Unit 4 – Designing Lighting Scheme 1

Do all 28 Terms related to Illumination Engineering from Tech-

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Laws of illumination –
1) Inverse Square law : The illumination of a surface is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between the surface
and the light source provided that the distance between the
surface and the source is sufficiently large so that the source can
be regard as a point source.(4-5,4-6)
2) Lambert Cosine law : According to this law the illumination at any
point on a surface is proportional to the cosine of the angle
between the normal at that point and the direction of luminous
flux. (4-6)

Features of Good Illumination –

Good illumination is crucial for creating environments that are safe, comfortable,
and conducive to the activities being performed. Here are the key features of
good illumination:

1. **Adequate Brightness (Illuminance):**

- Ensures sufficient light levels for the tasks being performed. Different activities
require different levels of brightness, measured in lux. For example, reading areas
need higher lux levels than hallways.
2. **Uniformity:**
- Provides consistent light distribution across a space to avoid areas that are too
bright or too dim, ensuring visual comfort and preventing eye strain. Achieved by
proper placement and spacing of fixtures.
3. **Glare-Free:**
- Reduces direct or reflected light that can cause discomfort and hinder visibility.
Achieved through fixture design, placement, and the use of diffusers or shades to
spread light evenly and reduce harshness.
4. **Color Rendering Index (CRI):**
- Measures how accurately light sources reveal colors compared to natural light.
High CRI (80 or above) is essential for tasks where color differentiation is
important, such as in art studios or medical facilities.
5. **Color Temperature:**
- Refers to the color appearance of light, measured in Kelvins (K). Warmer light
(2700K-3000K) creates a cozy atmosphere, while cooler light (4000K-5000K)
enhances alertness and is suitable for task-oriented environments.
6. **Energy Efficiency:**
- Utilizes lighting solutions like LEDs that consume less power and have longer
lifespans, reducing energy costs and environmental impact. Incorporates controls
such as dimmers and sensors to optimize usage.
7. **Flexibility and Control:**
- Provides the ability to adjust lighting levels and conditions to suit different
activities and preferences. Features may include dimmable lights, programmable
settings, and integration with smart home systems for tailored lighting.
8. **Aesthetic Integration:**
- Ensures that lighting fixtures complement the design and architecture of a
space, enhancing its visual appeal. Considers style, appearance, and fixture
placement for cohesive interior design.
9. **Safety and Security:**
- Provides adequate lighting to prevent accidents and enhance visibility.
Outdoor lighting and security lighting deter crime and improve safety by
illuminating walkways, entrances, and vulnerable areas.
10. **Maintenance and Longevity:**
- Utilizes durable, long-lasting lighting solutions that require minimal
maintenance, ensuring consistent performance over time. Reduces the frequency
and cost of replacements and repairs through the use of reliable technologies like
LEDs.

Advantages of Good Illumination –

1. It saves the work hours of the jobs and also saves money (economical).
2. It increases profits.
3. It reduces product rejects.
4. It avoids dark shadow, glares.
5. It avoids excessive brightness, contrasts.
6. It helps in creating pleasant and conductive work atmosphere.
7. Good illumination scheme provides correct colour appearance which renders to
enable the workers to judge details of their work such as shape, size, colour very
quickly and very accurately.
8. Good illumination avoids fatigues and eye strains.
9. It improves morale and motivations.
10. It avoids obstacles, time consumption and avoids accidents and miss
happenings.
11. It proves facilities for replacements, cleaning of luminaries and easy
maintenance which saves time.
12. It makes use of day light and electrically produced light with well planned
arrangements.
Question - Explain the procedure for design of illumination for
residential purpose
Designing an illumination system for residential purposes involves several key
steps. This procedure ensures that the lighting is both functional and aesthetically
pleasing.

1. **Determine Lighting Requirements**

- **Room Analysis**: Identify the purpose of each room (e.g., kitchen, living
room, bedroom) to determine the type of lighting required (ambient, task, or
accent lighting).
- **Lumens Calculation**: Calculate the total lumens needed for each room.
Generally, a kitchen requires around 300-400 lumens per square meter, living
rooms 150-300 lumens per square meter, and bedrooms 100-200 lumens per
square meter.
2. **Select Light Fixtures**
- **Fixture Type**: Choose appropriate light fixtures (e.g., ceiling lights, wall
sconces, table lamps). Consider energy-efficient options like LED or CFL bulbs.
- **Aesthetic Considerations**: Ensure the fixtures match the interior design
and decor.
3. **Lighting Layout Design**
- **Fixture Placement**: Strategically place light fixtures to avoid shadows and
ensure even lighting distribution. Use lighting design software or manual layout
plans.
- **Switch Placement**: Plan switch locations for convenience, typically near
room entrances.
4. **Electrical Load Calculation**
- **Total Wattage**: Calculate the total wattage for each room by adding up
the wattage of all light fixtures.
 - **Power Circuit Design**: Determine the number of circuits needed.
• Light, fan and 5 Amp socket outlet sub-circuit with a number of points not
exceeding 10 or 800 watts in each sub-circuit.
• Sub-circuit of 15 Amp socket points not exceeding two of 1000 watts each, but
practically there is an independent supply sub-circuit to each 15 Amp sub- circuits.
5. **Circuit Design and Wiring**
- **Circuit Breakers**: Choose appropriate circuit breakers (usually 10-15 amps
for lighting circuits).
- **Wiring**: Select suitable wire gauge (usually 14 AWG for lighting circuits).
Plan the wiring routes from the main panel to the switches and fixtures.
6. **Energy Efficiency and Smart Controls**
- **Energy-Saving Features**: Consider using dimmers, timers, and occupancy
sensors to enhance energy efficiency.
- **Smart Home Integration**: Integrate lighting controls with home
automation systems for enhanced convenience and energy management.

Example Calculation for a Living Room –

1. **Room Size**: 5m x 4m = 20 square meters.
2. **Required Lumens**: 200 lumens per square meter (average) = 20 * 200 =
4,000 lumens.
3. **Fixture Selection**: Choose 10 LED bulbs of 400 lumens each.
4. **Total Wattage**: Each LED bulb is 8 watts, so total wattage = 10 * 8 = 80
watts.
5. **Circuit Design**: Assign these lights to a single 15-amp circuit, which can
safely handle up to 1,440 watts.
Question - Explain the procedure for design of illumination for
educational institutions
Proper lighting is crucial in educational institutions for fostering a positive
learning environment, reducing eye strain, and ensuring safety.
1. Understanding the Space and Activities:
• Identify the types of spaces: Classrooms, laboratories, libraries, cafeterias,
hallways, administrative areas, etc.
• Consider the activities performed in each space: Lectures, discussions,
computer work, experiments, presentations, etc.
• Analyze the furniture layout and student/staff positioning.
2. Daylighting Integration:
• Maximize natural light whenever possible. Strategically placed windows
and skylights can provide ample illumination and reduce reliance on
artificial lighting.
• Design window treatments that allow sufficient light penetration while
controlling glare.
3. Artificial Lighting Selection:
• Choose energy-efficient lighting solutions like LED luminaires.
• Consider factors like color temperature (warm, cool, or neutral white) to
create an appropriate learning atmosphere.
• Opt for luminaires with good glare control to minimize discomfort and
improve visual comfort.
• Dimmable lighting allows for adjusting brightness based on activity or time
of day.
4. Lighting Layout and Control:
• Design a lighting layout that provides uniform illumination across the space,
avoiding dark spots or excessive brightness.
• Implement lighting control systems for individual rooms or zones, allowing
for adjustments based on occupancy and activity.
• Consider emergency lighting and exit signs for safety purposes.
Additional Considerations:
Age-appropriate lighting: Younger children might benefit from warmer color
temperatures, while older students might prefer cooler tones for enhanced
concentration.

Limiting glare-index of 19 is for electric lighting.

Illumination levels: 150 Lux for schools
300 Lux for Junior and Senior colleges
Higher education for specific tasks, experiments : 350 Lux is sufficient
There should be a balance between horizontal and illuminance and vertical
illuminance.
Ratio: Vertical/Horizontal = 0.5 to 0.8
Question - Explain the procedure for design of illumination for
commercial business
Designing illumination for a commercial business involves several important steps
to ensure that the lighting is functional, aesthetically pleasing, energy-efficient,
and conducive to attracting and retaining customers.

### 1. **Determine Lighting Requirements**

- **Space Analysis**: Identify the purpose of different areas within the
commercial space (e.g., retail area, checkout, fitting rooms, storage).
- **Lumens Calculation**: Calculate the required lumens for each area. Retail
spaces typically require 500-1000 lumens per square meter.
### 2. **Select Light Fixtures**
- **Fixture Type**: Choose fixtures based on the area’s function. For instance,
track lighting for displays, ambient lighting for general areas, and task lighting for
workstations.
- **Energy Efficiency**: Opt for LED fixtures due to their long lifespan and
energy efficiency.
### 3. **Lighting Layout Design**
- **Fixture Placement**: Design a layout that ensures even lighting and
highlights key areas such as product displays and promotional spots.
- **Switch Placement**: Place switches and dimmers in accessible locations for
easy control.
### 4. **Electrical Load Calculation**
- **Total Wattage**: Sum the wattage of all fixtures in each area.
- **Power Circuit Design**: Plan the number of circuits needed, ensuring no
single circuit is overloaded.
### 5. **Circuit Design and Wiring**
 - **Circuit Breakers**: Use appropriate circuit breakers (typically 20 amps for
commercial lighting circuits).
- **Wiring**: Select suitable wire gauge (often 12 AWG for commercial circuits)
and plan wiring routes.
### 8. **Energy Efficiency and Smart Controls**
- **Energy-Saving Features**: Use dimmers, timers, and occupancy sensors.
- **Smart Integration**: Integrate lighting with building automation systems.
### 9. **Attracting and Facilitating Customers**
**Attracting Customers**
- **Exterior Lighting**: Use attractive signage and well-lit storefronts to draw
attention.
- **Window Displays**: Highlight window displays with focused lighting to
showcase products and entice passersby.
- **Color Temperature**: Choose the right color temperature. Warm lighting
(2700K-3000K) can create a welcoming atmosphere, while cool lighting (3500K-
5000K) can be invigorating.
**Facilitating Customers**
- **Ambient Lighting**: Provide ample ambient lighting for a comfortable
shopping experience.
- **Task Lighting**: Use task lighting in areas where detailed work occurs, such
as checkout counters or fitting rooms.
- **Accent Lighting**: Highlight special promotions or new arrivals with accent
lighting to draw attention.
### 10. **Enhancing Sales and Competition**
**Enhancing Sales**
- **Product Highlighting**: Use focused lighting to highlight key products and
promotions, making them more attractive to customers.
 - **Lighting Layers**: Implement multiple layers of lighting (ambient, task,
accent) to create a dynamic and engaging shopping environment.
- **Mood Setting**: Adjust lighting to create the desired mood. For instance,
softer lighting can create a relaxed atmosphere in a bookstore, while brighter
lighting can energize a sportswear store.
Question - Explain the procedure for design of illumination for
Hospitals
Designing illumination for hospitals involves several critical steps to ensure
optimal lighting conditions for patients, staff, and visitors.

1) **Understanding Space and Activities**:

- Analyze the different areas within the hospital, such as patient rooms,
corridors, operating theaters, waiting areas, and staff workspaces.
- Consider the specific activities performed in each area and the lighting
requirements associated with them, such as task lighting for medical procedures,
ambient lighting for patient rooms, and accent lighting for corridors.
2) **Select Light Fixtures**:
- Choose appropriate light fixtures based on the requirements identified in step
1.
- Consider factors such as the type of light source (LED, fluorescent, etc.), fixture
style, mounting options, and energy efficiency.
- Ensure that selected fixtures comply with relevant healthcare lighting
standards and regulations.
3) **Lighting Layout Design**:
- Strategically place light fixtures to ensure even illumination throughout the
space and minimize glare and shadows.
- Use lighting design software or manual calculations to determine the optimal
placement of fixtures based on lighting levels and uniformity requirements.
- Consider factors such as ceiling height, room layout, and the presence of
obstacles when designing the lighting layout.
4) **Electrical Load Calculation**:
- Calculate the total wattage required for each area by summing the wattage of
all selected light fixtures.
 - Determine the number of circuits needed based on the total wattage and the
capacity of the electrical system.
- Select appropriate circuit breakers and wire gauges to safely handle the
electrical load.
5) **Circuit Design and Wiring**:
- Design the electrical circuits to distribute power to the selected light fixtures.
- Plan the routing of wiring from the main electrical panel to the light fixtures,
switches, and controls.
- Ensure compliance with electrical codes and standards for hospital
environments.
6) **Energy Efficiency and Smart Control**:
- Implement energy-efficient lighting solutions, such as LED fixtures and lighting
controls, to minimize energy consumption and operating costs.
- Incorporate smart lighting controls, such as dimmers, timers, and occupancy
sensors, to optimize energy usage and enhance user comfort.
- Integrate lighting systems with building automation systems for centralized
control and monitoring.
7) **Emergency Lighting System**:
- Design emergency lighting systems to provide illumination during power
outages or other emergencies.
- Install emergency lighting fixtures, exit signs, and battery backup systems in
compliance with healthcare facility regulations and safety standards.
8) **Integration with Daylight**:
- Incorporate natural daylight into the lighting design where possible to reduce
energy consumption and improve occupant comfort and well-being.
- Use daylight harvesting systems, such as sensors and automated shading
devices, to maximize daylight penetration while minimizing glare and heat gain.
Question - Explain the procedure for design of illumination for
Industrial Purpose
Designing illumination for industrial settings involves unique considerations to
ensure safety, productivity, and efficiency.

1. **Assessment of Requirements**:
- Understand the specific needs of the industrial facility, including the type of
activities performed, working conditions, and safety regulations.
- Identify areas such as production floors, warehouses, loading docks, and
outdoor spaces that require illumination.
3. **Task Analysis**:
- Conduct a detailed analysis of the tasks performed in each area to determine
the lighting requirements.
- Consider factors such as task complexity, visual acuity, and the need for color
accuracy.
4. **Lighting Levels and Uniformity**:
- Determine the appropriate lighting levels and uniformity ratios for different
areas based on the tasks performed and safety requirements.
- Industrial spaces may require higher lighting levels compared to other
environments to ensure visibility and safety.
5. **Fixture Selection**:
- Choose robust and durable light fixtures designed for industrial applications.
- Consider factors such as fixture type (e.g., high bay, low bay, floodlights), light
output, beam angle, and ingress protection (IP) rating.
6. **Lighting Layout Design**:
- Strategically place light fixtures to ensure even illumination throughout the
workspace and minimize shadows and glare.
 - Use lighting design software or manual calculations to optimize fixture
placement and spacing.
7. **Energy Efficiency**:
- Select energy-efficient lighting technologies such as LED fixtures to minimize
energy consumption and operating costs.
- Consider options such as occupancy sensors, daylight harvesting systems, and
dimming controls to further enhance energy efficiency.
8. **Heat Management**:
- Manage heat generated by lighting fixtures, especially in high-temperature
industrial environments, to ensure fixture longevity and worker comfort.
- Choose fixtures with efficient thermal management features and proper
ventilation.
9. **Emergency Lighting**:
- Design emergency lighting systems to provide illumination during power
outages or emergencies.
- Install emergency lighting fixtures and exit signs in compliance with safety
regulations and standards.
Question - Explain the procedure for design of illumination for
Aquarium
Size of aquarium –
The aquariums are of various sizes, lengths, widths and depths etc
Location of aquarium –
Aquariums may be placed in rooms, Halls or corridors which are also of different
dimensions.
Tank of aquarium contains water.
Different aspects considered for aquarium lighting –
To suit these situation the lighting provision is made considering all aspects:
1) Lighting depends on size of the tank.
ii) It depends on the place where it is to put exhibited.
iii) Lighting depends upon water temperature and surrounding environments.
iv) For safe lighting the aquarium must be electrically and mechanically sound.
v) Lighting provision depends upon the colour effects of the surroundings, walls of
the hall, ceiling etc.
vi) Lighting depends on maintenance schedule of the aquarium, it should not
create obstacle in maintenance/cleaning of the tank.
vii) White coloured, or different faint colour lighting decorates the tank.
Luminaries suitable for aquarium –
1. Miniature lights
2. LEDs
3. Small CFLs are suitable luminaries for this purpose.
4. Ultra violate lamps are sometimes used for bacteria filling purpose.
5. Aquarium lighting also depends upon the various accessories used for
aquarium.
Question - Explain the procedure for design of illumination for
Swimming Pool
Swimming pools are of various sizes and various depths of water.
On the wall sides of pool, lamps are fitted in the water light fittings.
Even at the deep locations the water tight fittings not disturbing the swimmers
and provided at the bottom of the swimming tank with diffused lights.
In order to reduce glare, few large units used for lighting a swimming pool are
placed high above pool and are therefore preferably be flood lighting units. If
placed high, the proper spread of light will also be secured.
General lighting is provided in both rooms and open space.
The lighting is the swimming pool is therefore multifold.
It is to light –
• Water surface
• The floor of the pool
• Deck area around the pool adeptly and also for the safety of the persons
using the pool.
As stated above the underwater luminaries should be so located to give complete
illumination to all underwater areas.
Care is taken to put the luminaries not only for complete pool illuminance but
should not be placed in line with a swing lane where competitive swimmers
would make a turn and possibly kick the light during the turn.
Therefore carefully the luminaries be located between the lanes or on pool sides.
Relamping be easy.
Glare should be avoided.
Generally luminaries should be placed and aims 15 degrees form nadir (lowest
point) (or directly under observer) carefully considering the results of the
reflected lights.
Home Lighting Definition –
1.General lighting
Combination of triphosphor fluorescent lamps and CFL lamp gives best results.
Luminaires should be located properly so that they do not reflect from mirrors,
windowpanes, TV screen etc. Fan is to be installed or high level than the
luminaries to avoid shadow
2. Decorative lighting
Fancy table lamps of fibre glasses, linear and spiral light fixtures can be used for
decorative lighting.
3. Utility lighting
Dressing room and reading rooms require adequate amount of light without
shadows any glare.
So most suitable lamp is CFL..
4. Mood lighting
General and decorative lighting can be converted into soft dimmed lighting, which
creates mood and for this purpose voltage varying methods can be used.
Dimmers can be used for voltage controlling.
5. Spot and focus lighting
This combination is very suitable for décor (furnishing and decoration of room)
and spaces in the home.
Features are highlighted by spot and focus lights.
5. Security and safety living
Every apartment must be equipped with emergency lighting.
Night lights are to be installed at borders, corners with low capacity CFLS,
Lighting of corridors, stairs should be distinguished with specific colours and sign
in indicate direction.