e  ..........  cn e
mx 1 m x 2 m x n

Case-2: If two roots are equal (i.e. m = m ) , then the complementary function of
1 2

(1) is y  (c1  c2 x )e m x  ..........  cn e m x

1 n

Case-3: If one pair of roots be imaginary, (i.e.𝑚 =a+ib, 𝑚 =a-ib), then the
complementary function of (1) is
y  (c1e ax cos bx  c2 e ax sin bx )  ..........  cn e mn x
Case-4: If two pair of roots be imaginary, (i.e. m1  m2 =a+ib, m3  m4 =a-ib), then the
complementary function of (1) is y  (c1  c2 x)eax cos bx  (c3  c4 x)eax sin bx   ..........  cn em x n

Class work:
d2x dx
2
 6  9x  0
1) Solve dt dt
d2x dx
2) Solve 2  4  13x  0
dt dt
3
d y
3) Solve 3  y  0
dx
Home work:
1) Solve +5 + 6𝑦 = 0 [Ans:𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑒 +𝑐 𝑒 ]
2) - 3- +2y= 0 [𝐴𝑛𝑠; y=(𝑐 + 𝑐 𝑥)𝑒 + 𝑐 𝑒 ]
√ √
3) Solve + + 𝑦 = 0 [Ans:𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ]
√ √
4) Solve (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 0 [Ans:𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ]
Important and Previous JNTUK questions:
1) Solve − − 2𝑦 = 0 (JNTU-2000S,7M)
2) Solve + − 2𝑦 = 0 ,y(0)=4,y’(0)=1 (JNTU-2000S,7M)
3) Find the complete solution of (𝐷 + 16)𝑦 = 0 [jntuk-2014-set no -2,3M]
4) Solve (4𝐷 + 4𝐷 + 𝐷)𝑦 = 0 (JNTU-2003,7M)
5) Solve (4𝐷 − 3𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 0 (JNTU-2003S,set-no-4,3M)
Topic to be covered: To find the general solution of
𝑓 (𝐷 )𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥 ), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄 (𝑥 ), Q(x) is any function of x.
To find the general solution of 𝑓 (𝐷 )𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥 ), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄 (𝑥 ), Q(x) is any function
of x: y = ( ) Q(x), Q(x) is any function of x.
Working Rule: Suppose given Differential Equation be f(D)y = Q(x), Q(x) = V
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The particular Integral 𝑦 = ( )

𝑄 (𝑥 )
𝑦 = ( )
𝑄 (𝑥 )
Resolve ( )
on to partial fractions and apply each fraction on V(x)
Here Remember that 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑒 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
Class work:
1) Find the particular integral of (𝐷 + 5𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 𝑒
2) Find 𝑒
To find the general solution of 𝒇(𝑫)𝒚 = 𝑸(𝒙), 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑸(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 ,a is a
constant:
1
yp  e ax , put D  a,
f D
Incase , f  D   0 , put x in the numerotor and derivative of deno min ator
and continue the same process untill deno min ator  0
Class work:
1) Solve (𝐷 + 5𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 𝑒
2) Solve (𝐷 + 2)(𝐷 − 1) = 𝑒 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥
Homework:
1) Solve +4 + 3𝑦 = 𝑒 [Ans:𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑒 +𝑐 𝑒 + ]
2) Solve (4𝐷 − 4𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 100[Ans:𝑦 = (𝑐 + 𝑐 𝑥 )𝑒 + 100]
3) Solve (𝐷 − 3𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 [Ans:𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑒 + 𝑐 𝑒 − 𝑥𝑒 + 𝑒 ]
4) Solve (𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = (𝑒 + 1)
√ √
(Ans:𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑒 + )
Important and Previous JNTUK questions:
1) Solve (4𝐷 + 4𝐷 + 13)𝑦 = 2𝑒 [jntuk-2010-set no -2,8M]
2) Solve (𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑥 + 7 [jntuk-2010-set no -2,8M]
3) Solve (𝐷 + 16)𝑦 = 𝑒 [jntuk-2008-set no -2,8M]
4) Solve (𝐷 − 5𝐷 + 8𝐷 − 4)𝑦 = 𝑒 [jntuk-2010-set no -2,8M]
5) Solve (𝐷 + 2)(𝐷 − 1) 𝑦 = 𝑒 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 [jntuk-2010-set no -2,8M]

Topic to be covered: To find the general solution of

𝑓 (𝐷 )𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥 ), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄 (𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥,a is a constant:
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To find the general solution of
𝑓 (𝐷 )𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥 ), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄 (𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥,a is a constant:
PI(𝑦 )= sinax or cosax = sinax or cosax
( ) ∅( )

In f(n) put D = −a you cannot put anything for D as it be imaginary. Now with
the substitution f(D) shall be reduced to a linear factor of the form lD + m (or)
lD − m. Then multiply numerator and denominator by conjugate factor lD − m
(or) lD + m respectively. The denominator shall be reduced to l D − m in
which we shall again mput D = −a and it shall become a constant and
Numerator shall be (lD ± m) sin ax (or) cos ax
To evaluate sinax or cosax
∅( ) ∅( )
1) P.I= sinax = sinax where ∅(−a )0
∅( ) ∅( )
2) P.I= cosax = cosax where ∅(−a )0
∅( ) ∅( )
In case of failure P.I= sinax or cosax
( )
Class work:
d 2x dx
1) Solve 2
 2  3x  sin t
dt dt
2
d y dy
2) Solve 2
 3  2 y  4cos 2 x
dx dx
3) Solve ( D 2  4 D  3) y  sin 3x cos 2 x
4) Solve (𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑒 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥 )
Homework:
1) 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 (𝐷 − 4𝐷 + 3)𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) [Ans: y=𝑐 𝑒 +𝑐 𝑒 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 +
8𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 )]
2) Solve  D3  1 y  cos(2 x  1)
√ √
[𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑒 + 𝑐 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 +𝑐 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
+ [𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 − 1) − 8𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥 − 1)]]
3) Solve (𝐷 − 4)𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥[Ans:𝑐 𝑒 +𝑐 𝑒 − – ]
4) Solve (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 [Ans; 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ++𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + + ]
Important and Previous JNTUK questions:
1) Solve (𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 (JNTU-2015,SET-NO-1,8M)

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2) Solve + 5 − 6𝑦 = sin (4𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 , ( JNTU-2014,SET-NO-2,8M)

3)Find the complete solution of (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = cos (2𝑥 − 1) [jntuk-2015-set no -
1,8M]
4) Solve (𝐷 + 5𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 ( JNTU-2011S,SET-NO-4,8M)
5) Solve (𝐷 + 4𝐷 + 20)𝑦 = 23𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 15𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 ,y(0)=0,y’(0)=-1 (JNTU-2003S,set-
no-4,3M)
Topic to be covered: To find the general solution of
𝑓 (𝐷 )𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥 ), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥
To find the general solution of
𝑓 (𝐷 )𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥 ), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥
When Q(x)=𝑥
Particular integral is 𝑦 = 𝑥
( )
Reduce to the form by taking out the lowest degree term from 𝑓(𝐷).
( ) ( )
Now write as [1(𝐷 )] and expand it in ascending powers of D using
( )
binomial theorem up to the term containing 𝐷 . Then operate 𝑥
With the terms of the expansion of [1(𝐷 )]
Class work:
1) Solve  D 2  D  y  x 2  2 x  4
2) (4𝐷 + 3𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 2 cos(2𝑥 + 3) + 2𝑒 + 𝑥
Homework:
1) Solve (𝐷 + 2𝐷 + 𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑥 [Ans:𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑒 + 𝑐 𝑒 − 𝑥𝑒 + 𝑒 ]
2) Solve  D 2  2 D  2  y  x
Ans:
Thecomplete solution , y  C.F  P.I
1
 e x (c1 cos x  c2 sin x)  ( x  1)
2
3) Solve (𝐷 − 3𝐷 + 3𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥
[Ans:𝑦 = 𝑒 (𝑐 + 𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) − (𝑥 + 9𝑥 + 36x + 60)]
4) (𝐷 − 4𝐷 − 4)𝑦 = 8𝑥 + 𝑒
[Ans:𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑒 + 𝑐 𝑥𝑒 + 𝑥 𝑒 + 2𝑥 + 4x + 3)]
Important and Previous JNTUK questions:
1) Solve (𝐷 + 5𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑥 [jntuk-2008-set no -4,8M]
2) Solve (𝐷 − 3𝐷 − 10𝐷 + 24)𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 [jntuk-2010-set no -2,8M]
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3) Solve 𝐷 (𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 320(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑒 ) [jntuk-2015-set no -1,8M]
4) Solve (𝐷 + 2𝐷 − 𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 1 − 4𝑥 [jntuk-2004-set no -3,8M]
5) Solve (𝐷 − 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑒 + 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 [jntuk-2011S-set no -3,8M]
Topic to be covered: To find the general solution of
𝑓 (𝐷 )𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥 ), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑉,a is a constant, V is the function of x.
To find the general solution of
𝑓 (𝐷 )𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥 ), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑉,a is a constant , V is the function of x:
𝑦 = = 𝑒 𝑉 Where V is the function of x.
( )
= 𝑒 𝑉
( )
Working Rule: To find particular Integral for eax .V, take out eax to the left of f(D)
and replace every D with (D+a). SO that f(D) becomes f(D+a) and Now operate
with V alone by the previous methods.
( )
Class work:
1) Solve: (D2+5d+6)y = e-2x Sin2x
√
2) Solve: (𝐷 + 𝐷 + 1) 𝑦 = 𝑒 /
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑥
Homework:
1) 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 (𝐷 - 3𝐷 +3D –1)𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒 [Ans: y=(𝑐 + 𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 ) + ]
2) Solve − 6 + 13𝑦 = 18𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
[Ans:y=𝑒 (𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ) − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥]
3) Solve 𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥𝑒
[𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = [ 𝑒 ((𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + + 𝑥𝑒 ]
4) Solve (𝐷 −2D +4)𝑦 = 𝑒 sinx
[Ans:y=(𝑐 𝑒 + 𝑒 (𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) ]
Important and Previous JNTUK questions:
1) 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 (𝐷 + 9)𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 [JNTUK-2009-set -no -2,8M]
2) 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 (𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [JNTUK-2011-set -no -2,8M]
3) Solve (𝐷 − 4𝐷 + 3)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 [JNTUK-2015-set -no -1,8M]
4) Find the complete solution of 𝑦’’ + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
[JNTUK-2014-set -no -4,8M]
5) Solve (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑒 [JNTUK-2008-set -no -4,8M]
Topic to be covered: To find the general solution of
𝑓 (𝐷 )𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥 ), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑉, Where V is the function of ‘x’:
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The general solution of
𝑓 (𝐷 )𝑦 = 𝑄 (𝑥 ), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑉, Where V is the function of ‘x’:
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑉
𝑓(𝐷)
Where V is the function of ‘x’
Working Rule: Suppose the given Differential equation is f(D)y = Q(x), Q(x) = x m V
m is the +ve Integer and V is any function of x.
Suppose V = Sinax (or) Cosax
Case (i): V = Sinax then the particular Integral 𝑦 = Q(x) ( )

= ( )
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥

= 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 )

( )

= 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ( )
𝑥 𝑒

Case (i): V = Cos ax 𝑦 = ( )

Q(x) = ( )
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥

= 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 )

( )

= 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ( )
𝑥 𝑒

We can find their by using previous Method.

The General solution is y = yc + yp
Note: If V(x) = xn (or) V(x) = eax then we can find yp by using Previous methods.
If Q(x)=xV
1 1 𝑓′(𝐷 ) 1
Then 𝑦 = Q(x) = 𝑥𝑉 = 𝑥 − 𝑉
𝑓 (𝐷 ) 𝑓 (𝐷 ) 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓 (𝐷 )
𝑓′(𝐷) 1
𝑦 = 𝑥− 𝑉
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓 (𝐷 )

Class work:
1) Solve (D2+16)y = xsin3x
2) Solve (𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥 )𝑒
3) Solve (𝐷 + 2𝐷 + 1) = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
4)(𝐷 − 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 8𝑥 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
Homework:
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1) 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 (𝐷 - 3𝐷 +3D –1)𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒 [Ans: y=(𝑐 + 𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 ) + ]

2) 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 (𝐷 + 2𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑥cosx
[Ans:y=(𝑐 + 𝑐 𝑥 )𝑒 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )
3) 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥𝑒
[𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑦 = [ 𝑒 ((𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + + 𝑥𝑒 ]
4) 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 (𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
[Ans:𝑦 = (𝑐 𝑒 + 𝑐 𝑒 ] − (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) − (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
Important and Previous JNTUK questions:
1) 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 (𝐷 + 9)𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 [JNTUH-2008-set no -2,8M]
2) 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒(𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑒 [JNTUK-2007-set no -3,8M]
3) Solve (𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 [JNTUH-2011-set no -2,8M]
4) Solve (𝐷 − 2𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 [JNTU-2007-set no -1,8M]
5) Solve (𝐷 + 1)𝑥 = 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 given x=0, = 0 at t=0. [JNTUK-2011-set no -4,8M]
Topic to be covered: Method of variation of parameters
Method of variation of parameters:
Let given differential equation be 𝑦’’ + 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦’ = 𝑅(𝑥)…(1) where p(x),Q(x) and
R(x) are functions of x.
Let the complementary function for (1) be 𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑦 (𝑥) + 𝑐 𝑦 (𝑥)
The particular integral is 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 (𝑥) + 𝐵𝑦 (𝑥)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Where 𝐴 = − ∫ dx ,𝐵 = ∫ dx
𝑦 𝑦
Here W= 𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′ is called wronskian of y1(x),y2
𝑦 𝑦
If W= 𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′ 0 then this method is applicable.
Now the general solution of (1) is 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑦
Class work:
1) Using the method of variation of parameters solve 𝑦’’ − 6𝑦’ + 9𝑦 =
2) Using the method of variation of parameters solve (𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥
Homework:
1) Solve (𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
[Ans:𝑦 = 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎2𝑥 | 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥]]
2) Solve y”-2y’+y= 𝑒 logx 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
[Ans:y=(𝑐 + 𝑐 𝑥)𝑒 − 𝑒 (𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 1)]
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3) Solve y”-6y’+9y= 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

[Ans:y=(𝑐 + 𝑐 𝑥)𝑒 + 𝑥 𝑒 (2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 3)]
4) Solve (D2+a2)y = Tanax
[Ans:y = C Cosax + C Sinax − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥. log|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑥 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑥 |]
Important and Previous JNTUK questions:
1) 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 (𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2𝑥 ) 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
[JNTUK-2015-set no -3,8M]
2) Find the particular solution of (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 [JNTUK-2015-set no -4,3M]
3) Solve (𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥 [JNTUK-2015-set no -4,8M]
Topic to be covered: Simple Harmonic Motion
Simple Harmonic Motion:
When the acceleration of a particle is proportional to its displacement from a
fixed and is always directed towards it, then the motion is said to be simple
Harmonic.
If the displacement of the particle at any time t, from fixed point O is x, then
∝𝑥
= −𝜇 𝑥, 𝜇 is proportional constant.
i.e., + 𝜇 𝑥 = 0--------------> (1)
Solving eqn (1), we have
𝑥 = 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜇𝑡 + 𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜇𝑡
Initially we take x = a, dx/dt = 0, we have
x = a cosµt
Velocity (v) = dx/dt = -a µ sinµt = -µa2-x2
Its maximum displacement (amplitude) = a
Its maximum velocity = aµ

Time period (T) =


Class work:
1) A particle is executing simple harmonic motion period T about a centre O and
it passes through the position P (OP=b) with velocity V in the direction OP.
Show that the time elapses before it returns to P is 𝑇𝑎𝑛

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2) A point executing simple Harmonic Motion such their in two of its positions
the velocities are µ and V and the corresponding acceleration are α and β.
Show that the distance between the points is
3) Find the distance from the centre at which the velocity in S.H.M will be half of
the maximum.
Home work:
1) A stretched elastic horizontal string has one end fixed and a particle of
mass m is attached to the other. if it’s natural length is l and e is
elongation due to the weight “mg” , find it’s equation of motion. Also find
it’s displacement when initially y=0 and v=0.
[Ans: Equation of motion is 𝐷 + 𝑠=

Displacement (s)=(𝑠 − 𝑙 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑙]

2) A particle is moving with S.H.M . while making an excursion from one point
of rest to another ,it’s distances from the middle point of its’s path at three
consecutive seconds are observed to be x1,x2,x3.Find the time of a

complete oscillation. [Ans:𝑇 = ]
3) Two particles of masses m1 and m2 are tied to the ends of an elastic string
of natural length a and modulus  . They are placed on a smooth table so
that the string is justtaut and m2 is projected with any velocity directly
away from m1 .Find the time after which the string will become stack.
[ =  ]
( )
4) A particle of mass m is executing S.H.M. On the line joining the points A
and B on a smooth table. It is connected with these points by elastic strings
whose tensions are in equilibrium and each elastic strings whose tensions
are in equilibrium and each are of T. If l1 and l2 are the extensions of the
strings beyond their natural lengths ,find the time of an oscillation.[Ans:
Periodic time= 2 ( )
]
Important and Previous JNTUK questions:
1) A body weighing 10kgs in hung from a spring. A pull of 20 kg’s will stretch
the spring to 10cms. The body is pulled down to 20 cms below the static
equilibrium position and then released. Find the displacement of the body

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from it’s equilibrium position at time t seconds, the maximum velocity and
the period of oscillation. [JNTUH-2011-set no -1,8M]
2) A particle is executing S.H.M with amplitude 5m and time 4 seconds. Find
the time required by the particle in passing between points which are at
distances 4 and 2 meters from the centre of force and are on the same side
of it. [JNTUH-2010-set no -1,8M]
3) Find the distance from the centre at which the velocity in simple harmonic
motion will be of the maximum. [JNTUH-2014-set no -4,3M]
Topic to be covered: L-C-R circuits
L-C-R circuits:
Consider the condenser of capacity C is changed by applying an e.m.f E sinwt,
through inductance L, Resistance R, then the model for this circuit is given by
𝐿 +𝑅 + = 𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
Here 𝐿 is voltage drop in L,
𝑅 is voltage drop in R,
is voltage drop in C.
Suppose we have a discharged condenser C through inductance L and resistance
R in series the model for that circuit is 𝐿 +𝑅 + =0
By solving above eqn, by using the methods what we discussed in linear eqn
with constant coefficients we can find the change q at anytime t in the given
circuit.
Class work:
1) A condenser of capacity discharged through an inductance L and resistance
R in series and the charge q at time t satisfies the equation𝐿 +𝑅 +
= 0. Given that L = 0.25 henries, R = 250ohms, C = 2X 10-6 farads, and
that when t = 0, charge q is 0.02 coulombs and the current dq/dt=0. Obtain
the values of q in terms of t.
2) For an L.C.R circuit the charge q on a plate of the condenser is given by
𝐿 +𝑅 + = 𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 where 𝑖 = . The circuit is turned to
resonance so that w2 = 1/LC. If CR2<4L and initially q = 0, i = 0. Show that
𝑞= 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑃𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑃𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡

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Where 𝑖 = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑃𝑡

√
Homework:
1) An uncharged condenser of capacity C is charged by applying an e.m.f
Esin through leads of self inductance L and neglegible resistance.
√
Prove that at any time t, the charge on one of the plates is 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −
𝐶𝑂𝑆 ..
√ √
2) The charge q(t) on the capacitor is given by D.E
10 + 120 + 1000𝑞 = 17𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 . At time zero the current is zero
and the charge on the capacitor is coulomb.Find the charge on the
capacitor for t0.
[Ans: (𝑡) = − 𝑒 [𝑐𝑜𝑠8𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡] + [4𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡]]

REC Dept. of Mathematics Mathematics I Unit - 2