Intellectual Revolution attack on Aristotle an attack on the

- a period where paradigm shifts tradition and the Church itself.

occurred and where scientific beliefs
that have been widely embraced and “the natural motion of the earth as a
accepted by the people were whole, like that of its parts, is
challenged and opposed. towards the center of the Universe:
that is the reason why it is now lying
According to Wootton, as cited by at the center.”
McCarthy (2019) : it is the
“replacement of Aristotelian ethics Copernican Revolution
and Christian morality by a new type - his geocentric model was widely
of decision making which may be accepted
termed instrumental reasoning or by the people and was one of the
cost-benefit analysis” greatest discoveries of that time.
Stated that the planets, as well as
Western Science the sun and the moon, moved in a
Greeks circular motion around the Earth ~
- were the first to explain the world “Geocentrism”
in terms of natural laws rather than
myths about gods and heroes. Claudius Ptolemy
- they passed on the idea of the - Astronomer and Geographer in
value of math and experiment in Alexandria, 2nd century AD
science.
Aristarchus of Samos
Scientific Revolution - used eccentric trigonometric
- it was the golden age for people measurements
committed to scholarly line in to calculate the relative distances of
science. the sun and moon in the 3rd century
- it was also a deeply trying moment BC.
to some individuals that led to their - he was able to find out that the sun
painful death or condemnation from was very large, and this inspired him
religious institutions who tried to to suggest that the sun was a more
preserve their faith, religion, and likely the pivot point for a movement
theological views. of the universe.
- some rulers and religious leaders
did not accept many of the early Nicole Oresme
works of scientists. - French Philosopher
- this encouraged skepticism, - in his work, Book of the Heavens
freethinking, and experimentation, and the
all of which are essential parts of Earth (1377), he demonstrated the
modern science. lack of real proof that the Earth was
static and vehemently argued that
Aristotle there was no reason to think that it
- he was the most influential figure in was not in motion.
Western science until the 1600’s
- his theories made sense when Nicolaus Copernicus
taken in a logical order. - polish Mathematician and
- his theories relied very little on Astronomer, scholar working at the
experiment University of Padua in northern Italy
- attacking one part of Aristotle's
system involved attacking the whole Problem: He wrestled with the paths
thing of planetary orbits.
- the Church had grafted his theories Solution: His solution was basically
onto its theology, thus making any geometric.
Concerning the Revolutions of the the moon's perfection marred by
Celestial Worlds, published in 1543, craters.
laid the foundations for a revolution - In 1632, Galileo published his next
in how Europeans would view the book, Dialogue on the Great World
world and its place in the universe Systems, which technically did not
but this book was banned on 1616. preach the Copernican theory, but
was only a dialogue presenting both
Copernicus' intention was not to views "equally".
create a radically new theory, but to
get back to even older ideas by such Isaac Newton
Greeks as Plato and Pythagoras who - he realized that the same force
believed in a heliocentric (sun pulling the apples to earth was
centered) universe. keeping the moon in its orbit.
- to prove the mathematically, he
Tycho Brahe had to invent calculus for figuring
- Danish Astronomer, 1546-1601 out rates of motion and change.
Planets revolved around the sun, but - the printing of Newton's book,
the sun and the moon remained Principia Mathematica, in 1687 is
revolving around the globe, “Geo- often seen as the start of the
heliocentric System” Enlightenment (1687-1789).

Johannes Kepler Darwinian Revolution

- German Astronomer, 1571-1630 Charles Darwin
- he was the first to successfully use - he published “The Origin of
math to define the workings of the Species” in 1859.
cosmos. - he completed the Copernican
- he realized that Brahe's data revolution by drawing out for biology
showed the planetary orbits were the notion of nature as a lawful
not circular, but elliptical. system of matter in motion.
- his analysis of the observations of
Tycho Brahe (his mentor) enabled William Paley
him to introduce the Laws of - elaborated the argument-from
Planetary Motion. design as forceful demonstration of
the existence of the creator in his
Laws of Planetary Motion Natural Theology (1802).
1. The path of the planets about the
sun is elliptical in shape, with the - The Bridgewater Treatises (1833 &
center of the sun being located at 1840) set forth "the Power, Wisdom,
one focus. and Goodness of God as manifested
(The Law of Ellipses) in the Creation."
2. An imaginary line drawn from the
center of the sun to the center of the Freudian Revolution
planet sweeps out equal areas in Sigmund Freud
equal intervals of time. - his most obvious impact was to
(The Law of Equal Areas) change the way society thought
3. The ratio of the squares of the about and dealt with mental illness.
periods of any two planets is equal - he had the idea that people’s
to the ratio of the cubes of their hidden thoughts and feelings
average distances from the sun. influence their behavior especially
(The Law of Harmonies) with respect to the causes and
treatment of dreams, etc.
Galileo Galilei
- Italian Scientist Mental illness was almost universally
- In his book, The Starry Messenger considered ‘organic’ – it was
(1611), he reported that the sun's thought to come from some kind of
perfection marred by sunspots and deterioration or disease of the brain.
 - the Maya made predictions by
Together with Josef Breuer, aligning stars with two objects that
another Jewish neurologist, were separated by a large distance.
published a series of case studies on - they developed the most accurate
their patients called Studies on calendar ever designed.
Hysteria. - in architecture the Maya were the
first to use pitched ceilings in their
Jean-Martin Charcot buildings.
- French psychiatrist
- he claimed that hysteria had Aztec
primarily organic causes, and that it - the Aztec had their own script
had a regular, comprehensible and languages, but they
pattern of symptoms. assimilated all they could learn from
Maya society.
Why is Freud's contribution still - their manuscripts describe how the
important? Maya performed their astronomical
1. Psychoanalysis has enormous observations.
historical significance; mental illness - they manufactured of rubber and
affects a large proportion of the used a rubber ball in the ball game
population, either directly or tlachtli
indirectly, so any curative scheme is - Public latrines were found along
widely accepted. all highways, and to prevent
2. Freud gave people a new way of pollution of Lake Texcoco canoes
thinking about why they acted transported the sewage from
the way they did. He created a Tenochtitlán to the mainland every
whole new way of interpreting morning.
behaviors: one could now claim that
a person had motives, desires, and Other Meso – America Contributions
beliefs–all buried in the unconscious– - cultivated crop plants such as
which they knew nothing about but corn (maize), papaya, avocado and
which nonetheless directly controlled cocoa.
and motivated their conscious - several sculptures found at Meso-
thought and behavior. American sites in 1975, 1979 and
1983 and dating back to 2000 - 1500
Meso - America BC have clear magnetic properties,
Mesoamerican civilization were shaped as if it was used to indicate
isolated from the accumulated direction. This suggests that the
scientific knowledge of Africa, Asia early Meso-American civilizations
and Europe. It developed on its own knew about and used
and became much more self-reliant. magnetism. (Malmström, 1976,
1979)
Maya Civilization
- it was the most advanced Asian Scientific
Mesoamerican civilization. Japan is probably the most notable
- they used pictorial script called country in Asia in terms of scientific
Maya hieroglyphs. and technological achievement,
- they knew how to make paper and particularly in terms of its electronics
they created books on long strips of and automobile products.
paper folded in - the general conception is that
harmonica-style. many of the cutting-edge
- Dresden Codex contains technological developments, and
predictions of solar eclipses for to a lesser extent scientific
centuries and a table of predicted advancements, emanate from Asia.
positions of Venus. - Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and
China together produce a staggering
90% of the world’s digital gadgets.
- Nations across Asia are becoming acha (digitaria exilis), African rice (oryza
increasingly important to the glabberima), and sorghum (sorghum bicolor).
global supply of digital content - Africans also used plants for anesthetics or
and services. pain killers, analgesics for the control of fever,
- South Korea’s cultural popularity antidotes to counter poisons, and anthelmints
around the world has caused several aimed at deworming.
startups to emerge - They were also knowledgeable in
working within the digital and cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, and
technology sectors, including dermatological contexts. Some of these such
website viki.com. as hoodia gordonii and combrettum caffrum
- Taiwan is focused on software and are being integrated within contemporary
content development. pharmaceutical systems (Emeagwali, n.d.).

Middle East African Astronomy

- During the 3,000 years of urbanized life in Malian has cosmological myths and their
Mesopotamia and Egypt tremendous strides perceptions of the structure of matter and the
were made in various branches of science and physical world.
technology.
- In Mesopotamia, greater progress was made Dogon knowledge systems have also been
in astronomy and mathematics. explored in terms of their perceptions on
- The Egyptians remained far behind the astronomy. The solar calendar that we use
Babylonians in developing astronomy but are today evolved from the Egyptian calendar of
more advanced in medicine. Egyptians also twelve months, calibrated according to the day
took an early lead on engineering and on which the star Sirius rose on the horizon
architecture. with the Sun.
- The Babylonians led in the development of
such practical arts as irrigation. African Mathematics
Nubian builders calculated the volumes of
The Phoenicians in particular transmitted masonry and building materials, as well as the
much of their knowledge to the various lands slopes of pyramids, for construction purposes.
of the Mediterranean, especially to the Greeks.
A Nubian engraving at Meroe, in ancient
The greatest accomplishment of the ancient Sudan, dated to the first century B.C.E.,
Middle East might be the invention of the includes several lines, inclined at a 72--
alphabet. degree angle, running diagonally from the
base of a pyramid.
The alphabet contributed vastly to the Greek
cultural and literary revolution in the The Nubians of Meroe constructed more
immediately following period. And, from the pyramids than the Egyptians, built steep, flat-
Greeks it was transmitted to other Western topped pyramids.
people.
African Metallurgy
African Contributions - gold, tin, silver, bronze, brass, and iron/steel.
- the applied sciences of agronomy, - The Sudanic empires of West Africa,
metallurgy, engineering and textile Ethiopia and Sudan in the North and East, and
production, as well as medicine, dominated the kingdom of Monomotapa (Munhumutapa)
the field of activity across Africa. in Southern Africa were the major producers
- Africa’s areas of scientific investigation of gold.
include the fields of astronomy, physics, and - excavation and ore identification; separation
mathematics. of ore from non-ore bearing rock; smelting by
the use of bellows and heated furnaces; and
- In “Black Rice”, Judith Carnoy demonstrates smithing and further refinement.
the legacy of enslaved Africans to the - The use of multi-shaft and open-shaft
Americas in the sphere of rice cultivation. systems facilitated circulation of air in intense
- A variety of African plants were adopted in heating processes, while the bellows principle
Asia, including coffee, the oil palm, fonio or produced strong currents of air in a chamber
expanded to draw in or expel air through a - it was fueled by advances in semiconductor
valve. technology, particularly the metal-oxide-
- products: armor (as in some northern semiconductor field-- effect transistor
Nigerian city-states), jewelry (of gold, silver, (MOSFET) and the integrated circuit (IC)
iron, copper and brass), cooking utensils, cloth chip, leading to the Information Age in the
dyeing, sculpture, and agricultural early 21st century (Lukasiak, 2010;; Orton,
tools. 2009).

It has led us to the age of the internet, where

optical communication networks play a key
role in delivering massive amounts of data.
African Medicine
hydrotherapy, heat therapy, spinal
manipulation, quarantine, bone-setting and SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
surgery. & NATION-BUILDING
- Incantations and other psychotherapeutic
devices sometimes accompanied other A. THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
techniques. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENDA
- the knowledge of specific medicinal plants
was quite extensive in some kingdoms, In this modern age of the world (the 21st
empires, and city states such as Aksum, and Century) where technology is becoming a new
Borgu (in Hausaland). normal, scientists and technologists slowly but
- Borgu (in Hausaland) is also well known for surely became the backbones and the engine
orthopedics (bone-setting), as is the case of of socio-economic growth, development and
Funtua in Northern Nigeria. advancement. They are the main key drivers
of research and innovation, and they play huge
African Architecture roles in developing and modernizing several
- Builders integrated the concepts of the arch, sectors of the economy such as business,
the dome, and columns and aisles in their manufacturing, education, public health and
constructions. public safety.
- underground vaults and passages, as well as
the rock-hewn churches, of Axum are matched 1. Innovation and stimulus
in Nubia and Egypt with pyramids of various 2. Technology and adoption promoted and
dimensions. accelerated
- Sahelian region, adobe, or dried clay, was 3. Critical mass of globally competitive STI
preferred in the context of moulded contours, human resources developed
at times integrated with overall moulded 4. Productivity and efficiency of communities
sculpture. and the production sector, particularly
- Permanent scaffolding made of protruding MSMEs improved
planks characterized the Malian region. 5. Resiliency to disaster risks and climate
- evaporative cooling was integrated into change ensured
building design: mats were used as part of the 6. Inequality in STI capacities and
decor and also to be saturated repeatedly in opportunities reduced
order to cool the room. 7. Effective STI governance achieved
- Derelict ruins from walled cities— such as
Kano, Zazzau, and other city- states of DOST ELEVEN POINT AGENDA
Hausaland in the central Sudanic region of 1. Pursue R&D to address pressing national
West Africa— complement structures such as problems.
the rock-hewn and moulded churches of 2. Conduct R&D to enhance productivity and
Lalibela in Ethiopia or the Zimbabwe improve management of resources.
enclosures. 3. Engage in R&D to generate and apply new
knowledge and technologies across sectors.
Information Revolution 4. Strengthen and utilize regional R&D
- is a period of change that describes current capabilities.
economic, social and technological trends 5. Maximize utilization of R&D results
beyond the Industrial Revolution. through technology transfer and
commercialization.
6. Develop STI human resources and build a The R&D Leadership Program
strong STI culture. complements the establishment of R&D
7. Upgrade STI facilities and capacities to Centers thru the NICER Program.
advance R&D activities and expand S&T
services. 3. CRADLE
8. Expand STI assistance to communities and Collaborative R&D to Leverage PH Economy
the production sector, particularly MSMEs. (CRADLE) for RDIs and Industry Program
9. Provide STI-based solutions for disaster
risks and climate change adaptation and The program (CRADLE) is specifically
mitigation. designed to foster collaboration between
10. Strengthen industry-academe-government academe and local companies to improve
and international STI collaboration. competitiveness and catalyze innovation.
11. Enhance effectiveness of STI governance.
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
KIST PARK

Batangas State University made history as it 4. BIST

officially launched the country’s first Business Innovation through S&T (BIST) for
Knowledge, Innovation and Science Industry Program.
Technology (KIST) Park on July 20, 2020.
S&T (BIST) for Industry Program aims to
The KIST Park will serve as a catalyst for level up the innovation capacity of the
industrial productivity and increased Philippine Industrial Sector through R&D by
economic growth in CaLaBaRZon. This helping private companies and industries
manifestation of the strong collaboration acquire novel and strategic technologies, such
between government, industry and academe is as state-of-the-art equipment and machinery,
central to inclusive innovation strategy. technology licenses, and patent rights among
others.

B. MAJOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS PERSONALITIES IN SCIENCE AND

AND PERSONALITIES IN SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES Aisa Mijeno
- to light up the rest of the Philippines
The Science for Change Program (S4CP) was sustainably was the vision of Filipina scientist
created by the Department of Science and Aisa Mijeno when she made the Sustainable
Technology (DOST) to accelerate STI in the Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp. The
country in order to keep up with the product concept was formed after living with
developments in our time wherein technology the Butbut tribe for weeks relying only on
and innovation are game changers. kerosene lamps and moonlight to do evening
chores. Her mission and advocacy are to
1. NICER address the light inequality gap and end the
Niche Centers in the Regions for R&D use of combustion-based light sources
(NICER) Program (kerosene lamps and candles) for the 16
Million Filipinos and 1.4 Billion people across
The NICER Program capacities Higher the world.
Education Institutions (HEIs) in the regions to
make a significant improvement in regional Ramon C.Barba
research by integrating its development needs - he is a Filipino scientist, inventor, and
with the existing R&D capabilities and horticulturist who is known for his successful
resources. experiment on the inducement of flowering of
mango trees by spraying them with ethereal
2. RDLead and potassium nitrate. He developed a process
R&D Leadership (RDLead) Program that caused the flowering and fruiting of
mango trees three times a year, instead of once
a year, so dramatically improving yields.
- also developed a tissue culture procedure for The weaknesses inadequacies of and
the banana plant and sugar cane which science teaching were recognized as
enabled the production of large quantities of those relating to:
planting materials that were robust and - undertrained teachers
disease-free. - the inadequate science curriculum in schools
and colleges; and
Fe V. del Mundo - the lack of books, equipment, and teaching
- the first Asian woman admitted to Harvard, aids
she pursued graduate degrees in America after
receiving her medical degree from the EARLY EFFORTS TO IMPROVE
University of the Philippines. She is known as SCIENCE EDUCATION
the Mother of Philippine Pediatrics, a very
great scientist, and a symbol of female In 1957, the Philippine government made the
empowerment in medicine, both in the teaching of science compulsory in all
Philippines and abroad. elementary and secondary schools.

- she revolutionized Philippine medicine, A National Committee for Science Education

making major breakthroughs in immunization was set up in 1958 to formulate objectives for
and in the treatment of jaundice, and the teaching of science education at all levels
providing healthcare to thousands of poor and to recommend steps that would upgrade
families. She is credited with studies that led the teaching of science. THE BSCS
to the invention of the incubator and a ADAPTATION PROJECT In 1959, the
jaundice relieving device. biological sciences curriculum study (BSCS)
project was launched by the American
Maria Y. Orosa Institute of Biological Science, University of
The most notable of her food inventions is Colorado in order to improve biology
“Soyalac,” a powdered preparation of soya education in secondary schools. A steering
beans, which helped save the lives of committee of biological scientists, teachers,
thousands of Filipinos, Americans, and other and educators was constituted. The project
nationals who ever held prisoners in different was financed by National Science Foundation,
Japanese concentration camps during World USA.
War II. It became known to them as the
“magic food.” THE SCIENCE EDUCATION PROJECT
First, the dissemination of improved
Angel Alcala curricula, teaching techniques and approaches
- he is a Filipino scientist whose biological in science and mathematics on basic levels of
contributions to the environment and education through the introduction of new
ecosystems have made him a hero in natural curriculum and the application of new
sciences. From the 400 already known species teaching techniques and approaches by the
of reptiles and amphibians, 50 more species returned Master of Arts in Teaching trainees
were identified due to his efforts. Because of and the teachers that they teach. On the other
his work, conservation programs in the hand, these institutions disseminated many of
Philippines are now well established. the curriculum materials by the UP- Science
Education Center.
C. SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES Second, quality science and math
education programs in the recipient-sponsor
Science is considered both knowledge institutions through new and/or improved
and method, operating independently of course offerings and a generally improved
time and place. Even as it is considered a body teacher education program.
of knowledge, it is also taken as methodology.

During the American period that brought a

major change in the nature of science
education. The development of science in the
Philippines is largely credited to education.