HPGD3203

Emerging I

Technologies in
Teaching &
Learning

NOTES S3
By: Nina Student
0138889610
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 TOPIC 1
TRENDS INFLUENCING THE
21st Century Teaching and
Learning:

FUTURE OF EDUCATION Highlights the importance of

↑
•
the "4Cs": Communication,
Collaboration, Critical
Thinking, and Creativity.
• The teacher’s role transitions

·
from being a "sage on the
Higher Order Thinking Skills stage" (knowledge provider) to
(HOTS): F a "guide by the side"
--- (facilitator of learning).
•
& Derived from Bloom’s digital • Technology integration allows
taxonomy, this trend 1.1 Trends in Education for personalized and active
focuses on developing learning experiences that
Education today is
students' ability to analyze, prepare students for a highly
shifting from traditional
evaluate, and create. connected, dynamic
methods to more
L
• Moves away from rote workforce.
innovative, technology-
learning and memorization •
↑ Focus on "4Cs"
driven, and student-
to fostering creativity and (Communication,
centered approaches.
problem-solving. Collaboration, Critical
The focus is on preparing
•
↑ Teachers play a crucial role Thinking, Creativity).
students with the skills
in designing lessons that •
S Teachers facilitate rather than
required to thrive in the
promote critical thinking and lecture.
21st century.
application rather than L• Example: In a history class,
simple knowledge recall. students work in groups to
create a multimedia

-
&
• Encourages students to
analyze, evaluate, and presentation comparing
create, going beyond leadership strategies of
historical figures.
•
&
memorization.
Example: Instead of asking i
students to list the capitals
of countries, a teacher Virtual Learning Environments (VLE):
could ask them to analyze
why certain capitals are •· Platforms like Moodle, Blackboard, and bespoke systems
economic hubs and propose provide a virtual space for sharing materials, conducting
policies to enhance their assessments, and tracking student progress.
global relevance. •↑ VLEs enable continuous learning beyond the physical
classroom, breaking geographical and time barriers.
•
- Provide access to materials, assessments, and
communication platforms.
•
, Example: Moodle or Blackboard allows students to access
lecture notes, participate in discussion forums, and submit
assignments online. Parents can monitor their child’s
progress through the same platform.
•
- They also allow parental access to monitor student
performance and participation, encouraging a holistic
approach to education.
 1.2 Current Trends in Education

=
Governments worldwide prioritize quality education, as shown by substantial budget
allocations. Countries like Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Shanghai, and Japan lead in global
education rankings, such as TIMSS and PISA, which evaluate students’ proficiency in reading,
mathematics, and science. Malaysia has taken steps to benchmark its system against these
standards.

Key trends identified by Frey (2007) include

- -- ---
Transition from Teaching to Rapid Growth of Information: Accelerating Higher Education
Learning: Adoption:
The internet and social media
Schools are adopting 21st- have made information easily The NMC/CoSN Horizon
century skills (communication, accessible in various formats, Report 2017 outlines six major
collaboration, critical including text, video, and trends for advancing higher
thinking, and creativity) to graphics. Schools leverage education through innovative
create active learners, with digital tools like blogs, technologies and practices.
teachers acting as Wikipedia, and YouTube to
facilitators. enhance learning.

Education trends evolve with technological advancements and societal needs, focusing on immediate,
&
medium-term, and long-term goals.
8
:
Short-term Trends (within 2 years)

Blended Learning:
• Combines online and in-person teaching, allowing flexibility in learning styles
and schedules.
• Online modules complement classroom interactions, enabling self-paced study
and real-time discussions.
• Combines online and in-person teaching for flexibility.
• Example: A math teacher uses Khan Academy videos as homework to explain
concepts, and class time is used for solving problems collaboratively.

Collaborative Learning:
• Encourages teamwork through activities like group discussions, shared problem-
solving, and peer-to-peer teaching.
• Benefits include improved critical thinking, autonomy, motivation, and
engagement.
• Encourages teamwork and knowledge sharing.
• Example: Students in a science class conduct experiments in small groups,
sharing roles such as hypothesis formation, data collection, and analysis.

..
"It
Mid-term Trends (2-5 years): Long-term Trends (5+ years):

Measuring Learning: Advancing Innovation and

• Utilizes digital tools and analytics to Entrepreneurship:
assess student progress and identify • Curriculum changes aim to develop
areas for improvement. entrepreneurial mindsets, encouraging
• Learning dashboards provide real-time creativity and innovation.
data on student engagement and • Barriers to creativity, such as rigid
outcomes, streamlining the evaluation evaluation systems, are being removed
process. to promote big ideas and independent
• Digital tools help assess progress. thinking.
• Example: A teacher uses an analytics • Curriculum changes to promote
dashboard on a platform like Google creativity and entrepreneurship.
Classroom to identify students • Example: A school introduces a course
struggling with assignments and provide where students create business plans
targeted support. for sustainable startups, pitching their
ideas to local entrepreneurs.
Redesigning Learning Spaces:
• Classrooms are reimagined with Deeper Learning Approaches:
collaborative layouts, flexible furniture, • Focus on mastering content through
and integrated technologies like critical thinking, problem-solving,
smartboards and virtual labs. collaboration, and self-directed
• These setups encourage group learning.
activities, problem-solving, and hands- • Activities align with Bloom’s taxonomy
on experiences. to ensure that students connect
• Classrooms are reconfigured for academic concepts with real-world
collaboration and flexibility. applications.
• Example: Desks arranged in clusters • Focus on real-world application and
with shared smartboards encourage critical thinking.
group activities in a problem-solving • Example: In a geography class, students
workshop. map climate change effects in their
region and propose actionable solutions.
 1.3 Emerging Technologies Social Media Technologies: Digital Strategies:

• Platforms like Facebook, • BYOD (Bring Your Own

Consumer Technologies: Instagram, Kahoot, and Device): Students use
Twitter encourage their personal devices
• Devices like robotics, drones, collaboration, sharing of (tablets, laptops) for
and 3D videos are integrated ideas, and interactive educational activities,
into lessons to make learning learning. fostering responsibility
interactive and hands-on. • Teachers can use these and digital literacy.
• Such tools are especially platforms for classroom • Flipped
useful for project-based and activities, discussions, and Classroom: Students
STEM (Science, Technology, peer learning. review instructional
Engineering, and • Platforms foster interactive content at home (e.g.,
Mathematics) education. learning. videos) and engage in
• Robotics, drones, and 3D • Example: A teacher uses collaborative activities
videos enhance learning. Kahoot to create quizzes during class.
• Example: In a STEM that engage students in a • BYOD and flipped
program, students use fun, game-like format during classrooms enhance
drones to map school revision sessions. engagement.
grounds and learn about • Example: In a flipped
aerial photography and Learning Technologies: classroom, students
environmental surveying. watch pre-recorded
• Includes mobile learning, lectures at home and
Internet Technologies: virtual labs, and online participate in debates
learning environments that during class.
• Cloud computing and IoT enable students to study
provide seamless access to from anywhere, at any time. Visualization Technologies:
learning resources, enabling • Tools like virtual labs
real-time collaboration and enhance practical learning • Tools like augmented
resource sharing. experiences in subjects like reality (AR), virtual
• Reliable connectivity is science. reality (VR), and 3D
critical to support continuous • Virtual labs and mobile apps printing make complex
online learning. enable flexible learning. concepts more accessible
• Cloud computing enables • Example: Medical students and engaging.
seamless collaboration. use virtual anatomy labs to • Visualization helps
• Example: Students use study human organs in detail students better
Google Drive to co-author without the need for physical understand data and
research papers, sharing specimens abstract topics through
real-time edits and interactive experiences.
comments. • AR and VR make
abstract concepts
tangible.
• Example: History students
use virtual reality to
"visit" ancient Rome,
exploring its architecture
and daily lif
 1.4 The World is Open (Curtis J. Bonk’s "WE-ALL-LEARN")

.... Curtis J. Bonk’s concept of an open world emphasizes global accessibility to education through technology.
His "WE-ALL-LEARN" model identifies 10 trends transforming education:

Web Searching and E-Books: Open Course Ware (OCW):

• Digital libraries like Google Books and Wikibooks provide • Institutions like MIT offer open
easy access to a wealth of knowledge, enabling self-directed access to course materials,
learning. democratizing education
• Digital libraries provide free, accessible knowledge. worldwide.
• Example: A student researching renewable energy uses • Free access to university materials
Google Books and Open Library to gather sources. democratizes education.
• Example: A high school student
E-Learning and Blended Learning: uses MIT OpenCourseWare to
• Online platforms like Khan Academy and Coursera offer study advanced physics topics not
free courses, empowering individuals to learn at their own offered at their school.
pace.
• Online platforms support lifelong learning. Learning Portals and Repositories:
• Example: Professionals upskill through Coursera courses on • Platforms like Curriki and
data analysis, learning at their own pace. OpenStax CNX provide resources
tailored to diverse educational
Open Source Software: levels and languages.
• Free tools like Moodle allow educators to create and share • Provide curated resources.
resources globally without financial barriers. • Example: Teachers use Curriki to
• Tools like Moodle allow customization for diverse find lesson plans and activities
educational needs. aligned with their subject matter.
• Example: A small school uses Moodle to create a digital
classroom tailored to its curriculum. Learner Participation in Communities:
• Social platforms (e.g., YouTube,
Alternative Reality Learning:
SlideShare) enable students to
• Virtual environments like Second Life allow students to
create, remix, and share
engage in immersive, simulated real-world experiences.
educational content
• Simulations offer real-world practice.
collaboratively.
• Example: Medical students use virtual reality to simulate
• Platforms like SlideShare
surgeries before operating on patients.
encourage collaborative content
creation.
Real-time Mobility and Portability:
• Example: Students share group
• Mobile devices and apps facilitate on-the-go learning,
project presentations on
breaking time and location constraints.
SlideShare for peer review.
• Mobile apps support on-the-go learning.
• Example: Students use Duolingo to learn languages during
Electronic Collaboration:
their commute.
• Global projects like GLOBE and
iEARN connect students and
Networks for Personalized Learning:
teachers worldwide for shared
• Platforms like HelloLingo create opportunities for tailored
learning and problem-solving.
education and global peer connections.
• Projects connect global learners.
• Platforms connect learners with tailored opportunities.
• Example: Students in Malaysia
• Example: HelloLingo connects language learners globally
collaborate with peers in Canada
for conversational practice.
on a GLOBE project analyzing
local environmental data.
 my
TOPIC 2
TEACHING & LEARNING
IN A NETWORKED WORLD

2.1 What We Know About Learning???

11

--
I

2.1.2 Learning in the 21st Century

2.1.1 Learning in the 20th Century

• Focus on teacher-led instruction, • Emphasizes active learning, where students engage

with students passively receiving through discussions, problem-solving, and creative
knowledge. tasks.
• Textbook-driven lessons, designed • Uses technology to personalize learning experiences
around rigid curricula and exams. (e.g., adaptive platforms like Khan Academy).
• Assessments measured rote • Fosters critical thinking, collaboration, and digital
learning rather than application or literacy to prepare students for a knowledge-based
creativity. economy.
• Lack of personalized learning • Shift from "sage on the stage" to "guide by the side":
opportunities; "one-size-fits-all" Teachers act as facilitators of learning.
teaching methods prevailed. Examples:
Example: • In geography, students use Google Earth to explore
A typical English lesson would involve global landmarks and collaborate on creating travel
a teacher reading from a textbook and guides.
students repeating vocabulary or • Teachers use video tutorials or simulations (e.g.,
answering questions at the end of a exploring the human body using VR tools) to engage
chapter. students visually and interactively.

2.1.3 Cooperative vs. Collaborative Learning

Cooperative Learning
Structured group work where the teacher assigns tasks and monitors
progress.
Encourages accountability, motivation, and development of leadership
skills.
Example: A science group tasked to build a model of the solar system,
with each student responsible for creating specific planets.

Collaborative Learning:
More flexible and student-driven, encouraging critical thinking and
shared decision-making.
Example: Students in a history class collaboratively develop a timeline of
major historical events, discussing and debating their significance.
 2.2 Blended Learning

=
Combines the best aspects of traditional teaching and digital learning, allowing students to control
their learning pace, path, and place.

Benefits:
• Increases student engagement through diverse learning modes.
• Provides flexibility for students and teachers.
• Incorporates multimedia tools to cater to varied learning styles (e.g., visual, auditory, and
kinesthetic).
Steps for Effective Implementation:
• Define clear learning goals (e.g., improving problem-solving skills).
• Use a mix of digital tools (e.g., Padlet for brainstorming, Kahoot for quizzes) and physical
activities.
• Continuously monitor student progress and gather feedback for refinement.

Face-to-Face Driver: Rotation:

The teacher uses physical classroom time for Students move through various stations
primary instruction and online tools for revision (e.g., online research, peer discussion,
or reinforcement. hands-on tasks).
Example: A teacher teaches grammar in class Example: In a STEM class, students rotate
but assigns online exercises on Grammarly for between coding practice on Scratch, a
practice. teacher-led workshop, and a robotics lab.

Flex:

person support for those needing

·
Primarily online learning, with in- Six Models of Blended
Learning
Online Lab:

Fully online content accessed in

a controlled physical
extra guidance. environment.

·
Example: A math class where Example: Students in a rural
students independently complete school take virtual chemistry
problem sets on an app, with the lessons in a computer lab due to
teacher available for one-on-one the absence of a lab teacher.
tutoring.

Self-Blend:
Online Driver:
Students choose online courses to
complement their regular studies.
Entirely online learning, with occasional in-
Example: A high schooler interested in
person check-ins.
entrepreneurship takes a Coursera course on
Example: Students in a remote education
business strategies while attending
program use an LMS like Moodle for
traditional classes.
coursework and meet teachers quarterly for
assessments.
 2.3 New Learning and Teaching Models

=
2.3.1 Connectivism

Principles:
• Knowledge exists within networks, including
Additional Applications and Ideas
technology and social systems.
• Learning involves connecting ideas, tools, and
Blended Learning Enhancements:
people to remain current.
• Encourages meta-skills like evaluating,
• Flipped Classroom:
synthesizing, and managing information.
o Students watch instructional
Practical Application:
videos at home and engage in
• Teachers assign collaborative research tasks using
hands-on problem-solving during
tools like Wikipedia, Reddit forums, or academic
class.
databases.
o Example: A physics class where
• Example: In a literature class, students use Google
students watch a video on
Scholar to find articles about Shakespeare and
Newton’s Laws and apply them to
collaboratively annotate them using tools like
experiments during school hours.
Hypothesis.
• Gamification:
Technology Integration:
• Platforms like Slack, Edmodo, and Padlet facilitate
o Teachers integrate game
group discussions and knowledge sharing.
elements like leaderboards or
badges to motivate students.
2.3.2 Push and Pull Learning o Example: Using Classcraft to
track student progress and reward
Push Learning:
achievements.
• Predefined content and teacher-led delivery.
• Focuses on structured knowledge transfer suitable
• Push and Pull Combined:
for compliance training or foundational topics.
• Example: A teacher assigns pre-recorded lessons
· Example: A teacher pushes
on grammar rules, ensuring uniform exposure to
mandatory video content on
key concepts.
cybersecurity basics, while
students explore specific case
Pull Learning:
studies (e.g., recent hacking
• Self-directed, learner-initiated exploration based
incidents) for personalized
on individual interests or needs.
projects.
• Encourages autonomy and deeper engagement.
• Example: After a basic introduction to climate
change, students individually explore topics like
sustainable farming or renewable energy and
share their findings in a class discussion.
TOPIC
TOPIC 33 OPEN
- OPEN EDUCATIONAL
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
RESOURCES
3.1 What are OERs?

According to the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation (2019), Open

Educational Resources (OERs) are teaching, learning, and research materials
available in any format digital or physical that:
· Reside in the public domain or are released under an open license.
· Permit no-cost access, use, adaptation, and redistribution with minimal or no
restrictions.

Types of OERs
· Full courses, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and other
educational tools and techniques that enhance knowledge access.
The Origin of the OER Movement
The OER movement gained momentum in 2008 through the "Internet for
Everyone" campaign in the United States, aimed at making the internet
universally accessible.

Key Supporters of the Movement

· Organizations involved: eBay, Google, the Free Press, Educause, and others.
· Objectives:
1. Encourage educators and learners to create, share, and utilize OERs.
2. Request publishers and authors to openly release resources.
3. Engage governments and higher education institutions to support and
prioritize the OER initiative.

Core Benefits of OERs

· Accessibility: Provides free and legal access to high-quality educational
materials.
· Adaptability: Allows users to modify, customize, and contextualize materials
for specific needs.
· Redistribution: Promotes sharing and collaboration among educators and
learners globally.

Impact of OERs
The OER movement is closely tied to advancements in technology and
information-sharing, transforming how teaching and learning are conducted by
removing barriers to resource accessibility.
 3.2 Open Publishing

Open publishing is a transparent process of

content creation and sharing that allows materials
like posts, stories, and other resources to be
instantly accessible to the public. It minimizes
filtering to help readers easily find the resources
they need and promotes user engagement through
editorial contributions and decisions.

Key Features of Open Publishing:

1. Transparency:
• Readers can see editorial decisions and Example: Wikipedia
comments made by others.
2. Freedom to Contribute: • Wikipedia is the largest and most
• Users can upload content directly, without popular open publishing platform.
significant barriers or filters. • It allows anyone to contribute by
3. Public Participation: editing articles.
• Users are encouraged to get involved in • Operated by the non-profit
editorial decisions. Wikimedia Foundation, it epitomizes
4. Reuse and Redistribution: transparency and public participation in
• Materials and software can be reused, content creation.
remixed, or redistributed, allowing for
collaborative improvement. Openness of Content and the 4Rs
Framework
Control and Filtering:
The openness of content in open publishing
• The level of control depends on the is guided by the 4Rs Framework, which
organization’s policies and site goals. describes the fundamental rights users have
• Some platforms prioritize minimal editorial when working with open educational
control for maximum transparency. resources (OER):
1. Reuse:
• Users can use materials in their
original form without changes.
2. Review:
• Users can adjust, modify, or
translate resources to fit their local context
or requirements.
3. Remix:
• Users can combine original or
adapted resources with others to create
something new.
4. Redistribute:
• Users can share materials in their
original form, modified versions, or remixed
formats.
 3.3 Video Creative commons (CC)
Creative Commons (CC) is a U.S.-based non-profit
organization that empowers creators and
institutions to share their knowledge and creativity
using standardized copyright licenses. These
licenses enable the sharing, reuse, and distribution
of resources, promoting innovation and growth by
leveraging the internet’s potential. CC operates
globally through a network of staff, board
members, and affiliates. 3. Types of CC Licenses:
• Attribution (BY): Requires credit to the creator
Key Features of Creative Commons- for all uses.
1. Purpose of CC Licenses: • Share-alike (SA): Derivative works must be
• Empowers Creators: Allows creators to retain licensed under identical terms
copyright while granting others specific rights • Non-commercial (NC): Resources can only be
to use, copy, or distribute their work. used for non-commercial purposes.
• Global Applicability: CC licenses are • No Derivative Works (ND): Only exact copies
recognized worldwide, with licensors able to (no modifications) can be shared.
set additional conditions on how their work is
used. 4. Usage for Educators and Students:
Educators and students must familiarize themselves
2. Basic Rules for Usage: with CC licenses to avoid copyright infringement.
• Restricted Use: Resources not in the public This includes understanding attribution rules and
domain cannot be copied or used without the accessing CC-licensed materials.
creator’s permission.
• Public Domain & CC Licenses: Information from
Additionald Features of CC:
public domain or CC-licensed resources can be
used if licensor conditions are followed.
1. Open Educational Resources (OERs):
• Clarifications: If uncertain about the status of
CC provides a wide variety of OERs categorized
a resource, users can contact the owner for
by:
permission.
• Subjects: Includes topics like science, business,
arts, humanities, and more.
Accessing CC Resources: • Education Levels: Ranges from preschool to
adult education.
1. CC Search Tool: • Standards: Aligns with specific frameworks
• Facilitates easy discovery of CC-licensed content like Common Core, UNESCO ICT, and others.
such as images, music, and videos.
• Offers categorized searches tailored to specific 2. Curated Collections (CC Hubs):
needs (e.g., media type). • Hubs offer categorized resources tailored to
2. CC Collections: educators’ needs.
• Images: Flickr, Google Images, Open Clip Art Gallery, • Filters include subject, grade level, education
Pixabay. standard, material type, and language.
• Media: Europeana, SpinXpress, Wikipedia Commons. • Over 45 languages are supported,
• Web Content: Google. emphasizing CC’s global collaboration.
• Videos: YouTube.
• Music: Jamendo, SoundCloud, CCMixter. 3. Example:
3. Wikimedia Commons: • In the Building the Promise of the Common Core
• Wikipedia’s free content is often shared under CC Together hub, educators can adapt tools and
licenses. resources for their classrooms, ensuring
• Licenses for images/videos can be checked and compliance with standards and licenses.
downloaded directly.
 3.3.1 Global Affiliate Network
Applications to Support Educators:
Creative Commons (CC) has established a strong
global affiliate network to facilitate the creation, CC provides several user-friendly applications
sharing, and regulation of Open Educational that assist educators in creating, customizing,
Resources (OERs). The network is supported by and sharing educational content:
over 500 volunteers from diverse backgrounds
across 85 countries, alongside partnerships with 1. Open Author:
non-governmental organizations. This collaboration • A versatile tool that allows educators to
plays a critical role in regulating copyright issues combine text, images, audio, video, and files
and ensuring proper usage of shared resources. into licensed educational materials.
• The interface resembles a blog, making it
Key Contributions of the Network: intuitive for users.
• Completed materials can be shared globally,
1. Volunteers and Partnerships: printed, or downloaded as PDFs.
• The network includes representatives who • Registration is required to access the tool.
serve as CC advocates globally.
• Collaborations with NGOs and other 2. Lesson Builder:
organizations help govern copyright issues • Designed for K-12 education, this tool creates
effectively. structured content for both teachers and
students.
• Focuses on clear, step-by-step procedures to
reduce confusion.
• Enables teachers to design lessons that guide
students effectively through tasks.

3. Module Builder:
• Tailored for higher education, this tool
2. Platform for Knowledge Sharing: supports the development of comprehensive
• CC collaborates with leaders in the content and modules for both lecturers and students.
knowledge-sharing movement to host a shared • Includes features such as overviews,
platform (see Figure 3.4). pedagogical guidance, and instructions for
• Through this platform, billions of creative works resource use.
can be shared, fostering global knowledge • Modules are structured with sequenced tasks
exchange. to ensure step-by-step learning.
• The associated resources are accessible
online.
 3.3.2 OERs and Professional Development

=
The development of Open Educational Resources (OERs) is deeply connected to the
professional development of educators. By equipping educators with the skills, tools,
and resources to innovate and collaborate, the creation of OERs is sustained and
expanded. One prominent organization leading these efforts is the Institute for the
Study of Knowledge Management in Education (ISKME).

About ISKME:
• Purpose: ISKME is a non-profit organization that fosters continuous learning, collaboration, and
innovation in education.
• Location: Based in Silicon Valley, California, ISKME supports global educational initiatives.
• Services: ISKME engages in research, development, and policy design to enhance educational
practices, programs, and activities worldwide.

Key Initiatives by ISKME:

1. Action Collabs:
• Workshops using the design-thinking framework to foster collaboration and generate innovative
ideas.
• 4 Key Steps in Action Collabs:
1. Identify Opportunities: Participants conduct interviews and analyze challenges in the design problem.
2. Design: Teams brainstorm new methods, tools, or processes to address the challenge.
3. Prototypes: Ideas are turned into prototypes that are tested and refined to achieve an optimal
solution.
4. Scale and Spread: Successful prototypes are adapted for global dissemination and impact.

2. Big Ideas Fest:

• An annual event that gathers leading thinkers, educators, and innovators from all levels of
education.
• Features of the Event:
• Inspirational talks by thought leaders.
• Interactive networking with innovators and developers.
• Hands-on participation in Action Collabs, enabling the sharing and implementation of ideas.
• The event aims to break down barriers, empower champions, and encourage innovation in
education.

3. Research and Development (R&D):

• ISKME’s R&D division explores new themes and service areas to drive educational innovation and
development.
• Since 1999, ISKME has conducted extensive research to inform policies and practices in education.
• Details about ISKME’s R&D initiatives and findings are available online: ISKME Research and
Evaluation.
Impact of ISKME’s Efforts:

• ISKME helps educators adapt to evolving educational challenges and promotes a culture of
innovation.
• Through its initiatives like Action Collabs and Big Ideas Fest, ISKME provides opportunities for
educators to collaborate, share experiences, and develop actionable solutions.
• Its R&D activities contribute to continuous improvements in education by exploring new ideas and
their impact on teaching and learning.
 TOPIC
TOPIC 44 WEB
WEB 2.0
2.0 TOOLS
TOOLS

4.1 Blogs 4.4 Audio and Podcasting

A blog is an online platform for individuals or organizations Podcasting is the process of
to share written content, opinions, or updates. It is usually creating and distributing audio
updated regularly with posts displayed in reverse files that users can listen to on-
chronological order. demand. These files are often
· Key Features: episodic and can be downloaded
o Easy to create and manage using various platforms (e.g., or streamed.
WordPress, Blogger). · Key Features:
o Can include text, images, videos, and links to other o Available in various genres
websites. (news, entertainment, education,
o Interactive through comments sections, fostering a sense of etc.).
community and engagement. o Users can subscribe to a
· Applications: Personal expression, corporate podcast and automatically receive
communication, educational purposes, marketing, and new episodes.
community-building. o Can include interviews,
discussions, and storytelling.
4.2 Wikis · Applications: Educational
A wiki is a collaborative website that allows multiple users to content, marketing,
contribute, edit, and update content. Wikipedia is the most entertainment, and professional
well-known example. development.
· Key Features:
o User-generated content with revision history. 4.5 Image Sharing
o Open editing, so users can add or modify content. Image-sharing platforms allow
o No need for technical skills to edit pages. users to upload and share images
· Applications: Group projects, knowledge sharing, with others, either publicly or
documentation, and educational purposes. privately.
· Key Features:
4.3 Social Bookmarking o Easy upload and sharing options
Social bookmarking allows users to save, organize, and share (e.g., Instagram, Pinterest).
their favorite web links. These bookmarks are stored on a o Users can comment, like, and
cloud-based platform and can be accessed from any device. share images.
· Key Features: o Ability to organize images into
o Tags and categories to organize bookmarks. albums or tags.
o Ability to share links with others or make them public. · Applications: Social networking,
o Social interaction by commenting or rating links. brand marketing, visual content
· Applications: Content curation, collaborative research, and sharing, and portfolio creation.
personal knowledge management.
 4.6 Videos 4.8 Short Messaging System (SMS)
Video sharing platforms like YouTube or Vimeo SMS is a mobile communication service that
enable users to upload, share, and view videos allows users to send and receive text messages
online. between mobile phones.
· Key Features: · Key Features:
o Can include a range of content types (e.g., o Limited character count per message (usually
tutorials, music videos, vlogs, and movies). 160 characters).
o Interactive features like likes, comments, and o Instant and direct communication.
shares. o Often used for notifications, alerts, and
o Ability to monetize videos (e.g., through ads). personal communication.
· Applications: Content creation, entertainment, · Applications: Marketing (SMS campaigns),
education, marketing, and social interaction. personal communication, notifications, and
emergency alerts.
4.7 Microblogging
Microblogging is a form of blogging where 4.9 Web Conferencing
users post short, frequent updates (e.g., tweets Web conferencing tools allow people to
on Twitter). communicate via video, audio, and text over the
· Key Features: internet in real-time.
o Character-limited posts (e.g., 280 characters · Key Features:
on Twitter). o Enables virtual meetings, webinars, and group
o Allows multimedia content like images, videos, discussions.
and links. o Includes features like screen sharing, chat, and
o Focus on quick, real-time communication and file sharing.
information sharing. o Can host both large and small groups of
· Applications: Social networking, quick news participants.
sharing, business updates, and real-time · Applications: Business meetings, educational
engagement. webinars, remote collaboration, and virtual
conferences.

4.10 Aggregation
Aggregation refers to the process of collecting content from different sources and presenting it in a
centralized platform.
· Key Features:
o News aggregators collect headlines and articles from various news websites.
o Content curation tools gather posts from blogs, social media, or forums.
o Often categorized for easy navigation and search.
· Applications: Content curation, news aggregation, research, and media monitoring.

4.11 Games, Virtual Worlds, and Simulation

Online games, virtual worlds, and simulations provide interactive, immersive environments where users can
engage in various activities.
· Key Features:
o Games involve entertainment through play; virtual worlds offer immersive social environments.
o Can involve collaboration or competition among users.
o Simulations replicate real-world scenarios (e.g., flight simulators, business simulations).
· Applications: Entertainment, education, training, and social interaction.
 TOPIC 5
ONLINE COURSE
5.1 Why MOOCs? • High-Quality Content:
Courses are often designed by top
MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) have gained universities and experts, ensuring
widespread popularity due to several advantages that students have access to high-quality
address current educational challenges: materials and learning resources.

• Accessibility: • Global Reach:

MOOCs are open to anyone with an internet connection, MOOCs bring together learners from
breaking down geographical and financial barriers. diverse backgrounds, fostering a
Learners can access high-quality education from institutions global learning community where
globally, often for free or at a low cost. knowledge and perspectives are
shared.
• Flexibility:
Unlike traditional classrooms, MOOCs offer asynchronous • Lifelong Learning:
learning, allowing students to learn at their own pace and MOOCs allow professionals to
schedule. continue their education and improve
their skills without disrupting their
• Variety and Scale: careers.
MOOCs provide a wide range of courses across various
disciplines, from computer science to humanities, offering
learners the chance to explore different fields.
 5.2 Types of MOOCs

1. xMOOCs (eXtended MOOCs):

Focus:
• Traditional education models.
Structure:
• Resembles in-person university lectures.
• Content is delivered via video lectures.
• Assessments are often multiple-choice questions graded automatically.
• Example: Stanford University’s first MOOC on Artificial Intelligence (2011).
• Criticism: Limited interactivity; more focused on content delivery than active learning.

2. cMOOCs (Connectivist MOOCs):

Focus:
• Knowledge generation through connections and networks.

Structure:
• Inspired by connectivist learning theory, which emphasizes collaboration.
• Learners interact with peers, instructors, and digital tools to share knowledge.
• Less rigid, more about creating learning experiences together.
• Example: Courses where forums, group projects, and social networks are central.

As time progresses, the types of MOOCs have evolved into several versions, some of which are:

1. DOCCs (Distributed Online Collaborative Courses):

Focus:
• Collaboration on a central topic rather than a standard syllabus.

Structure:
• Institutions or groups use the same materials but adapt them differently.
• Encourages flexibility in teaching and learning approaches.
• Example: The 2013 course “Feminism and Technology” offered by 17 U.S. colleges.
• Benefits: Promotes diverse perspectives and localized approaches.

2. BOOCs (Big Open Online Courses):

Focus:
• Combining the scale of MOOCs with more interaction and personalization.

Structure:
• Capped at 500 students, unlike typical MOOCs with thousands of participants.
• Allows more direct engagement with instructors and peers.
• Often used for advanced or specialized subjects.
• Example: “Educational Assessment: Practices, Principles, and Policies” on Google’s Course Builder
platform.
• Benefits: Balances accessibility with interactivity.
 3. SMOCs (Synchronous Massive Online Courses):
Focus:
Live, interactive learning experiences.

Structure:
• Requires students to log in at specific times to attend live lectures.
• Includes chat rooms for real-time Q&A and discussions with instructors.
• Emphasizes community-building among students.
• Example: Courses using live streaming platforms with interactive features.
• Challenges: Time-zone coordination and live participation.

4. SPOCs (Small Private Online Courses):

Focus:
• Tailored and focused learning for smaller groups.

Structure:
• Uses MOOC technology but limits participation to smaller cohorts (tens or hundreds).
• Enables personalized attention and supports diverse learners more effectively.
• Use: Often adopted by companies or universities for specialized learning modules.
• Benefits: Solves scalability issues, such as cultural or linguistic diversity.

5. Corporate MOOCs:
Focus:
Employee training and professional development.

Structure:
• Custom-designed courses for skill development and upskilling employees.
• Often supported or subsidized by companies.
• Example: Platforms like Coursera for Business and LinkedIn Learning.
• Benefits: Cost-effective way to train large numbers of employees simultaneously.

* Figure 5.3 shows the course

distribution by subjects. Business
and management courses are one of
the most popular courses registered
by users.
 4. K-12 Blended and Online Learning (Coursera)
• Covers blended and online learning methods for
K-12 students.
• Includes designing blended or online modules.
• Offered by the University System of Georgia.

5. Using Open Educational Resources in Teaching (POK)

• Teaches how to share, improve, and reuse OERs
5.3 Useful MOOCs for Teachers
effectively.
• Duration: 4 weeks.
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)
• Delivered by Polimi Open Knowledge (POK),
have revolutionized professional
Politecnico di Milano, Italy.
development for teachers by offering
free, accessible online courses. Initially
6. Powerful Tools for Teaching and Learning: Web 2.0
centered around open access to
Tools (Coursera)
educational content, MOOCs now
• Focuses on integrating Web 2.0 tools into teaching
provide structured courses that help
strategies.
educators enhance their skills and adapt
• Includes an examination and a final project.
to evolving educational trends. Below are
• Offered by the University of Houston and taught by
some key MOOCs specifically designed
Bernard R. Robin and Sara G. McNeil.
for teachers’ development:

7. Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills

1. Teaching Character and Creating
(Coursera)
Positive Classrooms (Coursera)
• Enhances skills in collaboration, problem-solving,
• Focuses on integrating positive
critical thinking, and communication.
psychology into teaching to boost
• Duration: 6 weeks.
student engagement and achievement.
• Offered by the University of Melbourne, taught by
• Features videos, lectures,
Esther Care and Patrick Griffin.
discussions, and success stories.
• Created by Coursera.

Other Recommendations
2. Emerging Trends and Technologies in
• Explore other MOOCs providers like edX, Udacity,
the Virtual K-12 Classroom (Coursera)
and Udemy for additional courses.
• Explores the impact of emerging
• Examples of related courses:
technologies on K-12 education.
• Blended Learning: Personalising Education for
• Duration: 6 weeks.
Students
• Offered by the University of
• Emerging Technologies: From Smartphones to IoT to
California and facilitated by Melissa Joell
Big Data
Loble.
• ICT in Primary Education: Transforming Children,
Learning Across the Curriculum
3. Learning to Teach Online (Coursera)
• Focuses on transitioning teaching to
MOOCs remain a valuable resource for teachers to
online settings using educational
enhance their skills, explore new teaching
technology.
methodologies, and stay current with emerging trends.
• Duration: 5 weeks.
They not only empower teachers but also transform
• Developed by the University of New
education for students.
South Wales.
 5.4 How MOOCs Can Help in Improving Teaching and Learning

MOOCs offer numerous benefits for teachers seeking to enhance their professional development, overcome
challenges, and adapt to the evolving demands of teaching. According to Marquis (2013), these courses can
assist teachers in the following ways:

(a) Free Courses (d) Ongoing

• Many MOOCs are offered at no cost • MOOCs are available 24/7, offering a
by universities and colleges, making professional continuous learning platform for teachers.
development accessible, especially for • This allows participants to practice, ask
institutions with limited budgets. questions, and try out new skills on their own
• Nominal fees may apply for certificates schedules, promoting persistence and discipline.
or advanced features, but the core courses • The ongoing nature of MOOCs
remain free. encourages teachers to complete courses,
addressing the common issue of participant
(b) Flexible dropout.
• MOOCs provide flexible schedules,
allowing teachers to access materials and (e) Useful as a Classroom Resource
complete courses at their convenience. • Although designed for individual
• Lectures may be broadcast live, but learning, many MOOC materials can be
recordings are often available for later viewing, adapted for classroom use.
eliminating the need to attend fixed-time • Resources from platforms like edX and
sessions. Coursera can be repurposed to enrich teaching
• Teachers can upgrade their skills and provide diverse learning experiences for
without compromising their teaching students.
responsibilities.
(f) Teachers Can Teach
(c) Adaptability • Teachers who complete MOOCs can
• MOOC content can be tailored to meet share their newfound knowledge and skills with
the needs of specific organizations or target colleagues through Professional Learning
groups. Communities (PLCs).
• Providers like edX and Coursera offer • By mentoring peers, teachers can
adaptable materials, promoting democratic extend the impact of MOOCs, fostering a
access to professional development resources. collaborative learning environment among
educators.

12
MOOCs provide a cost-effective, flexible, and adaptable way for teachers to grow
professionally while enhancing their teaching and learning practices. With their ongoing
availability and potential as classroom resources, MOOCs empower teachers to face
new challenges, improve pedagogy, and share their expertise with others.

1)
 5.5 The Future of MOOCs

When MOOCs were initially launched, their leaders envisioned making high-quality education
accessible to learners worldwide. Daphne Koller, co-founder of Coursera, famously stated the
goal was to provide “the best courses from the best instructors at the best universities” to
everyone globally for free (Koller, 2012). However, several challenges have hindered this vision,
particularly for those in underserved regions. Key issues include lack of reliable internet,
socioeconomic disparities, and language limitations.

Challenges Facing the Future of MOOCs

(a) Internet Barrier (c) Language Barrier

• Many remote areas in countries like India, China, • Most MOOCs are offered in English,
Africa, and South America lack reliable internet access, which limits access for non-English
limiting their ability to connect to MOOCs. speakers. For example, 90% of Coursera’s
• The disparity between the global population and courses are in English.
internet users remains significant, as shown in Figure • This creates a significant obstacle for
5.4. learners who are not proficient in English.

Potential Solutions: Potential Solutions:

• Governments and MOOC providers must • Translation services and subtitles for
collaborate to improve internet infrastructure. video content in multiple languages.
• Offline MOOC options, such as downloadable • Collaborating with regional educators
materials or mobile app access, could bridge the gap. to localize course content.

(d) Web Accessibility Barrier

• MOOCs must become more inclusive by
addressing accessibility issues for learners

: with vision or hearing impairments.

Potential Solutions:
• Incorporating web accessibility
standards, such as screen reader
compatibility and closed captions for
videos.
(b) Cost Barrier • Developing specialized resources
• The era of free MOOCs is fading as the cost of tailored for individuals with disabilities.
maintaining content, facilitators, applications, and data
increases.
• Educational institutions struggle to sustain quality
while managing rising expenses. For MOOCs to fulfill their promise of global, high-
quality education, providers must address critical
barriers related to internet access, costs,
Potential Solutions:
language, and accessibility. By implementing
• Introducing tiered pricing models, offering free
innovative solutions and collaborating with
basic courses with paid certifications or advanced
governments and organizations, MOOCs can
features. evolve into a truly inclusive and transformative
• Government subsidies or corporate sponsorships tool for lifelong learning worldwide.
could help offset costs for learners.
 TOPIC 6: ONLINE TEACHING TOOLS
6.1 Creating Quizzes
Online quizzes are a widely used method for assessing student knowledge, reinforcing learning, and
giving instant feedback. Below are more details on the tools mentioned:

Class Marker
A highly customizable platform for creating quizzes
and exams. Class Marker provides powerful
administrative controls, making it suitable for both
small and large-scale educational settings.
Key Features:
• Supports automatic grading with options to include
different types of questions (e.g., multiple choice,
short answer, fill-in-the-blank).
• Customizable scoring systems (e.g., weighted
scores, pass/fail thresholds).
• Time-based exams and secure browsing for
preventing cheating.
• Detailed analytics, including question-level
performance and overall trends.
Applications:
• Ideal for formal assessments, certification exams,
or any setting where detailed performance data is
needed.

Kahoot
A game-based learning platform that turns quiz-
making into a fun, interactive experience. Kahoot is
used for real-time, competitive quizzes that students
can join using their devices.
Key Features:
• Engages students with live quizzes and polls in a
classroom or virtual environment.
• Allows educators to create custom quizzes or use
pre-made content.
• Multiple game modes, including individual and team
competitions.
• Provides immediate feedback to both students and
teachers.
Applications:
• Excellent for formative assessments, ice-breaker
activities, or review sessions.
:
Easy Test Maker FlexiQuiz
A user-friendly quiz creation A versatile tool for creating online quizzes, FlexiQuiz is especially
tool designed for teachers useful for large groups and detailed reporting.
who need to produce Key Features:
printable quizzes quickly. • Multiple question formats, including multimedia elements like images,
Key Features: video, and audio.
• Simple interface with • Real-time grading and feedback for students.
options to create multiple • Customizable report generation (e.g., results by question or by
question types (e.g., true/ student).
false, multiple-choice, • Secure exam environment with features to prevent cheating, like
matching). random question order.
• Allows for randomizing Applications:
questions and answer • Ideal for both formative and summative assessments in large
choices. classrooms or online courses.
• Printable quiz options for
offline use.
• Option to set time limits
for quizzes.
Applications:
• Best for creating printable
quizzes for in-person
assessments, as well as for
informal quizzes that are
easy to distribute.

SpeedExam
SpeedExam provides a professional online exam platform designed with features that ensure exam security
and efficiency.
Key Features:
• Multiple question formats, including essay, multiple-choice, and true/false.
• Timer settings to create time-bound exams.
• Exam security features such as browser lockdown and randomization of questions and answers.
• Reports on student performance, including question difficulty and time spent.
Applications:
• Suitable for high-stakes testing and certification exams, especially in environments where exam integrity
is critical.
Google Forms
A widely accessible, free tool from Google for creating quizzes,
surveys, and feedback forms.
Key Features:
• Automatic grading for multiple-choice or checkbox questions.
• Simple interface with no learning curve for educators or students.
• Integrated with Google Sheets to analyze responses in real-time.
• Conditional logic to branch questions based on previous answers.
Applications:
• Great for informal quizzes, surveys, or polls within both small and
large classes.
 6.2 Creating Puzzles 6.3 Posters
Puzzles stimulate cognitive skills like problem-solving and Posters are a great visual aid for
critical thinking. They can be a fun and engaging way to conveying large amounts of
reinforce concepts learned in class. information concisely.
Here’s how teachers can use poster-
Discovery Education making tools:
A comprehensive digital learning platform that includes tools • Tools for Poster Creation: Canva,
for creating engaging educational content, including Adobe Spark, and Piktochart allow
puzzles. teachers to create eye-catching
Key Features: digital posters with minimal effort.
• Puzzle maker tools for creating crossword puzzles, Features:
word searches, and math problems. • Templates designed for
• Ready-to-use templates with customizable themes and educational topics.
difficulty levels. • Customization of fonts, images,
• A range of interactive activities beyond puzzles, such as colors, and layouts.
quizzes and games. • Ability to download, print, or share
• Access to an extensive library of educational resources. posters online.
Applications: • Integrate visual elements like
• Best for K-12 classrooms looking to integrate fun, charts, graphs, and diagrams.
learning-focused puzzles into lessons. Applications:
• Can be used to display class rules,
ABCYa key concepts, or to create visually
A platform offering educational games and puzzle creation appealing student presentations.
tools, aimed primarily at elementary school students.
⑤
Key Features: 6.4 Infographics
• Simple, colorful interfaces suitable for younger Infographics are powerful tools for
audiences. presenting data in a visual format that
• Provides tools for creating word searches, crossword is easy to understand. They are ideal
puzzles, and jigsaw puzzles. for summarizing lessons, research,
• Multiple grade-level and subject-specific options. and complex information.
• Customizable puzzles that teachers can adjust for • Tools for Creating Infographics:
different learning levels. Canva, Piktochart, Visme.
Applications: Features:
• Excellent for early elementary education and helping • Pre-designed templates to quickly
younger students practice vocabulary, spelling, and create professional-looking
problem-solving skills. infographics.
• Integration with external data
Education.com sources (e.g., Google Sheets or
Education.com provides a variety of resources, including Excel) for seamless data
puzzle-makers for teachers to use in the classroom. visualization.
Key Features: • Drag-and-drop interface for easy
• Multiple puzzle types, including crosswords, word customization.
searches, and number puzzles. • Animated infographics to engage
• Easy-to-use design interface with drag-and-drop students in dynamic learning
functionality. experiences.
• Option to create printable puzzles or digital versions. Applications:
• Curriculum-aligned puzzles to reinforce key topics. • Used for teaching complex
Applications: subjects, summarizing research,
• Perfect for reinforcing language arts and math skills, as presenting statistical data, or
well as creating interactive, lesson-specific puzzles for breaking down lengthy lessons into
students. digestible pieces.
 6.5 Google Docs
Google Docs is a cloud-based word processing tool that supports real-time collaboration among
students and teachers.
Features:
• Real-time collaboration: Multiple users can edit the document simultaneously.
• Commenting and suggestion features for peer review and instructor feedback.
• Easy sharing via links or email for collaborative projects.
• Integrates seamlessly with other Google Workspace tools (Google Drive, Google Sheets, etc.).
• Voice typing functionality for accessibility.
Applications:
• Ideal for collaborative writing projects, group work, research papers, and assignments that require
real-time feedback.

6.6 Animated Videos

Animated videos enhance the teaching experience by turning abstract or difficult concepts into
engaging visual content.
• Tools for Creating Animated Videos: Powtoon, Animoto, Vyond.
Features:
• Drag-and-drop interfaces for creating professional animations.
• Customizable video templates, characters, and scenes.
• Easy integration of audio, voiceovers, and text captions.
• Advanced options for creating explainer videos, presentations, and tutorials.
Applications:
• Perfect for introducing new topics, explaining complex ideas, or summarizing key concepts in an
engaging way.
 &
.......
TOPIC 7
# DESIGNING AND DEVELOPING &
& &

&
LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS .

Teachers employ a variety of approaches when planning their lessons. While

some meticulously draft detailed plans, others may develop their ideas
spontaneously—perhaps while watching a movie or driving. Like writers
refining a story through multiple drafts and feedback, teachers continuously
adapt and refine their methods, though not all rely on formally documented
lesson plans. For instance, many experienced teachers develop mental plans
and navigate the academic year with a clear sense of purpose.

Effective teachers understand that well-structured lessons provide both

direction and flexibility. They can adapt their teaching strategies to explore
students’ questions while ensuring that learning remains engaging and
purposeful. Without a plan, however, students may become bored or
distracted due to unclear goals or lack of focus in their activities.

Lesson planning also requires attention to the learning environment, which

includes physical spaces such as classrooms, resource centers, and science
laboratories, as well as online tools and applications. These spaces should be
equipped with the necessary technology and furnishings to support both
teachers’ and students’ needs. A conducive learning environment integrates
pedagogy, multidisciplinary approaches, and multimedia tools to enhance
teaching and learning.

The pedagogy-space-technology framework, as proposed by the Joint

Information Systems Committee (2006), emphasizes the interplay between
teaching methods, physical space, and technological tools. This relationship is
illustrated in Figure 7.1, demonstrating how these components collectively
shape effective learning experiences.
 7.1 The ASSURE Model

The ASSURE model is a widely recognized framework designed to help teachers create effective lesson plans
and learning environments. By integrating educational technology and teaching strategies, the ASSURE model
ensures that media and technology are utilized effectively to enhance instruction and meet learners’ needs.

The acronym ASSURE represents the following steps:

1. A - Analyse learners
2. S - State objectives
3. S - Select strategies, technology, media, and materials
4. U - Utilize technology, media, and materials
5. R - Require learner participation
6. E - Evaluate and revise

The first five steps focus on lesson planning, while the final step (Evaluate and Revise) will be discussed in
Topic 8. Below is an explanation of the first five steps:
~
7.1.1 Step 1: Analyse Learners 7.1.2 Step 2: State Objectives 7.1.3 Step 3: Select Strategies,
Technology, Media, and Materials
The first step involves In this step, teachers define
understanding the the learning goals and Teachers must choose instructional
characteristics and needs of objectives of the lesson: strategies and tools that best
students to create effective • Goals: Broad support the lesson objectives. This
learning experiences. Teachers educational purposes for involves:
should consider: teaching a topic. 1. Selecting Strategies:
• General Profile: Age, • Objectives: Specific, • Teacher-centered approaches
academic abilities, gender, measurable outcomes (lectures, demonstrations,
ethnicity, socioeconomic detailing what students videos).
status, and interests. will learn and achieve • Student-centered approaches
• Previous Knowledge: after instruction. (group work, discussions,
Understanding students’ collaborative learning).
prior learning helps to build Effective objectives should 2. Choosing Media and Materials:
on their existing knowledge be: • Options include videos,
base. 1. Specific: Clearly PowerPoint slides, podcasts,
• Learning Styles: Utilize state what students will do. quizzes, e-learning platforms,
tools like the VARK 2. Measurable: Define and more.
questionnaire to identify outcomes that can be 3. Aligning Technology with
whether students are visual, assessed. Curriculum:
auditory, read/write, or 3. Observable: Focus • Ensure that technology and
kinaesthetic learners. on skills and knowledge that media enhance learning rather
can be demonstrated. than distract from objectives.
Analyzing learners ensures
that strategies, materials, and Importance of Objectives: Challenges: Poor planning, lack of
media align with their needs • They guide lesson resources, and limited knowledge
and promote effective learning. content and procedures. of media usage are common issues.
• They provide a Teachers must plan carefully and
framework for seek support to overcome these
evaluating teaching challenges.
success.
• They help students focus
their efforts.
 -

7.1.4 Step 4: Utilize Technology, Media, and 7.1.5 Step 5: Require Learner Participation
Materials
Active student engagement is crucial
This step involves the implementation of for successful learning. Teachers must
strategies and media during instruction. design activities that encourage
Teachers should follow the 5 P’s process: students to:

1. Preview: Test the media and materials • Comprehend and analyze content.

=
to ensure they work as intended. • Apply knowledge to real-world
2. Prepare: Have all resources ready for scenarios.
use. • Work collaboratively and .

3. Prepare the Environment: Ensure the independently to achieve

classroom or online setup supports the objectives.
lesson.
4. Prepare Students: Clearly communicate Key Considerations:
learning objectives and expectations. • Are students collaborating
5. Provide the Learning Experience: effectively?
Deliver engaging and meaningful content • Do activities support the stated
using the selected media and technology. objectives?
• Are students applying and
Teachers can apply the TPACK Framework reflecting on new concepts?
—which integrates Technological,
Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge—to Teachers can use online resources to
create innovative teaching approaches. design lesson plans, such as:
Examples include blended learning, flipped • Teacher Planet Lesson Plan
-
classrooms, and fully online courses Templates
• K12 Reader Lesson Plan Templates
j .

14
By following these steps, the ASSURE model provides a structured and practical approach to
lesson planning, ensuring effective integration of media and technology into the teaching and
learning process.
3)
 - -

TOPIC 8
IMPLEMENTING AND EVALUATING
LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS.

J
8.1 Evaluation of Learners

The evaluation of learners is directly tied to the objectives stated at the beginning of the
lesson. These objectives serve as benchmarks to assess whether the teaching and learning
process has been successful. Effective evaluation should measure students’ mastery of the
content and their ability to achieve the intended learning outcomes.

Key Purposes of Evaluation:

1. Guide the selection of lesson content and teaching procedures.
2. Measure the success of the teaching and learning process.
3. Help students organize their efforts to achieve learning outcomes.

Criteria for Evaluating Learners:

J
Students’ Participation Students’ Mastery Quality of Students’
Work
Active engagement in Assessment is based on:
activities such as • Ability to follow instructions. • Assignments meet
discussions, group • Contribution of ideas related the required format.
work, projects, and to the topic. • All tasks are
responses to teacher • Completion of assignments for completed as
questions. individual evaluation. instructed.
• Achievement of stated learning
objectives by the majority of
students.
 8.2 Evaluation of Media/Learning Resources

=
Learning resources encompass any materials, tools, or technologies that support formal or informal
teaching and learning. These include print, digital, audio, video, and human resources. Evaluating these
resources ensures they are effective, relevant, and user-friendly.

Three Quality Criteria (as outlined by MERLOT):

1. Quality of Content
2. Potential Effectiveness as a Teaching-Learning Tool
3. Ease of Use

8.2.1 Quality of Content 8.2.3 Ease of Use

Determines how user-friendly the resource is for both teachers
Quality content aligns with and students.
curriculum objectives and Evaluation Criteria:
presents valid, significant, and • Clear and consistent design of labels, menus, and
educationally relevant concepts. interfaces.
• Avoidance of confusion or navigation challenges.
Key Questions: • Availability of helpful modules, instructions, and support.
• Does the material present • Visual appeal and motivational impact on learners.
accurate concepts and
skills? eLera and the Learning Object Review Instrument (LORI)
• Is the content aligned with eLera’s Objectives:
the curriculum and • Develop and evaluate online learning resources.
professional standards? • Create effective pedagogical models.
• Does it serve as a • Help educators select resources that meet their needs.
foundation for advanced
topics in the discipline? LORI 1.5 Evaluation Items:
1. Content Quality: Accuracy and balanced presentation.
8.2.2 Potential Effectiveness as a 2. Learning Goal Alignment: Matches goals, activities, and
Teaching-Learning Tool learner needs.
3. Feedback and Adaptation: Tailors feedback to learner
Evaluates whether the resource input.
improves teaching and learning 4. Motivation: Engages and interests students.
outcomes. 5. Presentation Design: Enhances learning with visual and
audio elements
Guiding Questions: 6. Interaction Usability: User-friendly navigation and
• How does interactivity predictable interface.
enhance teaching and 7. Accessibility: Accommodates diverse learners, including
learning? those with disabilities.
• Can the tool integrate 8. Reusability: Applicable across different contexts and
seamlessly into the audiences.
curriculum? 9. Standards Compliance: Adheres to international
• Is it adaptable for different specifications.
objectives and contexts?
• Can it help achieve learning By using tools like LORI, teachers can ensure that their
goals efficiently? learning resources are not only high-quality but also effective
in achieving teaching and learning objectives.
 8.3 Methods
Teaching methods are strategies used by teachers to deliver instruction, manage the classroom, and
utilize resources effectively. The choice of methods depends on various factors such as the students’
needs, the teacher’s educational philosophy, available resources, and the school’s mission.

2 Approaches to Teaching Methods Roles Played by Teachers

Teacher-Centred Approach: Teacher-Centred Approach:

• The teacher takes the primary role in • Formal Authority: Teachers are figures
delivering knowledge and information. of authority and control, focusing on
• Teaching and assessment are separate traditional classroom management.
processes. • Expert: Teachers guide students through
• Teachers have formal authority, act as structured learning.
experts, and serve as personal models • Personal Model: Teachers demonstrate
for students. learning techniques, with students
observing and imitating.
Student-Centred Approach:
• Both teacher and students actively Student-Centred Approach:
engage in the learning process. • Facilitator: Teachers collaborate with
• The teacher acts as a facilitator or students, focusing on interactive and
delegator, supporting hands-on exploratory learning.
learning and exploration. • Delegator: Teachers provide autonomy,
• Assessment includes formal (tests, acting as resources and monitoring
exams) and informal methods (group students’ progress.
activities, projects).

Evaluating Teachers’ Delivery Methods

Effective teaching methods ensure that students achieve desired learning outcomes.
Criteria for evaluation include:
• Preparing students for learning by fostering readiness.
• Adapting methods to students’ abilities.
• Relating activities to students’ prior experiences or knowledge.
• Progressing from simple to complex concepts and concrete to abstract ideas.
• Designing engaging activities that lead to learning outcomes.
• Encouraging critical and creative thinking.
• Implementing remedial or enrichment activities.
• Utilizing lesson time effectively.
 Integrating Technology into Teaching

The integration of technology enhances teaching methods, making learning more dynamic and engaging.
Table 8.3 illustrates examples of minimal and infused technology use:

Optimizing Virtual and Hybrid Learning Environments

Learning is not limited to physical classrooms. By

blending traditional and virtual methods, teachers can:
• Foster collaboration through online tools.
• Encourage active learning with digital platforms.
• Provide immediate feedback and facilitate
discussions using video conferencing and interactive
media.

This approach aligns with contemporary educational

needs, ensuring that students develop skills for both
academic and real-world success.
 TOPIC 9
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
IN TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION
9.1.3 Professional Development 9.1.5 Limited Familiarity
9.1
• Without training, • A lack of familiarity with advanced tools can
Issues in Technology Integration discourage educators and students from
teachers may lack the
confidence or skills to adopting technology.
9.1.1 Hardware/Software use technology • Example: A science teacher avoids using
• Outdated or insufficient effectively, hindering simulation software to demonstrate chemical
hardware like old the intended benefits of reactions because they are unsure of how to
computers or limited integration. navigate the tool.
access to tablets can • Example: A teacher is
create obstacles. provided with an 9.1.6 Time in Curriculum to Use Technology
Similarly, software may interactive whiteboard • Incorporating technology requires time to
lack functionality, be but doesn’t know how teach students how to use it, which may
prone to crashes, or fail to use it, so it remains detract from the primary subject matter.
to align with curriculum unused in the • Example: A math teacher wants to integrate
requirements. classroom. coding exercises but struggles to allocate
• Example: A school time within the fixed syllabus.
adopts a learning 9.1.4 Construction and
management system Preparation Time 9.1.7 Internet Safety
(LMS), but its outdated • Preparing lessons that • Students are vulnerable to online risks such
computers cannot run incorporate technology as phishing, cyberbullying, and exposure to
the software effectively. requires additional time inappropriate content.
This forces teachers to to learn the tools, • Example: In a digital assignment, a student
rely on manual teaching create digital content, encounters harmful online communities,
methods. and troubleshoot underscoring the need for proper monitoring.
issues.
9.1.2 Financial Support • Example: A teacher 9.1.8 Data Protection
• Purchasing modern spends hours setting up • Schools collect sensitive information,
equipment, maintaining a virtual reality such as grades and personal details,
infrastructure, and experience for a which must be securely stored to
training staff require history lesson, leaving prevent breaches.
significant investment. less time to focus on • Example: A school’s online database is
Limited budgets can other teaching hacked, exposing students’ and parents’
result in a lack of responsibilities. private information, leading to legal and
equitable access. reputational repercussions.
• Example: In a low-
income school, only
one computer lab is 9.1.9 Copyright
available for over 500 • Using third-party resources such as videos or articles may violate
students, leading to copyright laws if proper permissions are not obtained.
restricted learning • Example: A teacher copies content from a subscription-based website
opportunities for into lesson slides without attribution, resulting in a copyright dispute
many.
 9.2 Challenges

A Delphi-based panel of experts categorized six challenges that could impede the adoption of
technologies in education. These challenges are grouped into Solvable, Difficult, and Wicked categories,
with implications for leadership, policy, and practice.

Solvable Challenges Difficult Challenges Wicked Challenges

These are challenges that are well- These are challenges that are These are challenges that are
understood and manageable: understood but challenging to complex to define and solve:
1. Improving Digital Literacy: resolve: 5. Managing Knowledge
• Involves developing skills to 3. Achievement Gap: Obsolescence:
navigate digital environments • Refers to disparities in • Addresses the rapid pace
effectively, ensuring proper educational outcomes of technological evolution,
communication etiquette, and based on socioeconomic, which can render
fostering digital citizenship. cultural, or geographical knowledge and skills
• Requires strategies like differences. outdated.
tutorials, online courses, and • Solutions require systemic • Requires ongoing
digital literacy programs to changes and significant professional development
build staff and student investment in resources. and adaptive learning
competencies. systems.
4. Advancing Digital Equity:
2. Integrating Formal and Informal • Involves ensuring equal 6. Rethinking the Role of
Learning: access to technology, Educators:
• Combines structured classroom internet connectivity, and • Shifts educators from
education with self-directed, resources, particularly in traditional roles to
curiosity-based learning from underserved communities. facilitators in a technology-
life experiences and online • Demands targeted driven learning
resources. initiatives to bridge the environment.
• Promotes certification and digital divide. • Calls for a redefinition of
validation of informal learning teaching methodologies and
through partnerships between the integration of emerging
institutions, online platforms, technologies in education.
and industries.

Implications for Leadership, Policy, and Practice

1. Leadership:
• Foster collaborative efforts among educational institutions, policymakers, and industry leaders to
address these challenges holistically.

2. Policy:
• Develop frameworks for digital literacy, support informal learning validation, and promote equity in
access to technology.

3. Practice:
• Encourage innovative teaching practices, continuous professional development, and partnerships to
ensure education remains relevant and inclusive.
 9.2.1 Improving Digital Literacy

The innovative use of technology is essential for success in the 21st-

century workplace and beyond. Digital literacy encompasses the following
competencies:
1. Gaining Technological Skills
• Developing the ability to effectively use various digital tools and
platforms.
2. Understanding Digital Environments
• Navigating and leveraging digital systems and online resources for
productivity and learning.
3. Mastery of Appropriate Technology Use
• Ensuring proper communication etiquette and understanding digital
rights and responsibilities in online settings.
4. Developing Digital Citizenship
• Encouraging ethical, responsible, and safe participation in the digital
world.

To enhance these skills, higher education leaders and other stakeholders

must:
• Assess and improve the digital capabilities of staff and students.
• Develop strategies to integrate digital literacy into academic and
professional settings.

Ongoing Initiatives to Enhance Digital Literacy

1. Western Sydney University Library:
• Offers tutorials and reflective activities to help students develop
higher-order thinking skills, providing a model for other academic
libraries.
2. Washington State University and the American Association of State
Colleges and Universities (AASCU):
• Collaboratively run a wiki project enabling instructors to access and
create assignments that improve students’ digital literacy.
3. Singapore Government - SkillsFuture:
• A national initiative to develop future-ready skills.
• Includes modules on digital marketing, data analytics, and social media
to ensure competitiveness in the global job market.
4. University of Edinburgh:
• Employs a Wikimedian-in-Residence to assist students in using open
knowledge resources.
• Offers the “23 Things for Digital Knowledge” program, which covers
topics like digital security, Twitter, and virtual reality.
• Participants share learning experiences via blogs, promoting reflection
and collaboration.
 9.2.2 Integrating Formal and Informal Learning

The Internet enables users to learn about virtually any topic, providing
opportunities for both formal (classroom-based) and informal (self-directed,
curiosity-driven) learning. With the demand for lifelong learning and upskilling
due to technological advances and market needs, the integration of formal and
informal learning has become critical.

Understanding Formal and Informal Learning

1. Formal Learning:
• Structured education provided in classrooms or institutional settings.
2. Informal Learning:
• Self-directed, interest-based learning gained through life experiences
and resources such as online platforms (e.g., YouTube, W3Schools, and
Lynda.com).
• Often unstructured but valuable for acquiring practical skills and
knowledge.

Key Factors for Integration

To bridge the gap between formal and informal learning, educational institutions
must:
1. Support Assessment and Certification:
• Develop systems to evaluate and certify knowledge and skills acquired
through informal learning.
2. Leverage Applications and Infrastructure:
• Use technology to grade and reward students for skills acquired outside
traditional academic structures.
3. Encourage Partnerships:
• Collaborate with online learning platforms (e.g., Coursera) and industry
leaders to validate and recognize skills achieved by students.

Ongoing Initiatives in Integration

1. Humboldt State University Library - Brain Booth:
• Focuses on international research exploring mindfulness, attention, and
contemplation.
• Aims to enhance learners’ understanding of the mind-body connection to
optimize learning.
2. European Commission - Guidelines for Validating Informal Learning:
• Provides a framework for stakeholders to recognize and validate informal
learning.
• Aligns informal learning validation with traditional academic degrees.
3. VINCE Project:
• Involves 13 partners, including universities, vocational institutions, NGOs,
and quality assurance agencies.
• Validates the educational backgrounds of immigrants and refugees in
Europe to support their access to continuing education and the labor market.
 9.2.3 Achievement Gap 9.2.4 Advancing Digital Equity

Achievement gaps arise when specific student groups, Digital equity ensures that all learners have
defined by race, ethnicity, gender, or socio-economic opportunities to participate fully in the digital
status consistently outperform others in educational age as designers, producers, and users of
outcomes. technology. However, critical imbalances

Key Insights and Examples:

a persist:

• The National Centre for Education Statistics Imbalances in Digital Equity:

(NCES) in the U.S. provides data on achievement gaps 1. Access to Up-to-Date Hardware, Software,
among ethnic groups to inform policymakers and and Connectivity:
practitioners. • Over half the global offline population
• According to a White House Report (2014): resides in six countries, including China and
• Half of all high-income students earn a India (UNESCO, 2016).
bachelor’s degree by age 25.
• Only 1 in 10 low-income students achieve the 2. Access to High-Quality Content:
same. • Disadvantaged students benefit greatly
• In Malaysia, the Education Blueprint from online resources, but socio-economic
2013-2025 aspires to provide equitable education, factors can hinder their ability to utilize these
irrespective of socio-economic, gender, or urban- opportunities.
rural disparities. • Examples:
• The Ministry of Education aimed for a 50% • Battushig Myanganbavar (Mongolia) and
reduction in the achievement gap by 2020. Ahaan Rungta (India) excelled in online courses
and gained access to world-class education
Challenges: despite humble beginnings.
Reducing achievement gaps is classified as a difficult
challenge, as it requires addressing disparities across 3. Barriers for the Underprivileged:
diverse contexts (countries, ethnicities, and socio- • Even free resources may remain
economic groups). inaccessible due to a lack of electricity,

(i
Internet, or technological literacy.

9.2.5 Managing Knowledge Obsolescence 9.2.6 Rethinking the Role of Educators

Knowledge obsolescence occurs when The evolving educational landscape requires teachers to
previously relevant knowledge becomes adapt their roles.
outdated due to advancements.
Shifts in Educators’ Roles:
Implications: 1. From Lecturer to Facilitator:
• Institutions must adapt to new • Transitioning from “sage on the stage” to “guide by
technologies and ensure that the side,” focusing on guiding students rather than lecturing.
infrastructures support transitions. 2. From Fixed to Dynamic Grouping:
• Teachers need professional • Using tools like Edmodo to group students based on
development to stay current with proficiency levels, allowing flexibility in learning.
emerging skills and tools. 3. From Explainer to Interviewer:
• Engaging in one-on-one interviews to understand
Strategies for Mitigation: individual student needs better.
• Shift from rote learning to 21st- 4. From Content to Skills and Mindsets:
century learning approaches. • Blended learning emphasizes skill-building through
• Continuously upgrade projects and activities rather than focusing solely on content
institutional resources and provide delivery.
training for staff.
 TOPIC
TOPIC 10
10
PROFESSIONAL
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
(PD)
(PD)
t
10.1 Types of Professional Development (PD)

Professional development (PD) is vital for teachers to enhance their teaching skills, adapt to new
educational challenges, and meet the diverse needs of 21st-century learners.
Below are the main types of PD activities for teachers:
1. Subject-Specific Education:
• Learning new curriculum standards or teaching methods for specific subject areas.
2. Specialised Teaching Techniques:
• Training in techniques like differentiated instruction or flipped classroom models, which can
be applied across various subjects.
3. Certifications:
• Obtaining certifications for mandatory programs such as iThink (higher-order thinking
skills) or BOS (Blue Ocean Strategy).
4. Analytical Skills:
• Developing skills to analyze student performance data and adjust teaching methods
accordingly.
5. Technological Proficiency:
• Gaining expertise in tools like interactive whiteboards or online platforms (e.g., Virtual
Learning Environments).
6. Classroom Management:
• Improving techniques for managing classrooms effectively and fostering student
collaboration.
7. Professional Learning Communities (PLCs):
• Collaborating with colleagues to enhance teaching strategies and plan lessons for 21st-
century learning.

Why Professional Development Matters:

• Keeps teachers aligned with 21st-century educational goals.
• Increases student engagement by integrating multimedia and interactive technologies into
lessons.
• Provides opportunities for teachers to upskill and reskill, ensuring relevance in a rapidly
changing educational landscape.

E
 10.1.1 Teachers’ Professional Learning Journey 10.1.3 Upgrading Knowledge Based on 21st-Century
Teaching and Learning
PD is an ongoing process that helps educators
acquire the skills and knowledge needed to To prepare students for the demands of the
improve student outcomes. modern world, teachers must master and teach
the 4Cs:
Benefits of PD for Teachers: 1. Communication
• Expanding skills and developing new 2. Collaboration
strategies. 3. Creativity
• Deepening understanding of subject content. 4. Critical Thinking
• Learning to adapt to technological
advancements and updated curricula. Key Areas of Focus in PD for 21st-Century
• Regularly refreshing knowledge, ensuring Skills:
relevance and effectiveness in teaching. • Standards:
Aligning teaching with updated educational
Quote: standards.
“When planned and implemented correctly, [PD] • Assessment:
ensures that educators acquire the knowledge and Using effective tools to evaluate student
skills necessary to help more students meet performance.
standards.” – Killion (2012) • Curriculum and Instruction:
Incorporating project-based and activity-driven
learning methods.
• Learning Environments:
10.1.2 Teachers Need to Prepare for Their Students’ Needs Creating spaces conducive to collaboration
and innovation.
Teachers must adapt their teaching to meet the
diverse needs of students. Nationwide Initiatives:
Case Study: • Policymakers, experts, and school leaders
• Mr. Shultz, a Social Science teacher with collaborate to design comprehensive PD
20 years of experience, recognized the diversity programs for teachers to help them
among his students. implement 21st-century learning strategies.
• By attending a PD course, he:
• Learned curriculum remodeling and lesson
planning.
• Gained skills in leveraging social
networking tools (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, Professional development is essential for
Twitter) for teaching. teachers to remain effective and relevant in
their roles. It ensures they are well-equipped to
Key Takeaway: address student needs, integrate technology,
Teachers must adapt their methods to incorporate and foster critical 21st-century skills. Investing
technology and address students’ diverse in robust PD programs will lead to enhanced
proficiency levels and learning styles. teaching practices and improved student
outcomes.