Overview: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some
bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose. It is essential
for life on Earth as it provides oxygen and forms the basis of the food chain.
Key Concepts:
1. Purpose of Photosynthesis:
o Converts solar energy into chemical energy (glucose).
o Provides oxygen as a byproduct.
o Supports energy flow in ecosystems.
2. Equation for Photosynthesis:
—6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂—
o Reactants: Carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and light energy.
o Products: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂).
3. Where Photosynthesis Occurs:
o In the chloroplasts of plant cells.
o Chlorophyll (green pigment) absorbs light energy, primarily from the
blue and red wavelengths.
Stages of Photosynthesis:
1. Light-Dependent Reactions (Occur in Thylakoid Membranes):
o Inputs: Light energy, water (H₂O), ADP, and NADP+.
o Processes:
Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll.
Water is split into oxygen, protons, and electrons (photolysis).
ATP and NADPH are produced as energy carriers.
o Outputs: Oxygen (O₂), ATP, and NADPH.
2. Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reactions, Occur in the Stroma):
o Inputs: Carbon dioxide (CO₂), ATP, and NADPH.
o Processes:
CO₂ is fixed into organic molecules through a process called
carbon fixation.
ATP and NADPH provide energy for the formation of glucose.
o Outputs: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and ADP + NADP+ (recycled).
Key Factors Affecting Photosynthesis:
1. Light Intensity:
o Higher light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis up to a
saturation point.
2. Carbon Dioxide Concentration:
o Increased CO₂ levels boost the rate of photosynthesis until other
factors become limiting.
3. Temperature:
o Enzyme activity peaks at optimal temperatures; extreme temperatures
can slow or stop the process.
4. Water Availability:
o Essential for photolysis; drought can inhibit photosynthesis.
Importance of Photosynthesis:
1. Produces oxygen necessary for aerobic organisms.
2. Forms the foundation of most food chains.
3. Removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing greenhouse effects.
Key Terms to Remember:
Chloroplast
Chlorophyll
Thylakoid
Stroma
ATP/NADPH
Calvin Cycle
Carbon Fixation
