Most Detailed Data Mining Answers with Diagrams
22. Explain data transformation and data reduction in detail.
**Data Transformation:**
Data transformation is the process of converting data into a suitable format for mining. It includes:
- **Normalization:** Adjusting values to a common scale (e.g., Min-Max Scaling: (X - Min) / (Max -
Min)).
- **Aggregation:** Summarizing data at a higher level (e.g., Monthly sales Quarterly sales).
- **Smoothing:** Removing noise using moving averages or binning.
- **Discretization:** Converting continuous values into discrete categories (e.g., Age Young,
Middle-aged, Senior).
**Data Reduction:**
Data reduction minimizes the dataset size while retaining important features. Techniques include:
- **Dimensionality Reduction:** Uses Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce attributes.
- **Data Compression:** Encodes data efficiently (e.g., Huffman coding).
- **Sampling:** Uses subsets of data instead of full data for analysis.
- **Feature Selection:** Removes redundant attributes using correlation analysis.
23. Explain with diagrams, various OLAP operations.
**OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) Operations:**
OLAP is used in data warehousing to analyze multidimensional data effectively. Key operations
include:
- **Roll-up:** Aggregates data to a higher level (e.g., from monthly sales to yearly sales).
- **Drill-down:** Moves from summarized to detailed data (e.g., from yearly sales to monthly sales).
- **Slice:** Extracts data for a single dimension (e.g., filtering sales for 2023 only).
- **Dice:** Extracts a subset of data based on multiple dimensions (e.g., sales for 2023 and product
category A).
- **Pivot:** Rotates data for different perspectives (e.g., switching rows and columns in a report).
24. Explain with an example, how to perform correlation using lift.
**Lift Calculation Formula:**
- Lift = (Confidence of Rule) / (Expected Confidence)
**Example:**
- Assume a supermarket dataset where:
- 20% of transactions include bread.
- 30% of transactions include milk.
- 10% of transactions include both bread and milk.
**Step 1: Calculate Confidence:**
- Confidence(Bread Milk) = P(Bread and Milk) / P(Bread)
- Confidence = 10% / 20% = 0.5 (50%)
**Step 2: Calculate Expected Confidence:**
- Expected Confidence = P(Milk) = 30% (0.3)
**Step 3: Calculate Lift:**
- Lift = 0.5 / 0.3 = 1.67
**Interpretation:**
- Lift > 1 indicates a strong positive correlation (customers buying bread are likely to buy milk).
25. Explain hierarchical method of clustering.
**Definition:**
Hierarchical clustering builds a tree-like structure (dendrogram) of nested clusters.
**Types:**
1. **Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering:**
- Starts with individual points and merges the closest clusters iteratively.
- Linkage methods:
- **Single Linkage:** Merges clusters based on shortest distance.
- **Complete Linkage:** Merges clusters based on farthest distance.
- **Average Linkage:** Uses the average distance between clusters.
2. **Divisive Hierarchical Clustering:**
- Starts with a single large cluster and recursively splits it into smaller clusters.
**Example Applications:**
- Used in bioinformatics for gene classification.
- Helps in customer segmentation for targeted marketing.
