Philippine Christian University

Sampaloc 1, Dasmariñas City, Cavite 4114

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
S.Y. 2024-2025

MODULE IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

(GRADE 12)
QUARTER 4 - WEEK 1 (FEBRUARY 10-14, 2025)

LESSON 7: UNDERSTANDING MANIFESTOES AND ANALYZING ARGUMENTS IN

MANIFESTOES
Overview

Now and then, we come to a point wherein we need to take a stand or determine a position on
a particular issue. Pronouncing our side on a matter is not that easy, considering that we need to
scrutinize every aspect of that concern for us to be able to come up with a decision. Sharing advanced
views and ideas can lay out a plan of action. Most often concerns art, literature, or politics. We are
generally written in the name of a group sharing a common perspective or purpose rather than in the
name of a single individual. It can be shared with other people. It is about what one intends to have
happened. usually accepts a previously published opinion or public consensus or promotes a new idea
with prescriptive notions for carrying out changes the author believes should be made. It often is
political, social or artistic in nature, sometimes revolutionary, but may present an individual's life stance.

Course Learning Outcome

Fourth Quarter
1. Identify the objectives and structures of position appears, and various kinds of reports.
2. Analyze and defend a stand on an issue using properly cited factual evidence, and critique
the arguments used in manifestoes.
3. Design, conduct, and report on surveys, experiments, or observations, summarizing findings
in narrative and visual/graphic forms.

Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property
of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is
provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is
prohibited.
1
 Lesson Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Explain the meaning and significance of manifestoes.

2. Analyze the structure and arguments presented in manifestoes.
3. Value the effectiveness of arguments and rhetoric in various manifestoes.
4. Defend a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments supported by properly cited
factual evidence

Essential Question
As a student, why it is important to know the
essence of a manifesto in academic writing? And
what is the connection to it to the rhetorical
strategies (Ethos, pathos, logos)?

Test Yourself

DIRECTIONS: Put a check on each argumentative statement that corresponds to your stand or position.

Statements Yes No
1. The Anti- Terrorism Law is unjust.
2. Men and Women are equal.
3. Persons with incurable diseases could be euthanized if they wish to.
4. Research has shown that people who do at least 30 minutes a day of vigorous
exercise reduce their risk of heart disease and some forms of cancer.
5. The Internet is a good invention.

Study These Terms

✔ Manifesto – a public declaration of policy and aims

✔ Premise– a previous statement or proposition from which another is inferred or follows as a
conclusion
✔ Rhetorical – expressed in terms intended to persuade or impress.

Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property
of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is
provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is
prohibited.
2
 Lesson Proper

“Fashion Revolution: This Is Our Dream”

We are Fashion Revolution. We are designers,
producers, makers, workers and consumers. We are
academics, writers, business leaders, brands,
retailers, trade unions and policymakers. We are the
industry and the public. We are world citizens. We
are a movement and a community. We are you.
We love fashion. But we don’t want our clothes to
exploit people or destroy our planet. We demand
radical, revolutionary change.
This is our dream…

What is MANIFESTO?
Manifesto refers to the published declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer,
be it an individual, group, political party, or government.
A manifesto is a group of statements or reasons used to persuade the readers that what he/she
believes is true. It may cause the audience to act differently or change their minds completely. Regarding
the audience, you have to learn how to assess whether an author's argument is sound or flawed and
whether it presents the claim logically or in an unclear and nonsensical manner.

PURPOSE OF MANIFESTO is to create direction, focus, and purpose. This can be important in
both historical and contemporary contexts. Not only do they clarify your beliefs but they help to explore
your motives while creating policies and aims. A manifesto discusses your personal goals in print and
helps you to evaluate opportunities for reaching them. It can also show the world how you are going to
contribute to the future you want to see.

“THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE”

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their
Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

An argument consists of these parts:

1. Claim/ Conclusion What do you want the reader to It summarizes the main. It is not
believe? just your opinion. It is what you
think is true about a topic.

Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property
of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is
provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is
prohibited.
3
 2. Reasons/ Premises Why should the reader accept It is the importance of your claim.
your claim?
It includes the pieces of evidence
that comes in various forms,
including specific examples
quotes, and ideas from other
scholars, statistics, data,
testimonies, narratives, and facts.

There are three major ways that authors present an argument:

● Reasoning – giving a logical explanation of the argument.

● Evidence – presenting statistics, facts, and studies
● Appeal – stimulate the reader's emotions

TYPES OF ARGUMENTS
1. Deductive Arguments- proceed from general ideas/facts to specific inferences
Example
Premise 1: All men are mortal (major premise/very general statement)
Premise 2: Railey is a man. (minor premise/more specific)
Conclusion: Railey is a mortal. (very specific statement)

2. Inductive Arguments- derive from specific observations and lead to a general conclusion
Example:
Premise: The past Marvel movies have been incredibly successful at the box office.
Conclusion: Therefore, the next Marvel movie will probably be successful.

IDENTIFYING THE ARGUMENTS

When reading, you need to identify the arguments to understand the main points. In paragraphs,
a topic sentence identifies the main claim or main idea. To find it, follow these steps:

1. Read the paragraph

2. Ask, “What is the paragraph about?
3. Summarize the content in your own words
4. Find the sentence within the paragraph that best matches the summary. This is the stated claim
of the paragraph.

Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property
of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is
provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is
prohibited.
4
 ANALYZING THE ARGUMENTS
To begin analyzing an argument, you must first look at the evidence presented to you, and then
ask questions based on that evidence.
Ask questions like,
"Based on the evidence, is there a different explanation or claim possible?"
"Is the evidence convincing and sound?"
"How does the argument/evidence compare with others you've read?"
You will likely find two authors who make different claims on the same topic. How do they each
support their claims with reasons and evidence?

RHETORICAL STRATEGIES
Rhetoric is a type of communication a writer or speaker uses to persuade, inform, or motivate.
rhetoric is everywhere — in politics, law, advertising, creative writing, and even in everyday
conversations.
Rhetorical devices include irony, metaphor, hyperbole, and many other techniques writers and
speakers employ to great effect. A subset of these devices is known as rhetorical appeals, often attributed
to Aristotle, and include: ethos, pathos, and logos.

ETHOS (character)- known as “the appeal to authority” or “the appeal to credibility.” This is the
method in which a person relies on their credibility or character when making an appeal or an argument.

Elements of Ethos
● Wisdom
● Moral virtue
● Trust

Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property
of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is
provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is
prohibited.
5
 Example: To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee

"Now, the first time I addressed this convention, in 2004, I was a younger man — (laughter) — a Senate
candidate from Illinois who spoke about hope, not blind optimism, not wishful thinking but hope in the face
of difficulty, hope in the face of uncertainty, that dogged faith in the future which has pushed this nation
forward even when the odds are great, even when the road is long.

Eight years later that hope has been tested by the cost of war, by one of the worst economic crises in history,
and by political gridlock that's left us wondering whether it's still even possible to tackle the challenges of
our time. I know campaigns can seem small, even silly sometimes."

In his speech in 2012, Barack Obama could not be any more transparent in his use of ethos. He begins his
speech by setting down his authority as a president and clarifying what he's learned. You can see this
through the excerpt.

PATHOS (emotions)- known as “the appeal to emotion.” Pathos refers to the method of trying to
persuade an audience by eliciting some kind of emotional reaction. It appeals to an audience’s basic
emotions like joy, fear, and envy. All are easily triggered in many ways.

Examples:
1. “As a former mayor of this city, I believe we can solve this crisis if we band together.”

The speaker uses ethos by alerting the audience of their credentials and experience. By doing so, they rely
on their reputation to be more persuasive. This “as a…” method of establishing ethos is common, and you
have probably seen it used in many persuasive advertisements and speeches.

2. “Every day, the rainforests shrink and innocent animals are killed. We must do something about
this calamitous trend before the planet we call our home is damaged beyond repair.”

The author is trying to win over an audience by making them feel sad, concerned, or afraid. The author’s
choice of words like “innocent” and “calamitous” enforce the fact that they are trying to rely on pathos.

LOGOS (logic)- known as “the appeal to reason.” This method involves using facts and logical
reasoning to support an argument and persuade an audience. It is often referred to as “the appeal to
reason.” If a speaker or author is relying on logos, they are typically reciting facts or providing data and
statistics that support their argument.

Example:
“According to market research, sales of computer chips have increased by 300% in the last five years.
Analysis of the industry tells us that the market share of computer chips is dominated by Asian

Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property
of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is
provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is
prohibited.
6
 manufacturers. The Asian technology sector will continue to experience rapid growth for the foreseeable
future.”

The author uses data, statistics, and logical reasoning to make their argument. They hope to use logos to
try to convince an audience to agree with them.

● Close reading- is careful and thoughtful reading of a text. It includes searching for details in a text
and rereading multiple times for greater understanding. Essentially, it is a reading strategy that is
used to comprehend and analyze a text closely.
● Text Annotation- refers to adding notes, highlights, or comments to a text. This can be done using
a physical copy in textbooks or printable texts.

CLOSE READING STRATEGIES

1. Read the text- simply read the text.

2. Annotate the text- mark up the unknown words and confusing statements or paragraphs.
3. Read the text again- Notice and note more items and also have a better understanding of
what is in the text.
4. Define unknown words- Use a dictionary or context clues to define the words.
5. Read the text again- Note any details that may not have noticed on the first two times of
reading.
6. Respond to the reading- Comprehend the questions to check for understanding, including
critical thinking questions.

LOGICAL FALLACIES- are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your
argument. Fallacies can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are often
identified because they lack evidence that supports their claim. Avoid these common fallacies
in your own arguments and watch for them in the arguments of others.

TYPES OF LOGICAL FALLACIES

1. Slippery slope- occurs when someone claims that a position or decision will lead to a series of
unintended negative consequences.
Example: Today late for ten minutes, tomorrow late for an hour, and then someday you will simply
cease to show up.

2. Hasty Generalization- a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. In other words, you are
rushing to a conclusion before you have all the relevant facts.
Example: Even though it's only the first day, I can tell this is going to be a boring course.

Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property
of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is
provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is
prohibited.
7
 3. Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc- one event seems to be the cause of a later event because it occurred
earlier.
Example: I drank bottled water and now I am sick, so the water must have made me sick.

4. Genetic Fallacy- based on an argument that the origins of a person, idea, institute, or theory
determine its character, nature, or worth.
Example: The Volkswagen Beetle is an evil car because it was originally designed by Hitler's army.

5. Begging the Claim- the writer should prove is validated within the claim.
Example: Begging the Claim- the writer should prove is validated within the claim.

6. Circular Argument- This restates the argument rather than proving it.
Example: George Bush is a good communicator because he speaks effectively.

7. Either/or- It oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two sides or choices.

Example: We can either stop using cars or destroy the earth.

8. Ad hominem- This is an attack on the character of a person rather than his or her opinions or
arguments.
Example: Green Peace's strategies aren't effective because they are all dirty, lazy hippies.

9. Ad populum/Bandwagon Appeal- presents what most people or a group of people think, to persuade
one to think the same way. Getting on the bandwagon is one such instance of an ad populum appeal.
Example: If you were a true American you would support the rights of people to choose whatever
vehicle they want.

10. Red Herring is a diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues, often by avoiding opposing arguments
rather than addressing them.
Example: The level of mercury in seafood may be unsafe, but what will fishers do to support their
families?

11. Straw Man- This oversimplifies an opponent's viewpoint and then attacks that hollow argument.
Example: People who don't support the proposed state minimum wage increase hate the poor.

12. Moral Equivalence- This fallacy compares minor misdeeds with major atrocities, suggesting that both
are equally immoral.
Example: That parking attendant who gave me a ticket is as bad as Hitler.

Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property
of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is
provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is
prohibited.
8
 Assignment: You are tasked to discuss the given argument topic which is connected to the premise, claim,
and rhetorical devices, then evaluate the arguments following. State your stand on the given particular
issue
“ All public schools should adopt a universal pass/fail grading system.”

Summary

A manifesto is a declaration of intentions, motives, or views of the issuer to persuade

the readers that what he/she believes is true that uses a conclusion and premise. Rhetorical
strategies are Ethos, pathos, and logos used to persuade, inform, or motivate. Logical Fallacies
are the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument.

Assessment -Written Work 1

I. DIRECTIONS: Read the question for each item and choose the best answer. (20 items, two points each)
________1. This refers to a published declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it
an individual, group, political party, or government.
a. Law
b. Texts
c. Manifesto
d. Arguments
________2. This is a kind of writing that establishes a position on a given topic and then uses evidence
to persuade the audience to see things from his/her point of view.
a. Academic text
b. Literary writing
c. Argumentative writing
d. Comprehensive writing
_________3. In academic writing, this is usually a main idea, often called a “claim”, backed up with
evidence that supports the idea.
a. Concept
b. Question
c. Research
d. Argument
_________4. In analyzing an issue and developing an argument, the following may be included as
supporting evidence EXCEPT;
a. Diaries
b. Current issues
c. In- depth studies
d. Position papers
__________5. The following are the things to do to write a great argument, EXCEPT;
Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property
of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is
provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is
prohibited.
9
 a. Make a diary of events
b. Make an educated stance
c. Investigate several sides of the argument
d. Collect evidence, including facts, statistics, and claims.

II. DIRECTIONS: Write A if the following is an example of an argument and N if it is not.

__________1. Justine is angry with me, so she probably won’t accompany me to the party.

__________2. Are you serious? Stop doing it!

__________3. Animal abuse laws in most countries are so lenient that offenders face almost no
punishment, so stronger, stricter laws must be imposed to protect animals.

__________4. A generation of students enters college, it is time for higher education to use gaming to
appeal to students and make learning more engaging.

__________5. Obesity has become a problem for many women because obesity rates have risen over the
past years.

Learning Resources

Annotating text: The complete guide to close reading. (2023, September 20). ABLE blog: thoughts,
learnings and experiences. https://able.ac/blog/annotating-text/

Betts, J. (2020, February 4). Short manifesto examples. YourDictionary: Definitions and Meanings From
Over a Dozen Trusted Dictionary Sources. https://www.yourdictionary.com/articles/examples-
short-manifesto

English for academic and professional purposes - Manifesto. (2024, February 11). SlideShare.

Fallacies. (n.d.). Purdue OWL® - Purdue OWL® - Purdue

University. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/academic_writing/logic_in_argumentat
ive

Green, L. (2024, April 2). 125 good debate topics for high and middle schoolers in 2024. College
Transitions. https://www.collegetransitions.com/blog/good-debate-topics-for-high-school-
students/

Slippery slope. (2016, January 11). Texas State

University. https://www.txst.edu/philosophy/resources/fallacy-definitions/slippery-slope.html

The Declaration of Independence. (2023, June 5). National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/founding-

docs/declaration
Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property
of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is
provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is
prohibited.
10
 The definitive guide to ethos, pathos, and logos. (2023, September 1). StudioBinder.

Supplemental Readings and Materials

To deepen your understanding of the lessons, please read the text by clicking on the provided
link. This reading will cover important topics related to privacy and the risks associated with email,
specifically focusing on the concept of privacy theft as outlined in the manifesto.

“The Other Side of E-Mail” by Robert Kuttner

Access to this page has been denied. (n.d.). Access to this page has been
denied. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/central-mindanao-university/english/the-
other-side-of-e-094811/43503852

Prepared by: Checked by: Approved by:

Añonuevo, Marylen V. Maurene Regine A. Reyes, CSPE, LPT. Maria Beatriz B.Sico, MM.
De Guzman, Kim-Ann C. Subject Lead Teacher, English 12 Principal
Dumalagan, Vina Angela G
Magtoto, Jamaica Anne C.
Opao, Jojane
Subject Teachers

Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property
of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is
provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is
prohibited.
11