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Bio Notes

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose, primarily occurring in chloroplasts. It consists of light-dependent reactions that produce ATP and NADPH, and light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) that produce glucose. This process is crucial for producing oxygen, forming the base of food chains, and regulating atmospheric carbon dioxide.

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11 views3 pages

Bio Notes

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose, primarily occurring in chloroplasts. It consists of light-dependent reactions that produce ATP and NADPH, and light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) that produce glucose. This process is crucial for producing oxygen, forming the base of food chains, and regulating atmospheric carbon dioxide.

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Definition:

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light
energy (usually from the sun) into chemical energy stored in glucose. It occurs mainly in the
chloroplasts of plant cells.

Overall Equation:
6CO2+6H2O+light energy→chlorophyllC6H12O6+6O26CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{light energy}
\xrightarrow{\text{chlorophyll}} C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_26CO2​+6H2​O+light
energychlorophyll​C6​H12​O6​+6O2​

●​ Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen​

Key Structures Involved:


●​ Chloroplasts: Organelles where photosynthesis takes place.​

●​ Thylakoids: Membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts; contain chlorophyll.​

●​ Grana: Stacks of thylakoids.​

●​ Stroma: Fluid surrounding the grana; site of the Calvin Cycle.​

Phases of Photosynthesis:
1. Light-Dependent Reactions (Occurs in the thylakoid membranes)

●​ Requires sunlight and water (H₂O)​

●​ Chlorophyll absorbs light energy​

●​ Water molecules are split (photolysis), releasing O₂​


●​ Produces ATP and NADPH (energy carriers)​

2. Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) (Occurs in the stroma)

●​ Does not require light directly​

●​ Uses CO₂, ATP, and NADPH from light reactions​

●​ Produces glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)​

Importance of Photosynthesis:
●​ Produces oxygen essential for aerobic organisms​

●​ Base of food chains – converts solar energy into usable chemical energy​

●​ Removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (important in climate regulation)​

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis:


1.​ Light intensity – more light increases rate up to a certain point​

2.​ Carbon dioxide concentration – more CO₂ can increase the rate​

3.​ Temperature – enzymes involved work best at optimal temperatures​

4.​ Water availability – lack of water can slow or stop photosynthesis​

Quick Vocabulary:
●​ Chlorophyll – green pigment that captures light energy​
●​ Stomata – pores in leaves for gas exchange​

●​ Photolysis – splitting of water using light​

●​ ATP/NADPH – energy carriers​

Fun Fact:
Only about 1-2% of the sun’s energy that hits a plant is actually used in photosynthesis!

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