MODULE 3: Basic concepts of Nationalism and Patriotism

NATIONALISM is an ideology and movement defined by promoting the interests of a particular

nation, in particular with the aim of acquiring and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its
country of origin. Nationalism claims that each nation should regulate itself, free from outside
intervention, that a nation is a natural and ideal political basis, and that the nation is the only
legitimate source of political authority. It also aims to build and maintain a single national identity,
based on shared social characteristics such as culture, language, religion, politics and belief in a
distinctive shared history, and to promote national unity or solidarity. Nationalism therefore seeks to
preserve and encourage a nation's traditional culture, culture, and cultural revivals have been
connected to nationalist movements.

PATRIOTISM or national pride is a sense of love, dedication and attachment to a country and an
alliance with other people who share the same impression. It is a predominant virtue linked to a
nation's love, with greater emphasis on values and beliefs. One who is patriotic will be willing
emphasis on to offer any sacrifice to his nation. He’ll never live alone egotistically. For example, for
the sake of his country, a soldier makes the ultimate sacrifice of his life. For no other reason than
being a citizen of that nation, patriotism is a dedication to one's nation. In essence, patriotism is a
sense of attachment and dedication to a country, nation, or political community or just country love.
The English word patriot is first known in the Elizabethan period; it originated from Latin (6th
century) patriota via Middle French, meaning "countryman," finally from Greek (patriõtēs),
meaning from the same nation’ (patris), meaning "fatherland”.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM While the terms patriotism

and nationalism were once regarded as synonymous, distinct connotations were assumed. While both
are people's feelings of affection for their nation, the values on which they are based are very
distinct. Patriotism feelings are based on the country's positive values- like liberty, justice, and
equality. The patriot thinks that both their country’s’ state system and individuals are inherently good
and working together to achieve a better quality of life. On the other hand, nationalism emotions are
based on the belief that one' nation is superior to all others. It also holds a connotation of other
countries distrust or disapproval, leading to the premise that other states are competitors. While
patriots do not degrade other countries automatically, nationalists do, sometimes to the point of
calling for the global dominance of their country. Nationalism is the polar opposite of globalism by
its protectionist beliefs.

LESSON PROPER FOR WEEK 5

Completion requirements
The integration of the country into the Spanish Empire resulted into the implementation of
various government restrictions that made the people experience hardships and miseries. This
content in Spanish rules was first expressed in the regional revolts that had broke out in the
archipelago from 1574 to 1843. However this revolt against Spanish rule were fragmented and
disorganized and subsequently failed due to lack of communication absence of national leadership
and Spain's policy of divide in rule as Filipinos were made to fight one another, they failed to realize
that their common enemy was the Spaniards in the opening of the country to the world commerce is
a consequence of Spain's adoption of the free market policy with entry of foreign products and
businessmen. The economic isolation of the Philippines was eminent Filipino intellectuals came to
learn of the revolutionary ideas of the likes of Locke and Rousseau, these intellectuals then started to
wonder the deplorable conditions of the country. The rise of a new middle class can be traced to the
 prosperity of a relatively small class of mestizos and the principalía are ruling indeed who benefited
from the opening of the country to foreign commerce and trade families which was during this time
were able to send their sons for an education in Europe. Being educated in Europe, the sons of
prosperous families were able to see the basic difference of European and Filipino societies and
witnessed a more progressive state of other countries as a result, this European educated Filipinos
became disillusioned with Spain from the ranks emerged Filipino propagandists clamouring for
change in the Philippines. The fall of Queen Isabel and the triumph of liberalism in Spain in 1869
resulted into the appointment of Carlos Maria Dela Torre y Nava Cerrada as governor-general in the
Philippines, the littoral demonstrated his democratic and liberal philosophy by encouraging the
aspirations of the reformers and abolishing the censorship of the Friars dislike this recent
development seems for the first time where the Filipinos were allowed to talk about freedom and
democracy openly, this motivated Father Burgos and other Filipino clergy to work for the
Philippines nation of parishes throughout the country, however with the restoration of the Spanish
monarchy in 1870 and a return of conservatism in Spain was removed from office and replaced by
the reactionary Raphaelle Izqueirdo who boasted that he came to the Philippines with a cross on one
hand and a sword in the other. The Spaniards considered the Filipinos an inferior race and called
them angels in a pub that by Framing of the Bustamante, the Filipino is portrayed as an individual
with low mental ability incapable of acquiring European education and fitted only to work in the
field and then took a care about this kind of attack against the Philippine race intensified the enmity
between the Filipinos and Spaniards especially the Friars racial discrimination had led them to
realized that the Spaniards and the Filipinos were two separate distinct peoples, this issue cropped up
when the Jesuits were expelled from the country in 1768 leaving Filipinos secular to fill up their
parishes, leading the struggle was Father Pedro Pelaez which the controversy became acute when the
Jesuits returned to the Philippines parishes under the Filipino priests were taken over by the Friars
which sparked protests since the loss of the Manila parishes will be not Filipino settlers, Father
Pelaez appeals to the Queen Isabella II for ecclesiastical equality. However, he died in 1863 due to
an earthquake and the struggle for equality was temporarily stopped other priest continued the
struggle started by his former professor, he defended the move undertaken by Archbishop Gregorio
Martinus in training the Filipino seculars to become good parish priests, he appealed to the Spanish
Queen to give the Philippine of priests the chance to prove that they can equal the Spanish regulars,
he argued for secularization and the preferential right of the secular clergy to the parishes this
controversy led to the unification of the Filipino clergy which in effect strengthened their sense of
identity. For the first time the word Filipino meant not only the Philippine or Spaniards, now it
included the native clergy on the night of January 20 1872. A mutiny broke out among Filipino
soldiers in the Arsenal of Cavite under the leadership, this meeting was brought about by abolition of
their previous exemption from tribute and forced labor, the Spanish authorities took advantage of the
situation by arresting liberal minded Filipinos. The incident was exaggerated by the Spaniards
particularly the Friars to implicate priest such like Mariano Gomez, an innocent murdered due to
their active involvement in the campaign for the secularization of parishes. They were executed by
Garrote, for alleged complicity in the rebellion. The Filipinos deeply resented the execution, they
hailed the tree Filipino priest as three martyrs and their death made the Filipinos realized the need for
unity and their miseries.

FILIPINO NATIONALISM

 Patriotic sentiments and nationalistic ideals in the Philippines in the 19th century. It is a result of
more than two centuries of Spanish rule.
 An immediate outcome of the Filipino Propaganda Movement, mostly in Europe from 1872 to
1892.
 It is served as the backbone of the first nationalist revolution in Asia, the Philippine revolution of
1896.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

Prior to the 18th century, there were already revolutions but with quite unrelated reasons:

 To reclaim one’s lost chieftain or kingdom

 To resist forced labor that separated them from families
 To rid off oppressive tribute
 To return the ancient religion
 British invasion to the colony
 The Silang and Palaris revolts
 Basi revolt against Governor-General Basco’s monopolies
 Opening of foreign ports and the Suez Canal
 Secularization movement led by indios and mestizos (During the 1800’s to 1900’s, the indios only
then left the need for unity and consciousness as a nation. It was kindled by these events)


FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO

NATIONALISM

1. The revolution in Europe and in Latin America (opened the Philippines to international trade)

2. The rise of a Middle Class from which came the Illustados elites that soon became the main
agitators against the Spanish regime.

3.The bureaucratic centralized government established in Manila had caused widespread discontent
in the entire archipelago

BALANGAYS – originated from Malayan ships that called as barangays. A small political unit
consisted of 100 people governed by datus, rajahs or sultan.
CEBU – the first European colonies established by the Spaniards.
MANILA – the capital of the Spanish East Indies
Spaniards spent their colonization in the Philippines for about 333 years.

The term ‘Filipino’ during the time of Spanish colony is under dispute
INQUILINOS - a term for tenants in the haciendas that began to accumulate wealth due to the
progress.
ILLUSTRADOS – these are wealthy and well-educated Filipinos.
INSULARES – these are Spaniards who born in the Archipelago.
CREOLES – refers to the Spaniards who have a child that born in the Philippines; known also
as insulares.
ESPANOLES/PENINSULARES – these are Spaniards born in Spain, working or residing in the
Philippines.
MESTIZO – a child that his/her parent has a different nationality, or known as half Filipino and
half Spaniards.
OTHER CONCEPTS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE BIRTH OF FILIPINO
NATIONALISM

The secularization controversy.

The influx of Liberal ideas from Europe.

bigotry – intolerance towards those who hold distinct views of themselves.

parochialism – narrow mindedness
feudalism – a system which higher-ranking individuals gave land and protection and worked for
them in exchange.
colonial mentality – internalized attitude of people’s racial or cultural inferiority as a consequence
of colonization.
elitism – an elite’s advocacy or presence as a dominant component in the community.
colonization – a policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country
by occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

A. Pagsasarili (self-reliance)

B. Pakikisama (equitable sharing and partnership)

C. Pagkabayani (patriotism)

D. Pagkakaisa (national unity, national consensus and discipline)

E. Pakikitungo (consideration)

F. Pakikipagkapwa-tao (human solidarity based first of all on developing our nation)

G. Pagkakapantay-pantay (equality and equity)