Practical Research 1 Importance of Research

• Provides a scientific basis for any practice or

methodology in any field or discipline
Research • The entire system or operation and all the
stakeholders of an institution or organization are
• Systematic investigation at stake
• Research follows a step-by-step process of • Continuous development and further productivity
investigation that uses standardized approach to in any field
answer questions or solving problems • Result of advancing knowledge from the past
• Developments are realized through research • Helps develop tools for assessing effectiveness of
• Its main purpose is to answer a question or to any practice and operation such as psychological
solve an issue tests, intelligence quotient tests, psychological
• Continuous undertaking of making known the assessments, among others
unknown (Sachez, 2002) • Provides solutions to problems concerning at most
• Entails an investigation of new facts leading to the all issues encountered in the different areas of
discovery of new ideas, methods, or work
improvements. • Impacts decision-making
• An attempt to widen one’s outlook in life • Develops and evaluates alternative approaches to
• Proceeds from the known to the unknown the educational aspects of any discipline
• The end of research is to arrive at a new truth. • Aims to advance the personal and professional
• Investigation following ordered steps leading to a qualifications of a practitioner
discovery of new information or concepts • To gather necessary information
• Very careful investigation of something that • To make changes
purports the contribution of additional or new • To improve standard of living
knowledge and wisdom • To have a safer life
• Tested approach of thinking and employing • To know the truth
validated instruments and steps in order to obtain • To explore our history
a more adequate solution to a problem that is
• To understand the arts
otherwise impossible to address under ordinary
means
• Scientific investigation of phenomena which
includes collection, presentation, analysis and Basic Research
interpretation of facts that lines an individual‘s
speculation with reality • Purely direct application but increasing the nature
of understanding about the problem
• Systematic investigation and study of materials
and sources to establish facts and reach new • Develops the scientific theories to be more
conclusions understandable to the readers
• Studying something carefully and extensively in
order to attain deep knowledge
• Investigation or experimentation aimed at the Applied Research
discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of
• Needs an answer to a specific question
accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts,
• Provides solutions and validation in order to apply
or practical application of such new or revised
to the real setting
theories or laws
• Process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting
information to answer questions
Things To Consider in Doing Research
• Scope of the study
Data - Unprocessed information • Resources
Information - Processed data • Related literature
• Personal expertise
Characteristics of Research 4. Intellectual Honesty
• An intelligent researcher is honest to collect or
gather data or facts in order to arrive at honest
1. Empirical results
• Research is based on direct experience or
observation by the researcher 5. Intellectual Creativity
• A productive and resourceful investigator always
2. Logical creates new researches
• Research is based on valid procedures and
principles
Research Process
3. Cyclical • Process that requires patience and thought
• Research is a cyclical process because it starts with • There is no easy way to make certain that you
a problem and ends with a problem have exhausted every resource and found the best
research
4. Analytical • Research is more of an art rather than a science
• Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in
gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive,
1. Define the Research Problem
and experimental and case study
• Develop a research question
• Problem that needs to be solved or some piece of
5. Critical
information that is missing about a particular topic
• Research exhibits careful and precise judgment
• Answering this question will be the focus of the
research study
6. Methodical
• Research is conducted in a methodical manner
2. Review the Literature
without bias using systematic method and
• To learn more about the topic they are
procedures
investigating
• Provides important background information about
7. Replicability the issue they are researching
• The research design and procedures are replicated • What other studies have already been conducted,
or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at how they were designed, and what those studies
valid and conclusive results found
• Do not want to repeat old studies, but to add
something new to the field

Characteristics of Researcher 3. Formulate the Hypothesis

• Clear statement of what is intended to be
investigated
• Specified before research is conducted and openly
1. Intellectual Curiosity
stated in reporting the results
• A researcher undertakes a deep thinking and
inquiry of the things and situations around him
4. Design Research
• Overall strategy that you choose to integrate the
2. Prudence
different components of the study in a coherent
• The researcher is careful to conduct his research
and logical way
study at the right time and at the right place
• Ensures problem will effectively address
wisely, efficiently, and economically
• Constitutes the blueprint for the collection,
measurement, and analysis of data
3. Healthy Criticism
• The researcher is always doubtful as to the
truthfulness of the results
5. Collect Data 1. Honesty
• Critical step in providing the information needed • Honestly report data, results, methods and
to answer the research question procedures, and publication status
• Every study includes the collection of some type • Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data
of data-whether it is from the literature or from
subjects –to answer the research question
• Depending on the plan of the research, data can 2. Objectivity
be collected in the form of words on a survey, with • Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data
a questionnaire, through observations, or from analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
the literature personnel decisions, grant writing, expert
testimony, and other aspects of research
6. Analyze Data
• Important in the achievement of research aim and
objectives 3. Integrity
• The data collected must be analyzed in order to • Keep promises and agreements
answer the original research question • Act with sincerity
• Strive for consistency of thought and action
7. Interpret and Report
• Justify why you think that research aims and
objectives have been achieved
4. Carefulness
• Proofread the paper you have created and report
• Avoid careless errors and negligence
the results
• Carefully and critically examine your own work
• There are different ways to share the results of
and the work of your peers
your research, among them is by publication
• Keep good records of research activities
either in print or on the internet
• Another is by sending or submitting the research
report to those persons concerned or stakeholders
such as policy makers, government officials, 5. Openness
company or business executives, etc. • Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources
• Another way to share the results of your research • Be open to criticism and new ideas
is through a colloquium where the researcher
presents orally the research report to an audience
or to the public 6. Respect for Intellectual Property
• Honor patents and copyrights
• Don’t use unpublished data, methods, or results
Ethics of Research without permission
• Give credit where credit is due
• Deal with beliefs about what is right or wrong, • Never plagiarize
proper or improper, good or bad
• To be ethical is to conform to accepted
professional practice
7. Confidentiality
• Should be applied in all stages of research from
• Protect confidential communications, such as
planning, to gathering of data, to the analysis and
papers or grants submitted for publication,
interpretation and evaluation of the research
personnel records, trade or military secrets, and
• Provides guidelines for the responsible conduct
patient records.
• Educates and monitors researcher to ensure a
high ethical standard
• Promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and
credibility 8. Responsible Publication
• Helps ensure researcher’s accountability • Publish in order to advance research and
scholarship, not to advance just your own career
• Builds public support for the study
• Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication
9. Responsible Mentoring Research Misconducts
• Help to educate, mentor, and advise students

1. Fabrication
10. Social Responsibility • Making up data or results and recording or
• Strive to promote social good and prevent or reporting them
mitigate social harms through research, public
education, and advocacy 2. Falsification
• Manipulating research materials, or changing or
omitting data or results such that the research is
11. Non-Discrimination not accurately represented in the research record
• Avoid discrimination against colleagues or
students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or 3. Plagiarism
other factors that are not related to their scientific • The appropriation of another person's ideas,
competence and integrity processes, results, or words without giving
appropriate credit
• Claiming of other works as one’s own work
12. Competence
• Maintain and improve your own professional
competence and expertise through lifelong Research misconduct does not include honest error or
education and learning differences of opinion
• Take steps to promote competence in science as a
whole
The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines or
R.A. 8293 contains provisions regarding published
13. Legality works and copyright ownership. The term “published
• Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and works” means works which, with the consent of the
governmental policies authors, are made available to the public in such a
way that these works can be sourced from a place and
time individually chosen by them
14. Animal Care
• Show proper respect and care for animals when
using them in research Participants in research have the right to voluntary
participation, informed consent, freedom from risk of
• Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed
harm, confidentiality and anonymity
animal experiments

15. Human Subjects Protection

• When conducting research on human subjects,
minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits
• Respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quality Quantity
Dealing with letters Dealing with numbers
To understand the people, experiences, and etc. Statistical, logical, and mathematical tools and
techniques to analyze numerical data
To develop understanding of a problem Generate numerical data to produce hard facts

Non-numerical data Numerical data

Nature
Holistic Particular
Approach
Subjective Objective
Research Type
Exploratory Conclusive
Reasoning
Inductive Deductive
Specific to general General to specific
Sampling
Purposive Random
Set criteria
Small Large
1 to 25 100 to infinite
Data
Verbal Measurable
Inquiry
Process-oriented Result-oriented

Hypothesis
Generated Tested
Elements of Analysis
Words, pictures, and objects Numerical data and graphs
Objective or Goal
To explore and discover To examine
Methods
Non-structured Structured
In-depth interviews and group discussion Surveys, questionnaire, and observation
Result
Develop initial understanding Recommend final course of action
Presentation
Narrative format Graphs, tables, and arts
Sample Key Words
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Lived experiences Effects of
Travails Factors affecting
Coping mechanism Impact of
Perception Analyzing
Understanding Evaluating or Assessing
The relationship between

Participants
• Engage in an interview
• For qualitative research

Respondents
• Questionnaire
• For quantitative research
Types of Research
5. Action Research
• Ongoing practice of a school, organization,
community, or institution for the purpose of
I. Based on Application of Research obtaining results that will bring improvements in
Method the system
• Solving local problems or immediate problematic
1. Pure Research situation
• Deals with concepts, principles, theories, or • For small problems
abstract
• To increase knowledge or understanding about
law, principles, theories III. Based on Types of Data Needed

2. Applied Research
• To apply the findings of pure research to real- 1. Qualitative Research
world problems or issues • Non-numerical data
• Finding ways to make positive changes in society • Measurement of data
• To solve specific, practical problems • Uses words rather than numbers to express the
• To improve processes, products, or systems result, inquiry, investigation about people’s
thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyles
regarding the objective of the study
II. Based on Purpose of the Research • Verbal language

1. Descriptive Research 2. Quantitative Research

• Define or give verbal portrayal or picture of a • Numerical representation of data
certain topic • Measurement of data
• Liable to be repeated because its topic relates • Presents research findings referring to the number
itself only to a certain period or limited number of or frequency of something in numerical forms
years
• Give definition or meaning
• Based on the result, develop the inclination of ➢ Primary Data
conducting further studies on such topic • Obtained through direct observation or contact
with people, object, artifacts, etc.
2. Correlational Research • New and original information resulting from your
• Shows relationships or connectedness sensory of experience
• Of two factors, circumstances, or agents called • First-hand information
variables that affect the research
• Only concerned in indicating the existence of a ➢ Secondary Data
relationship • Data have already been written about or reported
• EXCLUDE the causes and ways of the development on
of such relationship • Available for reading purposes
• Second-hand information
3. Explanatory research
• Elaborates or explains the ways by which such
relationship exists

4. Exploratory Research
• Find out how reasonable or possible it is to
conduct a research study on a certain topic
• Discover ideas on topics that could trigger interest
in conducting research studies
Types of Qualitative Research Purpose:

- To understand how the school achieves academic

success despite socioeconomic challenges
1. Case Study ▪ Healthcare
• In-depth examination of a specific subject within Case:
its real-life context
• Subject could be individual, group, organization, - Managing a rare disease in a specific patient
event, or phenomenon Focus:
• Commonly used in social sciences, education,
business, and healthcare - Documenting the patient’s symptoms, treatments,
• To explore complex issues and outcomes over time
• Data collection methods could be interviews, Purpose:
questionnaires, observation, and documentary
analysis - To contribute to medical knowledge about rare
diseases and inform future treatments

Types of Case Study

▪ Environmental Studies
1) Exploratory
Case:
• Investigates a new or unclear topic
• To identify patterns or frameworks - A community’s response to a natural disaster

Focus:
2) Descriptive
• Provides detailed description of a case in its - Evaluating emergency preparedness, resilience,
context and recovery strategies

Purpose:
3) Explanatory
• Explores the cause-and-effect relationship of - To inform policies for disaster management and
phenomena recovery planning

4) Intrinsic
• Focuses on understanding a unique case for its 2. Ethnography
own sake • Studying people and cultures in their natural
settings
5) Instrumental • Involves observing, interacting with, and
• Examines a case to understand something broader sometimes participating in the daily lives of
beyond the specific instance people to understand their behaviors, beliefs, and
social dynamics
• To provide a rich, detailed, and holistic view of the
Examples of Case Study culture or group being studied

▪ Education

Case: Key Characteristics of Ethnography

- A high-performing school in a low-income area

Focus: 1) Fieldwork
- Examining teaching methods, school leadership, • Researchers immerse themselves in the
and community involvement environment of the subjects being studied
• Often over an extended period
2) Participant Observation 3. Phenomenology
• Engage with the community • Study of how people give meaning to their
• Participating in their activities while observing experiences, like the death of loved ones, care for
the people, and friendliness of the people
3) Holistic Perspective
• Considers the social, cultural, economic, and
historical contexts of the group 4. Content and discourse analysis
• Requires the examination or analysis of the
4) Flexible Approach substance or content of the communication that
• Ethnography evolves as the researcher gathers takes place through letters, books, journals,
more data photos, video recordings, short message services,
online messages, emails, audio-visual materials,
5) Narrative Reporting etc
• Findings are typically presented as a detailed
narrative to capture the complexity of the
culture 5. Historical analysis
• Study of primary documents to explain the
connection of past events to the present time
Examples of Ethnography • An example of this is explaining the happenings
during the Marcos regime
▪ Cultural Studies

Focus:
6. Grounded theory
- Ritual practices of a specific indigenous
• Occurs when a researcher discovers a new theory
community
based on the data collected
Method: • It is a research methodology for discovering
theory in a substantive area
- The researcher lives with the community, learns
their language, and participates in rituals to
understand their significance

Outcome:

- Documentation of rituals and their role in

preserving cultural identity

▪ Corporate Ethnography

Focus:

- Workplace culture in a tech company

Method:

- The researcher embeds themselves in the

company for a year, attending meetings and
informal gatherings to study communication
patterns and employee behavior

Outcome:

- Insights into how organizational culture affects

productivity and employee satisfaction