1.
AC to DC Power Conversion
Components Needed:
● 12V Step-Down Transformer
● 1N4007 Diodes (4x)
● 1000µF, 25V Capacitor (2x)
How to Do It:
1. Connect the 12V step-down transformer to convert 230V AC to 12V AC.
2. Use a bridge rectifier circuit (4 diodes) to convert AC to pulsating DC.
3. Connect the capacitors to smooth the DC output.
4. Test with a multimeter to verify the voltage.
2. DC Voltage Step-Up
Components Needed:
● DC-DC Boost Converter (XL6009 or LM2577)
● 4V Battery
How to Do It:
1. Connect the 4V battery to the input of the boost converter.
2. Adjust the potentiometer on the boost module to increase the voltage (e.g., 12V output).
3. Measure output voltage with a multimeter.
3. Battery Charging Circuit Using Solar Panel
Components Needed:
● Solar Panel (6V, 1mAh)
● Charge Controller (12V PWM)
● Rechargeable Battery (4V, 1.5A)
How to Do It:
1. Connect the solar panel to the charge controller’s input.
2. Connect the battery to the charge controller’s output.
3. Monitor charging efficiency using a voltage sensor.
4. Lithium Battery Voltage Regulation
Components Needed:
● Lithium Battery (3.7V)
● LM7805 Voltage Regulator
● Capacitor (1000µF)
How to Do It:
1. Connect 3.7V lithium battery to the input of LM7805.
2. Attach capacitors to stabilize the voltage output.
3. Measure output voltage using a multimeter.
5. Motor Speed Control Using MOSFET
Components Needed:
● DC Motor (3V-6V)
● MOSFET (IRFZ44N)
● 330Ω Resistor
● Potentiometer
How to Do It:
1. Connect the motor’s positive terminal to a power source (battery).
2. Connect the negative terminal to the MOSFET drain.
3. Connect the MOSFET source to the ground.
4. Use a potentiometer to adjust the gate voltage, controlling speed.
6. Motor Direction Control with L293D Motor Driver
Components Needed:
● DC Motor
● L293D Motor Driver
● Arduino Uno
● SPST Switch
How to Do It:
1. Connect the motor terminals to the L293D driver.
2. Connect L293D’s input pins to Arduino.
3. Write an Arduino sketch to control motor direction via an SPST switch.
7. Generating Electricity Using Motor
Components Needed:
● DC Motor
● Pulley
● Pulley Belt
● Rechargeable Battery (4V, 1.5A)
How to Do It:
1. Attach a pulley belt to the motor shaft.
2. Rotate the motor manually or by an external source.
3. Connect motor leads to a battery and measure charging voltage.
8. Ultrasonic Sensor for Obstacle Detection
Components Needed:
● Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)
● Arduino Uno
● LED (Green & Red)
How to Do It:
1. Connect the HC-SR04 to Arduino (VCC, Trig, Echo, GND).
2. Write an Arduino script to measure distance.
3. If an obstacle is detected within a range, turn on the red LED.
9. Battery Level Monitoring with LCD Display
Components Needed:
● Voltage Sensor (ZMPT101B)
● LCD Display (16x2 with I2C)
● Arduino Uno
How to Do It:
1. Connect ZMPT101B sensor to Arduino.
2. Connect LCD Display to Arduino.
3. Write an Arduino script to display battery voltage on the LCD.
10. Temperature Monitoring for Motor
Components Needed:
● DHT11 Temperature Sensor
● Arduino Uno
● LCD Display
How to Do It:
1. Connect the DHT11 sensor to Arduino.
2. Read temperature data from the sensor.
3. Display motor temperature on the LCD screen.
11. Automatic Battery Cutoff Using Relay
Components Needed:
● Relay Module (5V)
● Arduino Uno
● Rechargeable Battery (4V, 1.5A)
How to Do It:
1. Connect the relay module between the battery and load.
2. Use Arduino to turn the relay off when voltage drops below a threshold.
12. LED Indicator for Charging Status
Components Needed:
● Green LED
● Red LED
● TL431 Voltage Shunt Regulator
How to Do It:
1. Connect TL431 as a voltage reference circuit.
2. If charging voltage is high, turn on the green LED.
3. If voltage drops, turn on the red LED.
13. Solar-Powered Motor Drive System
Components Needed:
● Solar Panel (6V)
● Charge Controller
● DC Motor
● L293D Motor Driver
How to Do It:
1. Connect the solar panel to charge controller.
2. Connect motor driver to Arduino for speed control.
3. Use PWM signals to vary speed based on solar input.
14. Wireless Battery Voltage Monitoring
Components Needed:
● Voltage Sensor (ZMPT101B)
● Arduino Uno
● Bluetooth Module
How to Do It:
1. Connect ZMPT101B sensor to Arduino.
2. Send battery voltage readings via Bluetooth to a mobile app.
15. Smart EV Charging System Using Timer
Components Needed:
● Arduino Uno
● Relay Module (5V)
● SPDT Switch
How to Do It:
1. Connect relay module to the charging circuit.
2. Use Arduino code to turn the relay on/off at set intervals.
3. Toggle between automatic/manual modes using SPDT switch.
Project Title:
🚗 Smart Electric Vehicle (EV) with Safety Monitoring & Obstacle Detection ⚡
🔹 Components Needed:
Power & Battery Management:
● 12V Step-Down Transformer (for AC to DC conversion)
● Bridge Rectifier (4x 1N4007 Diodes) (for AC to DC conversion)
● 1000µF, 25V Capacitor (2x) (for voltage smoothing)
● Lithium Battery (3.7V, 2x) (for power storage)
● Charge Controller (12V PWM) (to manage battery charging)
● Solar Panel (6V, 1mA) (for renewable charging)
Sensors & Monitoring:
● Voltage Sensor (ZMPT101B) (to measure battery voltage)
● Current Sensor (ACS712 30A) (to measure motor current consumption)
● Temperature Sensor (DHT11) (to monitor motor overheating)
● Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04) (for obstacle detection)
Motor & Control System:
● DC Motor (12V) (for vehicle movement)
● L293D Motor Driver (to control motor speed & direction)
● MOSFET (IRFZ44N) (for efficient motor control)
● Arduino Uno (as the main controller)
● Relay Module (5V, Single-Channel) (for automatic power cutoff)
● LCD Display (16x2 with I2C Module) (for real-time status)
● Push Buttons (4x) (for manual control: Forward, Reverse, Stop, Speed Control)
🔹 Project Procedure:
Step 1: Power Management & Charging System Setup
1. Convert 230V AC to 12V DC using the step-down transformer + rectifier + capacitor circuit.
2. Connect the charge controller to the solar panel and battery for renewable charging.
3. Use the voltage sensor (ZMPT101B) to measure battery voltage and display it on the LCD screen.
Step 2: Motor Control System with Buttons
1. Connect DC motor to L293D motor driver for speed and direction control.
2. Connect 4 push buttons to Arduino:
○ Button 1: Move Forward
○ Button 2: Move Backward
○ Button 3: Stop Motor
○ Button 4: Increase Speed
Step 3: Safety Features
🔹 Obstacle Detection & Auto-Stop Feature
● HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor detects obstacles.
● If an obstacle is within 20cm, the motor stops automatically.
● Distance is displayed on the LCD screen.
🔹 Temperature Monitoring (Overheating Protection)
● DHT11 sensor checks motor temperature.
● If temperature > 50°C, motor automatically stops.
● LCD displays "Overheat Alert!".
🔹 Current Monitoring (Overload Protection)
● ACS712 current sensor measures motor current draw.
● If current exceeds 3A, relay disconnects motor power to prevent damage.
● LCD displays "Overload Alert!".
🔹 Automatic Power Cutoff System
1. If battery voltage is <3.5V, relay disconnects power.
2. Prevents battery over-discharge.
🔹 Arduino Source Code:
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
#include <NewPing.h>
#include <DHT.h>
#define DHTPIN 7 // Temperature sensor pin
#define DHTTYPE DHT11
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
// LCD Display Setup
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);
// Ultrasonic Sensor Setup
#define TRIG_PIN 9
#define ECHO_PIN 10
NewPing sonar(TRIG_PIN, ECHO_PIN, 200);
// Motor Control Setup
#define IN1 5
#define IN2 6
#define ENA 3
// Push Button Setup
#define BUTTON_FORWARD 2
#define BUTTON_BACKWARD 3
#define BUTTON_STOP 4
#define BUTTON_SPEED 8
// Sensors & Relay Setup
#define VOLTAGE_SENSOR A0
#define CURRENT_SENSOR A1
#define RELAY_PIN 12
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.backlight();
pinMode(IN1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(IN2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ENA, OUTPUT);
pinMode(BUTTON_FORWARD, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(BUTTON_BACKWARD, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(BUTTON_STOP, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(BUTTON_SPEED, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(RELAY_PIN, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, HIGH);
dht.begin();
}
void loop() {
// Read Voltage, Current, and Temperature
float voltage = analogRead(VOLTAGE_SENSOR) * (5.0 / 1023.0) * 11;
float current = (analogRead(CURRENT_SENSOR) - 512) * (5.0 / 1023.0) * 30;
float temperature = dht.readTemperature();
// Read Obstacle Distance
int distance = sonar.ping_cm();
// Display Readings on LCD
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("V:");
lcd.print(voltage);
lcd.print("V C:");
lcd.print(current);
lcd.print("A");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("T:");
lcd.print(temperature);
lcd.print("C D:");
lcd.print(distance);
lcd.print("cm");
delay(500);
// Motor Controls
if (digitalRead(BUTTON_FORWARD) == LOW) {
moveForward();
}
else if (digitalRead(BUTTON_BACKWARD) == LOW) {
moveBackward();
}
else if (digitalRead(BUTTON_STOP) == LOW) {
stopMotor();
}
// Speed Control
if (digitalRead(BUTTON_SPEED) == LOW) {
analogWrite(ENA, 200); // Increase speed
} else {
analogWrite(ENA, 150); // Normal speed
}
// Safety Conditions
if (distance > 0 && distance < 20) {
stopMotor();
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Obstacle Detected!");
delay(2000);
}
if (temperature > 50) {
stopMotor();
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Overheat Alert!");
delay(2000);
}
if (current > 3.0) {
digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, LOW);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Overload Alert!");
delay(2000);
}
if (voltage < 3.5) {
digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, LOW);
lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Battery Low!");
delay(2000);
}
}
void moveForward() {
digitalWrite(IN1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);
}
void moveBackward() {
digitalWrite(IN1, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN2, HIGH);
}
void stopMotor() {
digitalWrite(IN1, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);
}
🔹 Features & Improvements:
✅ Manual Control (No Bluetooth Required!)
✅ Obstacle Avoidance with Auto-Stop
✅ Temperature Monitoring (Overheating Protection)
✅ Current Sensing (Overload Protection)
✅ Battery Voltage Monitoring & Automatic Power Cutoff
✅ Solar Charging for Renewable Energy Use
Let me know if you need further modifications! 🚀⚡
This project ensures safety, efficiency, and sustainability while keeping it easy to implement with the given components.
