STS REVIEWER

Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents COMMUNITY LIFE

Science, Technology, and Society is… - The shift from nomadic life to farming led to the
development of the city.
● an interdisciplinary field that studies the conditions
- The nineteenth century witnessed the Industrial
under which the production, distribution and utilization
revolution.
of scientific knowledge and technological systems
occur; the consequences of these activities upon WORK
different groups of people.
- Technical innovations saved physical energy and
● builds on the history and philosophy of science and lessened people’s workload.
technology, sociology and anthropology, policy
- There were a lot of inventions including computers,
studies, and cultural and literary studies; all of which
tractors, printing machines, sewing machines, etc.
shape the modes of analysis deployed in the field.
COMMUNICATION
● an interdisciplinary study of the interaction of
science and technology with society and culture. - Inventions and innovations in communication have
had a major influence on society.
● the realization that discoveries and inventions are
shaped by historical forces and in turn influence ● Egypt – Papyrus and hieroglyphics
values, aspirations, events, and institutions, thus
● Ancient Babylonia – Cuneiform
shaping the course of history.
● Ancient Greece – Public speaking, persuasive
rhetoric, drama, and philosophy
SCIENCE
● Ancient Roma – Roman Alphabet
- the intellectual and practical activity encompassing
● Modern Europe – Printing Press
the systematic study of the structure and behavior of
the physical and natural world through observation and HEALTH
experiment.
- The greatest innovation of technology was longevity.
- deals with the natural world.
● 1796, Edward Jenner
- concerned with what is.
- Paved way to modern immunology by
TECHNOLOGY discovering a vaccine for smallpox.
- the innovation, change, or modification of the natural ● 1928, Alexander Fleming
environment in order to satisfy perceived human wants
- Discovered penicillin
and needs.
● 1846, Dr. William Thomas Green
- deals with how humans modify change, alter, or
- First medical practitioner to use anesthesia
control the natural world.
on patient before performing surgery.
- Concerned with what can or what should be.
 Chapter 2: Intellectual Revolutions that Defined ● attacking one part of Aristotle's system involved
Society attacking the whole thing.
Intellectual Revolution - a period where paradigm ● the Church had grafted Aristotle's theories onto its
shifts occurred and where scientific beliefs theology, thus making any attack on Aristotle an attack
that have been widely embraced and on the tradition and the Church itself.
accepted by the people were challenged and
Celestial – region made of aether. Natural motion is
opposed.
circular.
-it is the “replacement of Aristotelian ethics
Sublunary – region made of earth, water, air, and fire.
and Christian morality by a new type of
Natural motion, downward or upward, is
decision making which may be termed
linear.
instrumental reasoning or cost--benefit
analysis” “The natural motion of the earth as a whole, like that
of its parts, is towards the center of the Universe: that
Western Science
is the reason why it is now lying at the center.”
- Greeks were the first to explain the world in terms of
Copernican Revolution
natural laws rather than myths about gods and heroes.
CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
- They passed on the idea of the value of math and
experiment in science. - His geocentric model was widely accepted by the
people and was one of the greatest discoveries of
Scientific Revolution
that time.
- the golden age for people committed to scholarly line
- Stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the
in science, yet it was also a deeply trying moment to
moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth —
some individuals that led to their painful death or
“Geocentrism”
condemnation from religious institutions who tried to
preserve their faith, religion, and theological views. ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS
Some rulers and religious leaders did not accept many
- Used eccentric trigonometric measurements to
of the early works of scientists.
calculate the relative distances of the sun and moon
- This encouraged skepticism, freethinking, and in the 3rd century BC.
experimentation, all of which are essential parts of
- He was able to find out that the sun was very large,
modern science.
and this inspired him to suggest that the sun was a
ARISTOTLE more likely the pivot point for a movement of the
universe.
- He was the most influential figure in Western science
until the 1600’s NICOLE ORESME
- Aristotle's theories made sense when taken in a - In his work, Book of the Heavens and the Earth
logical order. (1377), he demonstrated the lack of real proof that
the Earth was static and vehemently argued that
Problem: His theories relied very little on experiment
there was no reason to think that it was not in motion.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS average distances from the sun. (The Law of
Harmonies)
Problem: He wrestled with the paths of planetary
orbits. GALILEO GALILEI
Solution: His solution was basically geometric. - In his book, The Starry Messenger (1611), he
reported that the sun's perfection marred by sunspots
- Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Worlds,
and the moon's perfection marred by craters.
published in 1543, laid the foundations for a revolution
in how Europeans would view the world and its place - In 1632, Galileo published his next book, Dialogue on
in the universe but this book was banned on 1616. the Great World Systems, which technically did not
preach the Copernican theory, but was only a dialogue
- Copernicus' intention was not to create a radically
presenting both views "equally".
new theory, but to get back to even older ideas by such
Greeks as Plato and Pythagoras who believed in a ISAAC NEWTON
heliocentric (sun centered) universe.
- He realized that the same force pulling the apples to
TYCHO BRAHE earth was keeping the moon in its orbit.
- Planets revolved around the sun, but the sun and the - To prove this mathematically, Newton had to invent
moon remained revolving around the globe, calculus for figuring out rates of motion and change.
“Geoheliocentric System”
- The printing of Newton's book, Principia
JOHANNES KEPLER Mathematica, in 1687 is often seen as the start of the
Enlightenment (1687-1789).
- He was the first to successfully use math to define
the workings of the cosmos. Darwinian Revolution
-He realized that Brahe's data showed the planetary CHARLES DARWIN
orbits were not circular, but elliptical.
- He published “The Origin of Species” in 1859.
-His analysis of the observations of Tycho Brahe (his
- He completed the Copernican revolution by drawing
mentor) enabled him to introduce the Laws of
out for biology the notion of nature as a lawful system
Planetary Motion.
of matter in motion.
Laws of Planetary Motion
WILLIAM PALEY
1. The path of the planets about the sun is elliptical
- elaborated the argument-from-- design as forceful
in shape, with the center of the sun being located
demonstration of the existence of the Creator in his
at one focus. (The Law of Ellipses)
Natural Theology (1802).
2. An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun
to the center of the planet sweeps out equal areas - The Bridgewater Treatises (1833 & 1840) set forth
in equal intervals of time. (The Law of Equal "the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God as
Areas) manifested in the Creation."
3. The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two
Freudian Revolution
planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their
SIGMUND FREUD MAYA CIVILIZATION
- His most obvious impact was to change the way - It was the most advanced Mesoamerican civilization.
society thought about and dealt with mental illness.
✓ They used pictorial script called Maya hieroglyphs.
- He had the idea that people’s hidden thoughts and ✓ They knew how to make paper and they created
feelings influence their behavior especially with books on long strips of paper folded in harmonica-
respect to the causes and treatment of dreams, etc. style.
✓ Dresden Codex contains predictions of solar
- Mental illness was almost universally considered
eclipses for centuries and a table of predicted
'organic‘ – it was thought to come from some kind of
positions of Venus.
deterioration or disease of the brain.
✓ the Maya made predictions by aligning stars with
- Together with Josef Breuer, another Jewish two objects that were separated by a large
neurologist, published a series of case studies on their distance.
patients called Studies on Hysteria. ✓ They developed the most accurate calendar ever
designed.
JEAN-MARTIN CHARCOT
✓ In architecture the Maya were the first to use
- He claimed that hysteria had primarily organic pitched ceilings in their buildings.
causes, and that it had a regular, comprehensible
AZTEC
pattern of symptoms.
• The Aztec had their own script and languages, but
Why is Freud's contribution still important?
they assimilated all they could learn from Maya
1. Psychoanalysis has enormous historical society.
significance; mental illness affects a large • Their manuscripts describe how the Maya
proportion of the population, either directly or performed their astronomical observations.
indirectly, so any curative scheme is widely • They manufactured of rubber and used a rubber
accepted. ball in the ball game tlachtli
2. Freud gave people a new way of thinking about • Public latrines were found along all highways, and
why they acted the way they did. He created a to prevent pollution of Lake Texcoco canoes
whole new way of interpreting behaviors: one transported the sewage from Tenochtitlán to the
could now claim that a person had motives, mainland every morning.
desires, and beliefs–all buried in the unconscious–
Other Meso – America Contributions
which they knew nothing about but which
nonetheless directly controlled and motivated their - cultivated crop plants such as corn (maize), papaya,
conscious thought and behavior. avocado and cocoa.

Meso - America - several sculptures found at Meso-American sites in

1975, 1979 and 1983 and dating back to 2000 - 1500
- Mesoamerican civilization were isolated from the
BC have clear magnetic properties, shaped as if it was
accumulated scientific knowledge of Africa, Asia and
used to indicate direction. This suggests that the early
Europe. It developed on its own and became much
Meso-American civilizations knew about and used
more self-reliant.
magnetism.
 Asian Scientific - The Phoenicians in particular transmitted much of
their knowledge to the various lands of the
- Japan is probably the most notable country in Asia in
Mediterranean, especially to the Greeks.
terms of scientific and technological achievement,
particularly in terms of its electronics and automobile ● The greatest accomplishment of the ancient Middle
products. East might be the invention of the alphabet.
- The general conception is that many of the cutting- - The alphabet contributed vastly to the Greek cultural
edge technological developments, and to a lesser and literary revolution in the immediately following
extent scientific advancements, emanate from Asia. period. And, from the Greeks it was transmitted to
other Western people.
- Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and China together
produce a staggering 90% of the world’s digital African Contributions
gadgets.
- The applied sciences of agronomy, metallurgy,
- Nations across Asia are becoming increasingly engineering and textile production, as well as
important to the global supply of digital content and medicine, dominated the field of activity across Africa.
services.
- Africa’s areas of scientific investigation include the
- South Korea’s cultural popularity around the world fields of astronomy, physics, and mathematics.
has caused several startups to emerge working within
❖ In “Black Rice”, Judith Carnoy demonstrates the
the digital and technology sectors, including website
legacy of enslaved Africans to the Americas in the
viki.com.
sphere of rice cultivation.
- Taiwan is focused on software and content ❖ a variety of African plants were adopted in Asia,
development. including coffee, the oil palm, fonio or acha
(digitaria exilis), African rice (oryza glabberima),
Middle East and sorghum (sorghum bicolor).
- During the 3,000 years of urbanized life in ❖ Africans also used plants for anesthetics or pain
Mesopotamia and Egypt tremendous strides were killers, analgesics for the control of fever, antidotes
made in various branches of science and technology to counter poisons, and anthelmints aimed at
deworming.
- In Mesopotamia, greater progress was made in ❖ They were also knowledgeable in cardiovascular,
astronomy and mathematics. gastro-intestinal, and dermatological contexts.
- The Egyptians remained far behind the Babylonians Some of these such as hoodia gordonii and
in developing astronomy but are more advanced in combrettum caffrum are being integrated within
medicine. Egyptians also took an early lead on contemporary pharmaceutical systems
engineering and architecture. (Emeagwali, n.d.).

- The Babylonians led in the development of such African Astronomy

practical arts as irrigation. - Malian has cosmological myths and their perceptions
of the structure of matter and the physical world.
- Dogon knowledge systems have also been explored African Medicine
in terms of their perceptions on astronomy. The solar
- hydrotherapy, heat therapy, spinal manipulation,
calendar that we use today evolved from the Egyptian
quarantine, bone-setting and surgery.
calendar of twelve months, calibrated according to the
day on which the star Sirius rose on the horizon with - Incantations and other psychotherapeutic devices
the Sun. sometimes accompanied other techniques.
African Mathematics - The knowledge of specific medicinal plants was quite
- Nubian builders calculated the volumes of masonry extensive in some kingdoms, empires, and city states
and building materials, as well as the slopes of such as Aksum, and Borgu (in Hausaland).
pyramids, for construction purposes.
- Borgu (in Hausaland) is also well known for
- A Nubian engraving at Meroe, in ancient Sudan, orthopedics (bone-setting), as is the case of Funtua in
dated to the first century B.C.E., includes several lines, Northern Nigeria.
inclined at a 72-- degree angle, running diagonally
African Architecture
from the base of a pyramid.
- Builders integrated the concepts of the arch, the
- The Nubians of Meroe constructed more pyramids
dome, and columns and aisles in their constructions.
than the Egyptians, built steep, flat-topped pyramids.
- underground vaults and passages, as well as the
African Metallurgy
rock-hewn churches, of Axum are matched in Nubia
- gold, tin, silver, bronze, brass, and iron/steel. and Egypt with pyramids of various dimensions.
- The Sudanic empires of West Africa, Ethiopia and - Sahelian region, adobe, or dried clay, was preferred
Sudan in the North and East, and the kingdom of in the context of moulded contours, at times integrated
Monomotapa (Munhumutapa) in Southern Africa were with overall moulded sculpture.
the major producers of gold.
- Permanent scaffolding made of protruding planks
- excavation and ore identification; separation of ore characterized the Malian region.
from non-ore bearing rock; smelting by the use of
bellows and heated furnaces; and smithing and further - evaporative cooling was integrated into building
refinement. design: mats were used as part of the decor and also
to be saturated repeatedly in order to cool the room.
- The use of multi-shaft and open-shaft systems
facilitated circulation of air in intense heating - Derelict ruins from walled cities— such as Kano,
processes, while the bellows principle produced strong Zazzau, and other citystates of Hausaland in the
currents of air in a chamber expanded to draw in or central Sudanic region of West Africa— complement
expel air through a valve. structures such as the rock-hewn and moulded
churches of Lalibela in Ethiopia or the Zimbabwe
- products: armor (as in some northern Nigerian city-
enclosures.
states), jewelry (of gold, silver, iron, copper and brass),
cooking utensils, cloth dyeing, sculpture, and
agricultural tools.
 Information Revolution 5. Resiliency to disaster risks and climate change
ensured
- is a period of change that describes current
6. Inequality in STI capacities and opportunities
economic, social and technological trends beyond the
reduced
Industrial Revolution.
7. Effective STI governance achieved
- It was fueled by advances in semiconductor
DOST ELEVEN POINT AGENDA
technology, particularly the metal-oxide-
semiconductor field-- effect transistor (MOSFET) and 1. Pursue R&D to address pressing national
the integrated circuit (IC) chip, leading to the problems.
Information Age in the early 21st century. 2. Conduct R&D to enhance productivity and
improve management of resources.
- It has led us to the age of the internet, where optical
3. Engage in R&D to generate and apply new
communication networks play a key role in delivering
knowledge and technologies across sectors.
massive amounts of data.
4. Strengthen and utilize regional R&D capabilities.
Chapter 3: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & NATION- 5. Maximize utilization of R&D results through
BUILDING technology transfer and commercialization.
6. Develop STI human resources and build a strong
A. THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SCIENCE AND
STI culture.
TECHNOLOGY AGENDA
7. Upgrade STI facilities and capacities to advance
In this modern age of the world (the 21st Century) R&D activities and expand S&T services.
where technology is becoming a new normal, 8. Expand STI assistance to communities and the
scientists and technologists slowly but surely became production sector, particularly MSMEs.
the backbones and the engine of socio-economic 9. Provide STI-based solutions for disaster risks and
growth, development and advancement. They are the climate change adaptation and mitigation.
main key drivers of research and innovation, and they 10. Strengthen industry-academe-government and
play huge roles in developing and modernizing several international STI collaboration.
sectors of the economy such as business, 11. Enhance effectiveness of STI governance.
manufacturing, education, public health and public
The KIST Park will serve as a catalyst for industrial
safety.
productivity and increased economic growth in
- DOST launched the Science for the People CaLaBaRZon. This manifestation of the strong
collaboration between government, industry and
SEVEN OUTCOMES that the agency strives to
academe is central to inclusive innovation strategy.
achieve:
1. Innovation and stimulus
2. Technology and adoption promoted and
accelerated
3. Critical mass of globally competitive STI human
resources developed
4. Productivity and efficiency of communities and the
production sector, particularly MSMEs improved
B. MAJOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AND PERSONALITIES IN SCIENCE AND
PERSONALITIES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Aisa Mijeno
The Science for Change Program (S4CP) was created
To light up the rest of the Philippines sustainably was
by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
the vision of Filipina scientist Aisa Mijeno when she
to accelerate STI in the country in order to keep up with
made the Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt)
the developments in our time wherein technology and
lamp. The product concept was formed after living with
innovation are game changers
the Butbut tribe for weeks relying only on kerosene
1. Niche Centers in the Regions for R&D (NICER) lamps and moonlight to do evening chores. Her
Program mission and advocacy are to address the light
inequality gap and end the use of combustion-based
The NICER Program capacitates Higher Education
light sources (kerosene lamps and candles) for the 16
Institutions (HEIs) in the regions to make a significant
Million Filipinos and 1.4 Billion people across the
improvement in regional research by integrating its
world.
development needs with the existing R&D capabilities
and resources. 2. Ramon C. Barba
2. R&D Leadership (RDLead) Program He is a Filipino scientist, inventor, and horticulturist
who is known for his successful experiment on the
The R&D Leadership Program complements the
inducement of flowering of mango trees by
establishment of R&D Centers thru the NICER
spraying them with ethereal and potassium nitrate.
Program.
He developed a process that caused the flowering and
3. Collaborative R&D to Leverage PH Economy fruiting of mango trees three times a year, instead of
(CRADLE) for RDIs and Industry Program once a year, so dramatically improving yields.

The program (CRADLE) is specifically designed to Barba also developed a tissue culture procedure for
foster collaboration between academe and local the banana plant and sugar cane which enabled the
companies to improve competitiveness and catalyze production of large quantities of planting materials that
innovation. were robust and disease-free

4. Business Innovation through S&T (BIST) for 3. Fe V. del Mundo

Industry Program.
The first Asian woman admitted to Harvard, she
S&T (BIST) for Industry Program aims to level up the pursued graduate degrees in America after receiving
innovation capacity of the Philippine Industrial Sector her medical degree from the University of the
through R&D by helping private companies and Philippines. She is known as the Mother of Philippine
industries acquire novel and strategic technologies, Pediatrics, a very great scientist, and a symbol of
such as state-of-the-art equipment and machinery, female empowerment in medicine, both in the
technology licenses, and patent rights among others. Philippines and abroad.
She revolutionized Philippine medicine, making major
breakthroughs in immunization and in the treatment
of jaundice, and providing healthcare to thousands of
poor families. She is credited with studies that led to EARLY EFFORTS TO IMPROVE SCIENCE
the invention of the incubator and a jaundice EDUCATION
relieving device.
In 1957, the Philippine government made the teaching
4. Maria Y. Orosa of science compulsory in all elementary and
secondary schools.
The most notable of her food inventions is “Soyalac,”
a powdered preparation of soya beans, which helped A National Committee for Science Education was
save the lives of thousands of Filipinos, Americans, set up in 1958 to formulate objectives for the teaching
and other nationals who ever held prisoners in different of science education at all levels and to recommend
Japanese concentration camps during World War II. It steps that would upgrade the teaching of science.
became known to them as the “magic food.”
THE BSCS ADAPTATION PROJECT In 1959, the
5. Angel Alcala biological sciences curriculum study (BSCS) project
was launched by the American Institute of Biological
He is a Filipino scientist whose biological contributions
Science, University of Colorado in order to improve
to the environment and ecosystems have made him a
biology education in secondary schools. A steering
hero in natural sciences. From the 400 already known
committee of biological scientists, teachers, and
species of reptiles and amphibians, 50 more species
educators was constituted. The project was financed
were identified due to his efforts. Because of his work,
by National Science Foundation, USA
conservation programs in the Philippines are now well
established. THE SCIENCE EDUCATION PROJECT
C. SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES First, the dissemination of improved curricula,
teaching techniques and approaches in science
Science is considered both knowledge and method,
and mathematics on basic levels of education
operating independently of time and place. Even as it
through the introduction of new curriculum and the
is considered a body of knowledge, it is also taken as
application of new teaching techniques and
methodology.
approaches by the returned Master of Arts in Teaching
During the American period that brought a major trainees and the teachers that they teach. On the other
change in the nature of science education. The hand, these institutions disseminated many of the
development of science in the Philippines is largely curriculum materials by the UPScience Education
credited to education. Center.

THE WEAKNESSES INADEQUACIES OF AND Second, quality science and math education
SCIENCE TEACHING WERE RECOGNIZED AS programs in the recipient-sponsor institutions
THOSE RELATING TO: through new and/or improved course offerings and a
generally improved teacher education program.
▪ undertrained teachers
▪ the inadequate science curriculum in schools
and colleges; and
▪ the lack of books, equipment, and teaching
aids