Study Notes on Photosynthesis
Introduction
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy
into chemical energy. It is essential for life on Earth because it produces oxygen and forms the
basis of the food chain.
Importance of Photosynthesis
1. Produces oxygen necessary for respiration. 2. Provides glucose as a source of energy for plants
and other organisms. 3. Maintains atmospheric balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide. 4. Supports
life directly or indirectly through the food chain.
The Photosynthesis Equation
The simplified equation of photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 This means
that carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of light and chlorophyll, produce glucose and
oxygen.
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are the organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs. They contain
chlorophyll, the green pigment that captures light energy. Chloroplasts have thylakoids, grana, and
stroma which are vital for the light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Light-dependent Reactions
These occur in the thylakoid membranes. They require sunlight and involve: 1. Splitting of water
molecules (photolysis). 2. Release of oxygen. 3. Production of ATP and NADPH, which are energy
carriers for the next stage.
Light-independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
These occur in the stroma of chloroplasts. They do not need direct light but use ATP and NADPH to
fix carbon dioxide and form glucose. Steps include: 1. Carbon fixation 2. Reduction phase 3.
Regeneration of RuBP
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
The rate of photosynthesis depends on several factors: - Light intensity - Carbon dioxide
concentration - Temperature - Water availability - Presence of chlorophyll
Experiments on Photosynthesis
Several classic experiments prove photosynthesis: 1. Priestley’s experiment showed plants release
oxygen. 2. Ingenhousz demonstrated the necessity of light. 3. Saussure proved that both water and
carbon dioxide are used.
Applications of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis has practical benefits beyond food production: - Renewable energy research
(biofuels). - Understanding crop yield improvements. - Basis for artificial photosynthesis projects for
clean energy.
Conclusion
Photosynthesis is vital for life on Earth. It ensures oxygen supply, provides energy through glucose,
and maintains ecological balance. Without photosynthesis, life as we know it would not exist.
