Film Screen

9. Electric wiring
-
Processing Room Design

General Requirement of the Processing Type of Film According to Spectral

Room Sensitivity

1. Location - Must be adjacent to the 1. Monochromatic Film

x-ray room - Blue-sensitive film with globular grains
- Sensitive to the spectral wavelength of
2. Size (9.5ft to 15ft.) - that can photos emitted from calcium tungsten
process 200 radiographs daily. screen (420 nm)

- distance of wet and dry section - at least 2. Orthochromatic Film

4ft. - Green-sensitive film with tabular grains
- Sensitive to the green light emitted by
3. Protection against radiation rare earth screens, particular gadolinium
oxysulfide and lanthanum oxysulfide.
4. Ventilation - must be lightproof and able (545nm)
to filter out dust
- Humidity range - 40 to 60% 3. Panchromatic Film
- temperature - 67-83 f/20 c - Sensitive to entire visible light spectrum
- Air movement - 15 to 25ft/min (tabular and globular)

5. Cleanliness Radiographic Image Receptors

- Radiographic film is the principal medium
6. Door: Light Tight Entrance used by radiologic technologist to record
- Labyrinth / maze information that will be used by others in
- Revolving Door forming opinions or diagnoses concerning
- light lock door / Double door the presence or absence of the disease
- Single door dark room processes.

7. Illumination Radiography and Photography

- white light illumination - Radiography is a specialized field of
- Safe light illumination photography, both use radiant
(electromagnetic) energy to record an
Bulb unseen or latent image which can be
-712-15 watts tungsten bulb (red color) transformed later into visible, useful image

Filter
- Wratten 6B filter - for monochromatic film
- GBX 2 filter - for orthochromatic film

8. Color of Walls
Dark colors - not to reflect white light into
the darkroom
Types of Film Screen film with IS

Two general types of film are used in Double - Emulsion Film

diagnostic imaging - has an emulsion coating on both
sides of the base and a layer of super coat
1. Regular Type Films (Screen film), over each coating.
used with or without intensifying screens - - uses double emulsion film with two
With IS (90-99% density come in IS) intensifying screen.
- Without IS (1-10%) density come in xray)
Single Emulsion Film
2. Direct Exposure Films (duplex film / - only one emulsion layer, used with single
Dental / Intra Oral) intensifying screen.
- non screen film
- without IS Cross-sectional Drawing of a
Radiographic Film
Direct Exposure Film
- is often called non-screen film - it is
intended to used in a cardboard holder
and without intensifying screens. - it has
a single emulsion, and require more
developing time - compared with screen
film it requires considerably more
exposure - commonly used for intra oral
dental radiography
- considered out dated technologist.

Screen Film
- Is the most widely used radiographic film
- one or two intensifying screens - it is Type of Film According to Used
more sensitive to light and less sensitive
to x-rays.
1. Mammographic Film
- emulsion layer is thinner, required less
- for radiography of the breast
developing time.
- fine grain, single emulsion, greater detail
- required less x-ray exposure
- no IS and no parallax effect

Screen Type Film with IS

2. Therapy localization Film
- faster (more sensitive to the fluorescent
- given acceptable radiographic detail
output of IS)
under a wide range of exposure to x rays
and gamma rays. Process in 90-second
Screen type film without IS processor
- slower when exposed by direct radiation - direct exposure, fine grain

3. Dental X-ray Film / Duplex (intra

oral Film)
a. Periapical film - inside mouth roots of
the teeth
b. Bitewing or the inter proximal film -
localizing cavities between teeth 10. Dosimeter film (Personal
c. Occlusal film- larger than periapical, monitoring film)
large dental areas. -measure radiation absorbed dose
d. Panoramic - used for entire mouth
TLD-thermoluminescent dosimeter
4. Video Film
- Single emulsion film exposed in a device OSL - optically stimuled luminescence
called multiformat camera or a laser
camera. Film badge
- (less than 13mR (milliroentgens) to
5. Spot-film camera film / approximately 1800 roentgens of x or
Photofluorographic film gamma rays
- single emulsion - coated film
11. Automatic Serial Changer Film
6. Cine Film/ Cine fluorography - for serial radiography such as
single - emulsion film with sprocket holes angiography
- two size 16 and 35 mm (millimeters) - "Elema Schonander and Franklin
refers to the width of the film. Film" - has special protective coating to
Green-sensitive. move more smoothly and help prevent the
build up of static.
7. Copy or Duplicating film - "Film top coat is important to
- single emulsion film exposed to eliminate stacking errors in receiving
entraviolet light through the existing magazines.”
radiograph to produce a copy using
ultraviolet fluorescent lamp. 12. Polaroid Radiographic Film
- Paper - based
8. Duplicating Radiographs
- BluRay copier 6 seconds 13. Industrial Film
- Dupont cronex 15 seconds - exposed in high energy
- Logetronic printer 70, 90, 105 mm format - For high energy radiography
- single-emulsion film and the emulsion
side must be placed against the original 14. Laser Film
radiograph to maintain sharpness. - - used in laser printing such as MRI and Ct
Ultraviolet light is the energy source for scan
exposing duplicating film (BLB ultraviolet
fluorescent lamp Film Storage and Handling
- Film is a delicate material and should not
9. Subtraction Techniques be handled carelessly or roughly. It is
(Angiography) sensitive to heat, light, x-ray, gamma rays,
- The use of subtraction techniques chemical fumes, pressure, rolling, bending
is almost entirely limited to angiographic and, etc.
procedures.
- Purpose of subtraction is to Storing Unexposed film
remove, cancel out, or subtract unwanted - Un exposed film should be stored
information so that contrast-filled vessel in its original packaging, important
are more clearly seen. information about the film.
- Film boxes should be stored
vertically not horizontally to prevent Pressure
pressure artifacts on the film - Make sure that the film are storage in
vertical position to ensure that no pressure
Packaging of the Film or static artifacts are present
- Films are packed in photo - inert
polyethylene bag or in a metal foil to Static electricity
protect them from light and moisture - Caused of "static Artifacts"
Film sheets may or may not be -Increase temperature
separated by photo -inert leaves of -Decrease humidity
paper.
- 125 sheet per box Three types static markings
1. Tree static
Storage Precaution 2. crown static
film must be protected from: 3. smudge static
- Heat
- Radiation Expiration date
- Chemical Fumes - Film should be used before the expiration
- Pressure date, since film aging causes a loss in
speed and contrast and increase fog.
HEAT - Adhere to the "First in, First Out (FIFO)
- the cooler the room, the longer the system"
film may be stored without an objectable - Film bin
increase in fog,
- films cartons should be stored on Kind of Fog that can Affect the Film
edge to prevent development of pressure - Age Fog
artifacts - Chemical Fog
- Light Fog
temp - Safe light fog
- 50 degree to 70F (10degree C to 21 - Heat fog
degree C) and relative humidity of 40% to - Secondary Radiation fog
60%.
Handling of Film
Radiation - handled radiographic films near edges
- Radiographic film must be suitably as possible - hands should be clean
protected from the action of x-rays and all and dry
other forms of radiation. - hand cream should be avoided

Chemical Fumes Rubber gloves

- Chemical affects the film specially in - should be avoided. Use cotton gloves if
processing of film in developing an image, necessary (moist hand)
but also affect the film in storage area
because of chemical fume the un exposed
film will loss their image quality and
productivity process if there are expose in
chemical it may cause stain or dirt in the
film or un even surface