Reading and Writing 3.
Definition
Provide concise but exact meanings of unfamiliar
words
Explain special meanings for familiar words
8 Patterns of Development Often used to explain technical words and concept
Writing
Methods of Definition
1. Narration 1. Informal Definition
Telling story in chronological order a. Denotative
Contains the plot which gives direction in making Dictionary meaning of the word
story
Sequential presentation of events b. Connotative
Signal words or transitional devices help to create Secondary meaning of a word and is not
unified thought and show the transitions of events necessarily included in the dictionary
to the next
Signal words lead us to focus on the use of the c. Operational Definition
action words in the story and help the story move Defining a concept by the producers or operations
and make the story interesting used to measure or observe it
Chronological ordering of events helps to show
the reader how the story moves d. Synonym
It is important to give specific details in pointing Similar words
out the direction of the story
Transitional Devices 2. Formal Definition
First Consists of three principal parts
Next Species (word) + genus (class) + differentiae
Then The WORD is the name of the object, process, or
After concept defined usually followed by “is” and “are”
Suddenly The CLASS or general group to which the objects
belong
Example:
Skimming (word) is a reading technique (class) of
2. Description
allowing the eyes to travel over a page very
Series of detailed observation about the subject
quickly, stopping only here and there to gain an
Brings the subject to life in the imagination of the
idea (differentiae)
reader
Involves the use of adjective and adverbs
Describe how the subject looks, sounds, feels,
3. Expanded or Extended Definition
smells, and taste are called sensory languages
Methods used in paragraph development
How you arrange the details to provide an image
By stating its characteristics
of the subject
By its function
By what it is not
2 Types of Description By what it is similar to
By examples
1. Objective description
By origin of word or etymology
Impartial and actual picture of the subject without
By its effect
biases
Exclude personal impression
2. Subjective description
Personal impression of what is observed
Often used in fictional stories
Transitional Expressions
Classified as
One kind
The last group
Another kind
Another
Final type
The first category
Are categorized as
The next part
5. Comparison and Contrast
Comparison is about elements that are similar
Contrast is about element/ideas that are different
Compare-contrast analyzes two subjects
comparing them, contrasting them, or both
Its purpose is not to simply state the obvious
To illustrate subtle differences or unexpected
similarities between the subjects
Show how these two ideas are similar or different
by showing their advantages and disadvantages to
weigh the pros and cons
2 Ways to Compare-Contrast
4. Exemplification and Classification 1. Subject by subject
Exemplification Also known as block method
Also known as illustration Used to compare and contrast two subjects one at
Most common and effective pattern to explain an a time
idea or point Begin by saying everything about the first subject
Develop a general statement – the topic sentence, then move on and write everything about the
with examples to support second subject
Transitional Expressions
2. Point by point
For instance Address one subject at a time
Namely First point + subject 1 and 2. Second point +
To specify subject 1 and 2 and so on...
To clarify
To illustrate
For example Cohesive Devices
In short
As an example For similarities:
Likewise
Similar to
Classification Same with
To sort out or arrange subjects into groups or Like
categories based on their common and shared In the same manner
characteristics
Associate similar things by grouping into classes
For contrast:
On the other hand After a topic sentence, illustrate the problem by
However using an extended example (through a story or an
While anecdote from the introduction)
Different with
In contrast and the like
Way to present solutions:
1. Preventive measures
6. Cause and Effect
Ways to prevent the problem from occurring in
Explains why something happens
the first place
States what results in a particular event produces
For example: How to prevent Covid-19
Usually gives a statement emphasizing the cause
and another emphasizing the effect
2. A series of steps
Why did it happen?
Suggest the easiest and most obvious solution
What caused it?
first, but if that doesn’t work, try something else,
What does it cause?
etc.
What are its effects?
For example: If you have a neighbor who does not
How is it related to something else?
wear mask nor practice social distancing, you
Signal Words might first talk to him; if that doesn’t work,
arrange for a mediator; etc. (a last resort might be
For cause: to call a police)
As a consequence of
As a result of 3. Advice
Because of Give some advice and helpful hints
Now that
Since 4. A choice of solutions
Include solutions that have already been tried,
For effects: have been unsuccessful, and new solutions which
you are proposing
Accordingly
Consequently
Hence
So Transitional Devices
Therefore For introductions
This resulted in
Nowadays…
It is a common trend that...
7. Problem- Solution Society is becoming increasingly concerned
about…
Presents a problem, discussing its several aspects
Conclude by discussing solutions to the problem
For middle section/body
The problem may be addressed through:
For instance
1. Effects only Such as/like
Describe the problem only in terms of its effects Namely
Use examples
2. Causes and effects For conclusion
Outline the causes of the problem
Discuss solutions in terms of preventive measures In conclusion
To conclude
3. Extended example To sum up
8. Persuasion
State the details through presenting views and
encourages the target readers to accept the
argument
Persuasive text can be in the form of argument,
discussion, exposition, review, or advertisement
State the issue first, this will serve as a
background information about the topic
Followed by a clear, strong, and specific argument
Argument is one’s claim or position that can
either support or reject the issue
Argument shall be supported with well-researched
evidence, which will give details on how and why
it supports the argument
Evidences can be factual, logical, statistical, or
anecdotal
It can also explain counter-arguments not because
the writer wants to prove which claims are wrong
or right but to enlighten the readers about other
positions
Conclusion restating the main argument of the
text will be the end of the text, the last statement
to persuade your readers
Guide questions in contrasting persuasive text
What is the issue?
What is your position or opinion?
What is the opposing position/opinion?
What are some reasons for your position?
What are some cases or examples that
support this?
Coherence and Transitional Devices
Cohesion Also called conjunctive adverbs or adverbial
conjunctions
Two basic features that facilitate textual continuity
Addition
Form or Structure - Again - Also - And
- And then - Finally - First
One of the most important elements in writing
- Further - Last - Moreover
Without solid structure in place, the content
- Next - Second - Still
gathered would fall apart
- Furthermore - Too - In addition
After sequencing the events in paragraph – a
- Equally important - In the first place
group of related sentences that leads to a single
idea
Comparison
Coherence - Also - In the same way
- Likewise - Similarly
Connection and organization of ideas in a text to
create unity
Connection of the succeeding sentences to the
topic sentence Concession
Rhetorical aspects of writing - Granted - Naturally
Include developing and supporting the argument - Of course
Synthesizing and integrating readings, organizing
and clarifying ideas
To achieve, every good paragraph must have unity
Contrast
of idea
Sentences in a paragraph are unified and directed
by a topic sentence
Focuses on the overall (macro) structure of the
essay Emphasis
Example: - Certainly - Indeed
- Thesis statement development - In fact - Of course
Cohesion Example/ Illustration
Unifying ideas by binding words, phrases,
sentences and paragraphs, thus, show
relationships and smooth text flow
More specific
Pays attention to links between words and Summary
sentences
To achieve, know how to use cohesive devices,
certain words or phrases that serve the purpose of
connecting two statements
Usually by referring back to what you have
previously written or said
Properties of a Well-Written Unbiased language
Text - Language that is free of racial bias, free of
religious bias, and free of gender bias
1. Organization
Text organization 1) Informal language
The way a text organized Usually used in writing for oneself or in writing to
Helps to guide the reader logically through it family, friends, and colleagues
Makes a text readable and its message clear
Can be achieved through: 2) Formal language
1) Physical format Used in academic, business, and official texts
Immediately apparent to the reader
How the text physically appears
Examples:
2) Structure
Provides the framework upon which the text is
organized
Consists of beginning, middle, and end
3) Signal words
Text clues that readers can use to follow a text
Signal the transition from one point to another,
the ordering of events and concepts
2. Coherence and Cohesion
Text with both has a central concept linking all the
ideas in the text
These ideas are presented in a logical manner
Coherence
Ideas are logically sequenced in a way that is easy
to follow for the reader
4. Mechanics
Set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate,
Cohesion
punctuate, and capitalize
Unifying ideas by binding words, phrases,
Conventions that have to be considered in writing
sentences and paragraphs, thus show
relationships and smooth text flow Examples:
- Realibility - Asociation
- Embarrass - Coleague
- I love to paint portraits I would paint one every
day if I had the time
- This book is dedicated to my parents, Noel and
3. Language Use Corazon
Appropriateness of word/vocabulary use
Effective language is specific, concise, familiar, - alex is studying in sta ana manila
correct, and appropriate
Be sensitive to use unbiased language so that it - i work for san miguel corporation
won’t offend any individual
Claims Types of Factual Claims
1) Factual/Historical
Synonymous to belief, argument, assertion, or
Based on concrete and verifiable information
stand
about past events or existing facts
A good claim should be:
Rely on evidence such as historical records, data,
Argumentative and debatable
and documented occurrences
Specific and focused
Interesting and engaging
Logical
2) Relational
Casual connections
Assert a cause-and-effect relationship between
two or more events or phenomena
Types of information
1. Explicit Information 3) Predictive
Information stated in the text Make assertions about future events or outcomes
Readers can see the piece of information stated in based on current evidence or trends
the given passage They often involve forecasting or projecting what
might happen
2. Implicit Information
Information is not directly presented in the text
Proof requires:
Readers have to read between the lines to
understand the details that the writer is trying to Sufficient and appropriate grounds
tell Reliable authority and recent data
Accurate, typical data
Clearly defined terms, no loaded language
Clear distinction between fact and false
Examples:
The oldest known disease in the world is leprosy.
Generally, obesity causes health problems.
Nail Armstrong was the first man to step on the
moon.
The first Mindanaoan President is Rodrigo
Duterte.
The earth is warming rapidly.
Types of Claims 2. Claim of Policy
Advocates a specific course of action
1. Claim of Fact Asserts that specific policies should be instituted
Pieces of information which are grounded on as solutions to problems
reliable authority such as science and history Terms:
Terms used: - Should - Ought to - Must
- Generally - Probably - As a rule
To verify whether these statements are claim of Proof requires:
fact or not, ask these questions:
Making proposed action (clear), need
- Is it debatable?
(justification), plan (must be workable), benefit
- Is it verifiable?
(advantages) consider opposition/counter
- Is it specific?
arguments
- Can it be solved objectively?
Examples:
The mayor should suspend the classes today.
You must send your children to public schools.
The government should legalize medicinal
marijuana.
The Boy Scouts should not have to include gay
scout leaders.
Local Malls should not open during the general
community quarantine.
3. Claim of Value
Involves judgements and evaluations
Judges whether something is good/bad,
right/wrong, just/unjust, and ethical/nonethical
Expressions of taste, preferences, and prejudices
Proof requires:
Establishing standards of evaluation (ex. A warrant
that defines what constitutes instances of the
relevant value)
Note that priority of the value in this instance
Establish the advantage (practical or moral) of
your standards
Use examples to clarify abstract values
Use credible authorities for support
Examples:
It is better to be feared than loved.
Cheating is not good.
Gay marriage is immoral.
Buying a house is a lot better than building it.
Rock music sucks.
The government is doing a great job during the
Covid-19 pandemic.
