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Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and some microorganisms to convert light energy into chemical energy, primarily occurring in chloroplasts. The process involves two stages: light-dependent reactions that produce ATP and oxygen, and light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) that convert carbon dioxide into glucose. This process is essential for life on Earth, providing oxygen and food energy while regulating atmospheric CO₂ levels.

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Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and some microorganisms to convert light energy into chemical energy, primarily occurring in chloroplasts. The process involves two stages: light-dependent reactions that produce ATP and oxygen, and light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) that convert carbon dioxide into glucose. This process is essential for life on Earth, providing oxygen and food energy while regulating atmospheric CO₂ levels.

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llamoalt41
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Class Notes: Photosynthesis

Paragraph 1: Introduction to Photosynthesis


Photosynthesis is a biological process used by plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert light
energy into chemical energy. This process is essential for life on Earth because it provides oxygen and
forms the base of the food chain. The primary site of photosynthesis in plants is the chloroplast,
which contains a green pigment called chlorophyll that captures sunlight.

Paragraph 2: The Photosynthesis Equation


The general equation for photosynthesis is:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
This shows that carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of sunlight, produce glucose (a type of
sugar) and oxygen. The process requires sunlight, which is absorbed by chlorophyll during the light-
dependent reactions.

Paragraph 3: Light-Dependent Reactions


The first stage of photosynthesis is the light-dependent reaction, which takes place in the thylakoid
membranes of the chloroplast. During this phase, sunlight is used to split water molecules (H₂O) into
hydrogen and oxygen. The oxygen is released as a byproduct, while energy-rich molecules like ATP
and NADPH are produced for the next stage.

Paragraph 4: Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)


The second stage is the light-independent reaction, also known as the Calvin Cycle, which occurs in
the stroma of the chloroplast. This stage uses ATP and NADPH (produced during the light-dependent
reactions) to convert carbon dioxide (CO₂) into glucose. This part of the process does not require
light and is vital for storing energy in a usable form.

Paragraph 5: Importance of Photosynthesis


Photosynthesis is crucial for sustaining life. It not only provides the oxygen we breathe but also
supplies the food energy needed by most living organisms. It plays a key role in regulating
atmospheric CO₂ levels and is fundamental to ecological and agricultural systems worldwide.

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