Chapter1 Force

(1) Moment of force = force × perpendicular distance of force from a given point
(2) 1Nm=10⁷dynecm
(3) 1 gf= 980dynecm
(4) At equilibrium, sum of anti clockwise moment=sum of clockwise moment F1 X r1 =
F2 X r2
(5) Force=mass × acceleration F = ma
(6)Centrifugal force=(mv²)/r Where, m – mass of object, v–velocity of object
r–radius of circular path
For same turning effect , F1 X r1 = F2 X r2
(7)
Chapter2 Work, Energy and Power
(1) A. Work =force × displacement of the object in the direction of force W = F × S
B. W =FS cosθ where θ–angle between force and displacement
(2) Case1: Work is positive (Maximum) when θ=0⁰,cos0=1, Work done = FS If the
direction of force and displacement is zero then there will be maximum work done.
(3) Case2: Work is minimum (Zero) θ=90⁰, cos90⁰ =0 Work done = 0 If the
direction of force and displacement is perpendicular to each other then there will
be no work done.
(4) Case3: θ=180⁰, cos180⁰ = -1, Work done = -FS If the angle between force and
displacement is180° then there will be a negative work done.
(5) Work done by force of gravity, Work done = mgh. Where m –mass of object,
g–acceleration due to gravity=9.8m/s², h–height of object
(6) 1joule=1Newton×1 metre
(7) 1 erg=1 dyne × 1cm
(8) 1joule=10⁷erg
Power = work done / time P = W/t
(9)
(10) Power=force × average speed P = F × v
(11) 1 watt=1joule/1second

(12) 1 horsepower=746watt=0.746KW

(13) 1 watthour =3600Joule=3.6KJ

(14) 1kilowatthour = 3.6×10⁶joule
(15) 1 calorie = 4.2J ,

(16) 1electronvolt = 1.6×10-19J

(17) U= mgh Where, U–Gravitational potential energy, m- mass of object, g–
acceleration due to gravity, h–height of the object
(18) KE. =½mv² where, K.E. kinetic energy, m – mass of object, v–velocity of
object
(19) Gain in potential energy= final potential energy – initial potential energy. Gain
in potential energy = mgh2 – mgh1
(20) Momentum= mass × velocity p = mv
(21) K.E = p²/2m Where, K–kinetic energy, p – Momentum, m–mass of object

(22) Work Energy theorem Work done =change in kinetic energy. W = ½

mv² – ½ mu²
Mass energy relation. Energy = mc² where, m–mass of object, c–velocity of
(23)
light in air=3×10⁸m/s.
(24) Total mechanical energy = kinetic energy + potential energy T.E.=K.E.+P.E.
(25) (i) When body is thrown up , P.E at maximum height = K.E with which body is
thrown up
(ii) When body falls freely, K.E with which it reaches ground = P.E at maximum
height
(iii) M .E at any instant = P.E at maximum height
(26) In an oscillating pendulum, P.E at its extreme position = K.E at its mean position
Chapter3 Machines Formulas
(1) Mechanical advantage =Load/Effort M.A.=L/E
(2) Velocity ratio=( velocity of effort)/(velocity of load) V.R.=VE/VL
(3) V.R.=dE / dL Where, dE–distance moved by effort dL– distance moved by load
(4) Work input =work done by effort
(5) Work output=work done on load
(6) Efficiency(η)=(Work output/work input)×100%
(7) Input energy =effort ×displacement of the point of application of effort
(8) Output energy=Load ×displacement of the point of application of effort
(9) Output energy=input energy.
(10) The relationship between efficiency, mechanical advantage and velocity ratio.
Mechanical advantage = velocity ratio × efficiency. M.A.=V.R.× η
(11) M.A of a lever = L/E=EA/LA… Load arm and effort arm being distance of load
and effort being measured from fulcrum
A) Single fixed pulley: , Effort = Load , M.A.=1(in ideal case) , V.R.=1(always) In
ideal case η = M.A./V.R.=1=100 %
A) Single movable pulley: E =L/2, M.A.=2(in ideal case) V.R.=2 (always)
(14) Combination of pulleys
a) One fixed pulley and other movable pulleys M.A.=2n E=L/2n V.R.=2n n
= number of pulleys
b) Several pulleys in two blocks (Block and Tackle System) M.A.=n(ideal)
 V.R.=n (always)
Chapter4 Refraction of light at plane surface
(1) Speed of light (c)=3×10⁸m/s
(2) Refractive index = (sin i) /(sin r) = 1n2 where,1n2-Refractiveindex of medium2 with
respect to refractive index of medium1
(3) ʎ=v / f where λ-Wavelength v – velocity f– frequency
(4) Refractive index of medium with respect to air 1n2=(velocity of light in air) /
(velocity of light in medium)
(5) Refractive index of glass with respect to water waternglass=(velocity of light in
water)/(velocity of light in glass)
(6) Deviation= (incident angle +emergent angle)–(r1+r2) δmin = 2i - A
(7) R.I of medium = Real depth/ apparent depth Apparent depth = real depth/(anm )
(8)Shift = real depth×[1 –1/(anm)] OR shift = R.D –A.D
(9) Relationship between critical angle and Refractive index: sinC = 1/ (ang) where
,ang –Refractive index of glass with air C – critical angle
Chapter 5 Refraction through a lens
(1) Lens formula 1/v – 1/u = 1/f where u – object distance v –image distance f–
focal length
(2) Linear magnification m = v/u = I/O I =image length O= object distance
(3) Power of lens =1/ focal length
(4) Least distance of distinct vision =25 cm
(5) Magnifying power=1+D/f where, D–least distance of distinct vision f – focal length
Chapter 7 : Sound
(1) fλ = v Where λ–Wavelength v – velocity f– frequency
(2) f=1/T Where T – time period
(3) Speed of sound by method of echo. v=2d/t,

(4) Frequency of pendulum f = 1/2π (√𝑔/𝑙) g=9.8m/s², l–length of string.

(5) Relationship between amplitude and intensity. Loudness α intensity , and
intensity α (amplitude)2
1 √𝑇 1 √𝑇
(6)Frequency of stretched string = ==
2𝑙 √𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 2𝑙 √𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
(7) f1 X l1 = f2 X l2
Chapter 8 Current electricity
(1) I=Q/t Where, I–electric current, Q-charge t – time
(2) 1Ampere=1coulomb/1second.
(3) Q=ne Where, Q– charge, n–Number of charges e–charge on electron
=1.6×10-19coulomb.
(4) V= W/Q Where, V– voltage W–work done Q- charge
(5) 1volt=1joule/1coulomb.
(6) Potential difference between point a and point b=Va – Vb=W/Q
(7) Ohm’s law, V = IR Where, V–voltage I – current R–resistance
(8) Conductance= 1/resistance
(9) Specific resistance R = ρ l/a
(10) Emf= E= w/q
(11) Voltage drop in a cell v=w/q= Ir
(12) Resistors in series R=R1+R2+——+Rn, If R1=R2=——=Rn=R then Rs=nR
(13) Resistors in parallel 1/R=1/R1+1/R2+——+1/Rn If R1 = R2 = ——= Rn = R,
then Rp=R/n. For two resistors in parallel, RP = R1R2/ R1+R2
(14) Work done= VIt Where, I–current, v- voltage t – time
(15) Electric power= voltage × current P = V×I
(16) Electric power=I²R
(17) Resistance of the appliance in use=(voltage rating on appliance)²/(power rating)
R= V2/P
(18) Safe current=(power rating on appliance)/(voltage rating on appliance) = I = P/V
(19) Electric energy (kWh) =power(kW)×time(hour).
(20) Cost of electricity= electric energy in kWh × cost per kWh
(21) Heat=I²Rt

Chapter 10 Electromagnetism
(1) F=IBL Where, F–force on conductor I – current B–magnitude of magnetic field.
L–length of conductor
(2) Frequency of house hold current = 50Hz
Chapter 11 Calorimetry
(1) 1cal =4.2J
(2) Temperature in Kelvin=273⁰+ t⁰C
(3) Heat capacity =amount of heat energy supplied/ rise in temperature
(4) Q= mcΔt Where, C–Specific heat capacity Q – heat Δt–change in temperature
(5) Relation between heat capacity and specific heat capacity - Heat capacity = mass X
specific heat capacity
(6) Specific heat capacity c=Q/(m×Δt)
(7) Heat lost by hot body=heat gained by cold body, provided no loss of energy to the
surroundings
(8) Specific latent heat(L)=Q/m Where , Q-heat energy. m – mass
(9) Electic power of kettle X time = Heat absorbed by water

Chapter12 Radioactivity
(1) E = Δm c² where, E-energy Δm – mass c-velocityof light = 3×10⁸ m/s
(2) 1a.m.u.=931MeV. Where, a.m.u– Atomic mass unit, MeV–megaelectronvolt.