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Photosynthesis is a crucial biochemical process in green plants, algae, and some bacteria that converts light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose, serving as the primary energy source for ecosystems. It occurs in two stages: light-dependent reactions, which produce ATP and NADPH while releasing oxygen, and light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle), which convert carbon dioxide into glucose. The overall process is vital for oxygen production and regulating atmospheric CO₂ levels.

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Photosynthesis is a crucial biochemical process in green plants, algae, and some bacteria that converts light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose, serving as the primary energy source for ecosystems. It occurs in two stages: light-dependent reactions, which produce ATP and NADPH while releasing oxygen, and light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle), which convert carbon dioxide into glucose. The overall process is vital for oxygen production and regulating atmospheric CO₂ levels.

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Class Note 1: Biology - Photosynthesis

Overview of Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis is a biochemical process that occurs in green plants, algae, and
some bacteria, where light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in
glucose. This process is vital for life on Earth, as it is the primary source of
energy for nearly all ecosystems.

Stages of Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis takes place in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and
the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).

Light-Dependent Reactions:

Occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts.


Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, primarily from the sun, exciting electrons.
Water molecules are split (photolysis) to release oxygen, protons, and electrons.
ATP and NADPH are produced, which store energy and reducing power.
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle):

Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts.


CO₂ from the atmosphere is fixed into a stable intermediate (RuBP) using the enzyme
RuBisCO.
Through a series of reactions, ATP and NADPH are used to convert the fixed carbon
into glucose.
The process can be summarized in three phases: carbon fixation, reduction phase,
and regeneration of RuBP.
Photosynthesis Equation:
6CO2+6H2O+light→C6H12O6+6O26CO₂ + 6H₂O + light \rightarrow C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
6CO
2

+6H
2

O+light→C
6

H
12

O
6

+6O
2

This equation highlights the reactants (carbon dioxide and water) and products
(glucose and oxygen) of photosynthesis.

Importance of Photosynthesis:

Energy Source: It serves as the primary energy source for plants, which form the
base of food chains.
Oxygen Production: Oxygen released is critical for aerobic respiration in animals
and humans.
Carbon Dioxide Reduction: It helps regulate atmospheric CO₂ levels, mitigating
climate change impacts.

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