Cooling System

Cooling system: equipment - regulate the

temperature of a building; device from
exceeding limitations specified by safety and
efficiency requirements

Usage: Autos, industrial plant machinery,

nuclear reactors, and a wide range of other
machines.

Basic Refrigeration Cycles

COMPRESSOR - It works like a pump to

circulate the refrigerant --> compressing the
gas and generating a pressure differential -->
propels the refrigerant around the circuit in a Two State of Refrigerant:
continuous cycle. • Vapor Refrigerant
CONDENSER - The condenser cools and • Liquid Refrigerant
condenses the refrigerant gas that comes Compression process
from the compressor into a vapour, then a
liquid. The compressor takes in and compresses the
superheated refrigerant vapor via the suction
RESTRICTIONS pipe. The compressed steam's pressure,
Capillary tubes - are essentially a section of temperature, and energy all rise rapidly.
extremely small tube that restricts the flow of However, the specific volume decreased
refrigerant. They're most typically found on significantly.
compact refrigerators like the one you have at • SUCTION
home • DISCHARGE
Thermostatic Expansion Valves employ a The Vapor Compression Refrigeration
partly filled refrigerant bulb --> pipework Cycle
entering the evaporator. This bulb detects the
temperature of the refrigerant exiting the involves four components: compressor,
evaporator and, using pressure, opens and condenser, expansion valve and evaporator. It
closes to control the quantity of refrigerant is a compression process, whose aim is to
entering the evaporator. raise the refrigerant pressure, as it flows from
an evaporator.
Electronic Expansion Valves are
electrically controlled using data from an COMPRESSOR - is the first step in the
electronic pressure sensor and may open and refrigeration cycle, and a compressor is the
close numerous times per second, allowing for piece of equipment that increases the
extremely accurate control of the quantity of pressure of the working gas.
refrigerant entering the evaporator.
Types of compressors:
EVAPORATOR - Before returning to the
• Reciprocating compressors
compressor, the evaporator converts the
• Scroll compressors
liquid refrigerant to a vapour and
• Rotary compressors
subsequently to a gas
CONDENSER - The condenser, or condenser
REFRIGERANT - Varying refrigerants have
coil, is one of two types of heat exchangers
varying qualities depending on the use, such
used in a basic refrigeration loop.
as air conditioning, cold rooms, freezers, and
so on. EXPANSION VALVE - The job of a system’s
expansion device is the same - create a drop
The simple refrigeration cycle consists
in pressure after the refrigerant leaves the
of four major processes:
condenser
compression, condensation, expansion, and
EVAPORATOR - is the second heat
evaporation. These processes take place in
exchanger in a standard refrigeration circuit,
the compressor, condenser, expansion valve,
and like the condenser, it’s named for its basic
and evaporator, in that order
function. It serves as the “business end” of a
refrigeration cycle, given that it does what we analyzer is used to separate water particles
expect air conditioning to do – absorb heat. from ammonia vapor.

VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE - After the

CYCLE ammonia vapour passes through the
analyzers, the weak solution present in the
generators will pass through the pressure
reducing valve and reach the absorber again.

CONDENSER - Condensers are used to

convert ammonia vapour into the liquid
phase. These condensers can be either water-
cooled or air-cooled.

EXPANSION VALVE - Its main functions are

to convert the liquid to cold liquid and pass it
to the evaporator.
COMPRESSOR: the starting point of the VAPOR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION
process commonly use ammonia or freon as a CYCLE
heat carrying medium if pressure increases it
also increases the temperature All of the processes in the vapor compression
refrigeration system, such as compression,
CONDENSER: it absorbs the heat from the condensation, expansion, and evaporation,
vapor and converts it into liquid can affected are included in the vapor absorption
by the external source high pressure high refrigeration system. Ammonia, water, or
temperature liquid lithium bromide are utilized as refrigerants in
EXPANSION VALVE: the liquid will be vapor absorption systems
expanded inside this valve when expansion
occurs the pressure between the molecules
decreases mixture of low pressure low
temperature liquid and vapor refrigerant

EVAPORATOR: main cooling effect occurs

evaporator coils absorbs all the heat from the
surrounding it will enter again into
compressor as a loop

VAPOR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION

EVAPORATOR - The main function of the

evaporators is to provide cooling to the area
with which it is in contact. The cooled liquid
will enter inside this evaporator and receive
heat from the evaporator, and be converted
into vapor.

ABSORBERS - Absorbers are used to absorb

refrigerants. In the absorber, there will be a
weak solution of water and ammonia.

PUMP - The pump will pump a strong solution

of ammonia and water from the absorber to
the generator

GENERATOR - Ammonia and water solutions

are used inside this system. Ammonia is used
as a refrigerant, & water is used as an
absorbent.

ANALYZER - The analyzers are placed on top

of the generator. Ammonia will convert to
vapour before water, but some water particles
convert to vapour along with ammonia. This
 The Basics of Chillers
How Do Chillers Work?

Chillers transfer heat away from a space

that requires climate control much like a
traditional split system or package unit does,
but they use water (or a water solution) to do
so instead of air. There are two types of
chillers: water-cooled and aircooled. They
work similarly throughout most of the process
until the refrigerant reaches the condenser.

Water-Cooled Chillers
The cooling process starts with water
entering the evaporator, transferring heat to Where Are Chillers Used?
the refrigerant. Chilled water is sent to the
Chillers have several uses and are sometimes
tank for distribution to climate-controlled
preferred over traditional split systems or
spaces. The chilled water absorbs ambient
package units because the water conducts
heat, and a fan pushes cooled air into the
heat better than air.
area. The now warmer water returns to the
chiller for cooling. The refrigerant, absorbing Water-cooled chillers boast consistency,
heat, moves to the compressor, increasing efficiency, and longer lifespans, making them
pressure and temperature. It then enters the suitable for larger facilities like airports,
condenser, where water draws in heat, and hospitals, and commercial buildings.
the warmed water is pumped to a cooling
tower for heat release. After condensation, In contrast, air-cooled chillers, more
the refrigerant is reduced through an common in smaller spaces with limited water
expansion valve before returning to the availability, have lower installation and
evaporator for cooling. maintenance costs but a shorter lifespan.
They find use in restaurants, events, and
temporary structures.

Chillers are also crucial in industrial and

medical applications, supporting equipment
such as lasers, MRI machines, and assembly
systems.

Common Problems That Affect Chillers

Corrosion - Chillers use metal tubes (usually

made of copper or carbon steel) to transfer
water between the chiller and the climate-
controlled space. The simple presence of
oxygen in water can cause corrosion, but if
Air-Cooled Chillers
the water and pipes are treated properly, this
In the cooling process, warm water enters the can significantly reduce the risk.
chiller, transferring heat to the refrigerant in
Poor Maintenance - These complex
the evaporator. Cooled water is then directed
machines require a lot of maintenance to keep
to the target space. After passing through the
them in good working order. If proper steps
compressor to increase pressure and
aren’t taken, the chiller can corrode, clog, lose
temperature, the refrigerant reaches the
efficiency, or experience several other issues.
condenser. Fans circulate outside air through
the condenser, extracting heat from the Electrical Issues - The electrical systems
refrigerant and expelling it to the ambient air. within a chiller are carefully designed and as
The refrigerant, as before, passes through the complex as the rest of the machine. They can
expansion valve and returns to the easily be thrown off balance by a high voltage
evaporator. surge or wear and tear.
 HEAT REJECTION COOLING TOWER SYSTEM

HEAT REJECTION FROM COOLING Water cools down using the process of
SYSTEMS TO THE ENVIRONMENT circulated water via evaporation uses heat
exchangers in machines in the transfer of heat
Air-conditioning system use refrigeration of coils filled with cold water.
processes to move heat from the indoor to the
outdoor environment.

The refrigeration cycle absorbs heat by the

evaporation of liquid refrigerant (indoor coil),
and rejects heat by the condensation of vapor
refrigerant in the condenser (outdoor coil).

Therefore by the use of cooling systems- the

heat generated in the condenser is rejected
and released to the environment. The
condenser may use either water or ambient
air as the heat rejection medium.

THREE TYPES OF HEAT REJECTION

SYSTEM

• Air cooled system

• Water cooled system
• Cooling towers
HEATING SYSTEM
DIAGRAM OF AN AIRCOOLED SYSTEM
BOILERS - In terms of their design and
Reduce or reject heat from the condenser construction, boilers can be classified and
using natural air flow & fans. described as follows: Source of energy. Gas,
oil, gas-oil, electric, coal, biomass, etc. Heat
transfer surface. Combustion type, including
water tube or fire tube boilers; and electric
type, including resistance or electrode boilers.
Design of combustion chamber. High-firebox
or low-firebox (Scotch marine) type.

Construction

Cast iron sectional or packaged, steel or

copper tubes, etc. on board ships, where
headroom is limited. Low height is an
advantage in building spaces that are
restricted in height. These boilers are suitable
for stable loads similar to the HVAC loads of
WATER COOLED SYSTEM commercial buildings

Uses a heat exchanger (radiators) filled with PROCESS OF COMBUSTION

water and cooled by fans to reduce or reject
Combustion initiates when gas and air enter
heat from the condenser seen in automative
the sealed chamber, ignited by the spark plug.
engines.
The resulting ignition creates positive
pressure, closing the gas and air inlets. The
built-up pressure expels combustion
byproducts through the tailpipe into the heat
exchanger exhaust decoupler, ultimately
passing through the heat exchanger coil.

TYPES OF BOILERS

Fire Tube Boilers - Named for the path of

combustion gases, fire tube boilers have
gases travel through the firebox and steel
tubes in multiple passes before exiting
through the stack. In hot-water boilers, the combustion air supply and preheating,
shell is entirely filled with water, while in makeup air supply and preheating, flue gas
steam boilers, water levels are lowered to venting (breaching, flue stack, or chimney),
create space for evaporation. Scotch marine- condensate (return, deaeration), water, fuel,
type boilers, characterized by low profiles, control and safety devices, etc.
belong to the category of fire tube units.
2. Water systems - Hot water boilers
Water Tube Boilers - Water tube boilers (generators) and circulating pumps. Other
derive their name from having water inside components are the same as in the steam
the tubes while combustion gases pass system, except that equipment for
around the outside. Proprietary arrangements condensate return and deaeration is not
by manufacturers may exist, with convective required.
water flow occurring within tubes connecting
3. Air systems - Furnaces, in-space air
drums and headers. Compared to equivalent-
heaters, duct-work, fuel, combustion air, and
capacity fire tube boilers, water tube boilers
flue gas components are similar to those in
typically contain less water, enabling rapid
steam or hot water systems. Electric furnaces
responses to load fluctuations, ideal for
do not require flue gas removal or fuel
applications like hospitals.
systems.
Cast-Iron Sectional Boilers - are composed
4. Infrared systems - Heaters (electric,
of vertical cast-iron sections filled with water,
gas), flue, gas venting.
commonly employed in residential and small-
to medium-sized commercial buildings. Their 5. Heat pump systems - Air-to-air, air-to-
capacity can be expanded by adding sections. water, water-to-water and air-to-refrigerant
The use of cast iron provides the advantage systems; pumps; and compressors.
of prolonged water temperature maintenance
and faster heating due to its thermal inertia. HEATING ENERGY SOURCE: FUEL
Cast iron exhibits excellent thermal Heat for HVAC systems is commonly
conductivity and high resistance to corrosion. produced by combustion of fuels or electric
Electric Boilers - designed for either hot resistance.
water or steam, commonly feature immersion Alternative methods on producing heat:
resistance boilers with capacities up to 1500
kW. Larger models may adopt an electrode • Heat pumps (reverse refrigeration),
design, utilizing water as the current- • Heat reclaiming
conducting medium to generate steam Fuels vary in cost and convenience
through electrolysis. Electric boilers convert
electrical energy directly into heat with nearly 1. Coal - was once a common fuel even for
100% efficiency, with losses primarily small residential heating systems.
attributed to radiation and convection.
2. Heavy oils - are economical only for large-
HEATING PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT volume users.
AND SYSTEM
3. Gas and light oil - are burned to produce
An unreliable heating system can render heat in several types of HVAC equipment.
a building uninhabitable and result in a loss
4. Fuels - can also be burned to heat water
of productivity far greater than any savings
or produce steam used in convectors or
that might be realized by accepting a
forced-air devices.
marginally designed plant. More than any
other portion of the HVAC system, heating 5. Electric resistance elements - can
plantdesigns need to consider location, space, similarly be used to produce heat directly in
reliability, and operating efficiencies. convectors, in coils to heat air, or in boilers to
distribute heat by hot water or steam.
Location, Space, Reliability, Operating
Efficiency. Several factors must be considered
before a fuel can be selected:
TYPES OF HEATING SYSTEM
• Availability
The basic components of a heating system are
• Fuel Storage
as follows:
• Code restrictions
1. Steam systems - Steam boilers, heat • Cost
transfer equipment (exchangers, coils),
Electric heat may be economical in some your home, then warms and redistributes it.
cases. Air moves through the system with the help
of a blower motor or fan that:
FURNACES AND HEATERS
• Directs the warm air out of your furnace.
Furnaces are packaged air heaters that are
• Moves it through your home’s ductwork.
generally used in small buildings, in
• Delivers it into your living spaces through
residences, or in small decentralized systems
your vents.
for large buildings.
• Ignition Source: Ignites the fuel/air
There are, however, large furnaces that mixture when triggered
produce up to millions of British thermal units • Burners: Burns a mix of fuel and air when
per hour (Btu/hr, or Btuh) for industrial plants triggered
or warehouses, where the hot air can be • Heat exchangers: A series of metal
distributed into open spaces. tubes warmed by flames
• Blower: Blows air over the warmed heat
They are often installed in combination with exchangers throughout the ductwork
an air conditioner. Natural gas, oil, and • Flue: Vents harmful gases
electricity are the most common energy • Plenum: Recaptures cold air and filters
sources (FUEL). Other air-heating devices out particulates
differ from furnaces with regard to their
configuration and installation. DIRECT HEAT

It is not practical to transfer heat by air for • Gas-Fired Space Heaters

long distances, owing to the physical space • Unvented Gas-Fired Heaters
required for ductwork and the cost of • Electric Space Heaters
electricity to run fans • Wood-Burning and Pellet Stoves
• Fireplaces
What Is Considered a Heater?

Since the definition is so broad, many devices

Air Handling: Fans and Blowers
are called “heaters.” Just a few of the many A fan is a mechanical device designed to
home heating options available today include: generate airflow by rotating blades or an
impeller. Fans are commonly used to circulate
• Wood-burning or gas fireplaces
air, provide ventilation, and regulate
• Active solar heating systems
temperature in various applications.
• Portable heating devices
• Radiant heat systems Fans work by moving air from one location to
• Furnaces another, either to provide cooling or to
• Boilers maintain air circulation in a specific area.
FURNACE - a furnace is essentially what The most important parts of a fan are:
creates the heat in your home or building.
Without a furnace, even if you were to turn 1) Impeller or Blades: The impeller, also
the heat on, it would not be able to produce known as the fan blades, is a crucial
warm air. A furnace is what makes the heat component responsible for moving air. These
that is then distributed all throughout a blades are attached to a central hub and are
certain area. designed to rotate, generating airflow.

Furnaces need a fuel source to create and 2) Motor: The motor is what provides the
transport heat. This fuel can be: necessary power to spin the impeller. It can
be an electric motor or another power source,
Propane or natural gas: A gas furnace has depending on the type of fan.
propane- or natural gaspowered burners in its
combustion chamber, which ignite to generate 3) Housing or Casing: The housing or casing
heat. surrounds the impeller and motor, providing
support and protection. It also directs the
Electricity: Electric furnaces warm the air airflow in a specific direction.
using heating coils from which the heat
radiates. Electricity is also used by all types of 4) Inlet and Outlet: Fans have designated
furnaces to power their fan motors. points for air intake (inlet) and air exhaust
(outlet). Air is drawn in through the inlet and
How Do Furnaces Work? A furnace uses expelled through the outlet.
what is known as a “forced air ” system. It
pulls in cooler air from other locations inside
General Classifications of Fans Application of Fans

Axial - Axial fans move air straight through Centrifugal fans are commonly used in air-
their housing, following the direction of the handling systems.
fan's axle or shaft. They don't change the air's
direction as dramatically as centrifugal fans
do. This design is efficient for high flow rate,
low-pressure applications.

You can find axial fans in everyday life, like

ceiling fans in homes and cooling fans for
computers and electronic equipment. They
are ideal for applications requiring a
continuous, gentle breeze.

CENTRIFUGAL FANS

Centrifugal fans work by drawing air into the

center of a rotating wheel. The blades on the
wheel push the air away from the center and
outwards, which is then directed out of the
fan. They are known for their ability to handle
higher pressure and are versatile for various
industrial applications.

Centrifugal fans, often referred to as blower

fans, are commonly used in HVAC systems,
industrial exhaust systems, and even in air
purification systems.