Science 1 Notes Mass Weight

1. Mass is the amount of matter 1. Weight is the force with which

Ch. 1 Gravitation
present in the object. the Earth attracts the object.
Q1. How does value of g change along the surface of the earth? 2. It's SI unit is kg. 2. It's SI unit is Newton.
1. The value 'g' is given by the equation g = GM/r² 3. The value of mass of an object 3. The value of weight of an
2. Earth is not exactly spherical. the earth bulges at the equator and is will remain same everywhere. object will change from place to
flatter at the poles. Its radius is largest at the equator and smallest at the place as value of 'g' changes.
poles. 4. Mass is a scalar quantity. 4. Weight is a vector quantity.
3. The value of 'g' is thus highest at the poles (9.832 m/s²) and lowest at
the equator (9.78 m/s²) Q. Calculate the weight of an object whose mass is 10kg.
mass = m = 10kg, g = 9.8 m/s²
Q2. How does value of g change with height? therefore, weight = w = m x g = 10 x 9.8 = 98 N
Ans: 1. The value 'g' is given by the equation g = GM/r²
From above equation we can see that g is inversely proportional to Q. The weight of an object on Earth is 96 N. Calculate it's weight on
distance between the Earth and the object and directly proportional to moon. Also calculate the mass of object on Earth as well as moon.
mass of the Earth. Ans: Weight on Earth = W(E) = 96 N
2. As we move above the Earth the value of r increases as the height Weight on Moon = W(M) = 1/6 x 9 = 96 ÷ 6 = 16 N
above the Earth increases, that is r = (R + h) we know that, W = m x g
3. Due to increase in the value of r the value 'g' decreases. therefore, m = W ÷ g = 96 ÷ 9.8 = 9.79 kg
4. The decrease in the value of 'g' is small for an object like an aeroplane since mass is same everywhere,
which is around 10 km above the Earth but the decrease in value of 'g' is therefore mass on earth and moon will be 9.79 kg.
large for a satellite which is around 35700 km above the Earth.
Eg: aeroplane : g = 9.77 m/s² and Satellite : g = 0.225 m/s² Q2. A. Will the mass and weight of an object on the earth be same as
their values on Mars? Why?
Q3. How does value of 'g' change as we move towards the centre of Ans: The mass of an object on Earth and on Mars will be same as we
Earth? know that mass is amount of matter present in the object.
Ans. The value 'g' is given by the equation g = GM/r² However, the weight of the object will be different on Earth and Mars as
From above equation we can see that g is inversely proportional to the value of 'g' is different.
distance between the Earth and the object and directly proportional to W=mxg
mass of the Earth. Since value value of 'g' is different, therefore weight will be different.
2. As we move towards the centre of the Earth the value of r decreases.
3. But along with this the mass of the Earth under consideration also B. Define.
decreases. i. Free fall : Whenever an object moves under the influence of the force
4. Due to combined effect of decrease in mass of Earth and radius of of gravity alone, it is said to be falling freely.
Earth the value of 'g' decreases. It becomes zero at center of the Earth. Free fall is possible only in vaccum.
ii. The acceleration with which an object moves towards the centre of the
Q. Distinguish between mass and weight: Earth during its free fall is called acceleration due gravity. It is a vector
quantity. It directed towards the centre of the Earth.
iii. The minimum velocity required to project an object to escape from
the Earth's gravitational pull is known as escape velocity. v = √2gR
iv. The force required to keep an object in circular motion is know as
centripetal force. It is always directed towards the centre of the Earth.

C. Three laws given by Kepler is as follows:

First Law: The orbits of the planets are in the shape of ellipse, having the
Sun at one focus.
Second Law: The area swept over per hour by the radius joining the Sun
and the planet is the same in all parts of the planet’s orbit.
Third Law: The squares of the periodic times of the planets are
proportional to the cubes of their mean distances from the Sun.

e. If the value of g suddenly becomes twice its value, it will become two
times more difficult to pull a heavy object along the floor. Why?
Ans: i. The weight of an object is defined as the force with which the
Earth attracts the object. It is given by, W = m x g
ii. The weight of an object depends on the mass of the object and
acceleration due gravity 'g'.
iii. If g is double then value of W will also double, that is the force with
which the Earth attracts the object also becomes twice.
iv. Thus, object becomes twice heavier and more difficult to pull along
the floor.

D. A stone thrown vertically upwards with initial velocity u reaches a

height ‘h’ before coming down. Show that the time taken to go up is
same as the time taken to come down.
 Ch 2. Modern Periodic Table called groups.
Q3.An element has its electron Configuration as 2,8,2. 2. Elements of group 1 are called alkali metals. eg: Lithium, sodium,
a. Atomic number - 2 + 8 + 2 = 12 pottasium.
b. Group = 2 ( because last shell has 2 electrons) 3. Elements of group 2 are called alkaline earth metals. eg: magnesium,
c. period = 3 ( because 3 shells are there) calcium.
d. Be(4) = 2,2 4. Elements of group 17 are called halogens. eg: Fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, iodine.
Q4. a. Li ( 3) = 2,1 Si (14) = 2,8,4 He (2) = 2 Na (11) = 2,8,1 5. Elements of group 18 are called noble gases. eg: Helium, neon, argon,
P (15) = 2,8,5. Thus, Si, Na and P are the elements belonging to period krypton, xenon.
3. 6. Elements of group 1 & 2 are called s- block elements, elements of
b. H(1) = 1 N(7) = 2,5 Ca(20)= 2,8,8,2 S(16) = 2,8,6 group 3 to 12 are called d-block elements, elements of group 13 to 18
Be(4) = 2,2 Ar(18) = 2,8,8. Thus, Ca & Be belong to group 2. are called p-block elements and series of Lanthanides and actinides
c. N(7) = 2,5 C(6) = 2,4 O(8) = 2,6 B(5) = 2,3 Al(13) = 2,8,4 below the periodic table are called f-block elements.
O is the most electronegative. 7. Elements of d-block are called transition elements and those of f-block
d. Be(4) = 2,2 C(6) = 2,4 O(8) = 2,6 B(5) = 2,3 Al(13) = 2,8,3 are called inner transition elements.
Al is the most electropositive element 8. Lanthanides come from 3rd group and 6th period while actinides
e. Na(11)= 2,8,1 P(15) = 2,8,5 Cl(17) = 2,8,7 Si(14) = 2,8,4 come from 3rd group and 7th period.
Mg(12) = 2,8,2. Thus, Na has largest atom
f. K(19) = 2,8,8,1 Li(3) = 2,1 Na(11) = 2,8,1 Be(4) = 2,2 c. Position of isotopes in the Mendeleev’s and the modern Periodic table.
Thus, Be has smallest atomic radius Ans: In Mendeleevs periodic table, elements were arranged in increasing
g. Al(13) = 2,8,3 Si(14) = 2,8,4 Na(11) = 2,8,1 Mg(12) = 2,8,2 order of their atomic mass. isotopes have same atomic number but
S(16) = 2,8,6. Thus, Al has highest metallic character different atomic mass. Thus, they occupied different places in
h. C(6) = 2,4 Li(3) = 2,1 F(9) = 2,7 N(7) = 2,5 O(8) = 2,6 Mendeleevs periodic table, which is not correct. Hence, Mendeleev was
Thus, F has highest non metallic character. not able to arrange isotopes in his periodic table.
In modern Periodic table elements are arranged in increasing order of
Q5. a. Helium (He) b. Hydrogen (H) c. Fluorine (F) d. Helium (He) their atomic number. Isotopes have same atomic number and hence
f. Fluorine (F) occupied the same place in the periodic table. Thus, modern Periodic
table had correct position for isotopes.
Q6
a. Mendeleevs periodic law Q7. Give Reasons.
1. Properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic mass. a. Atomic radius goes on decreasing while going from left to right in a
2. Mendeleev considered atomic mass as a fundamental property of period.
elements and arranged the elements according to the increasing atomic Ans: While going from left to right in a period atomic number increases
mass in his periodic table. by 1 value. One electron gets added to the same shell. Due to this the
nuclear charge increases and atomic radius decreases.
b. Structure of Modern Periodic table eg : in second period, atomic radius decreases from Li to F.
1. There are 7 horizontal rows called periods and 18 vertical columns
b. Metallic character goes on decreasing while going from left to right in Q8. Write the names from the description.
a period. a. Period with electrons in K shell - 1st period (elements H & He)
Ans: Metals have the tendency to lose electrons due to which they are Period with electrons in L shell - 2nd period (elements Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F )
electropositive in nature. Period with electrons in M shell - 3rd period ( Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl & Ar)
While going from left to right in a periodic table, the tendency to lose b. Group with valency zero - 18th group
electrons decreases due to increase in atomic number and increase in c. Family of non-metals having valency 1 - Halogens ( F, Cl ,Br and I )
electronegativity. d. Family of metals having valency 1 - Alkali metals ( Li, Na, K)
Therefore, metallic character decreases while going from left to right in a e. Family of metals having valency 2 - Alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca)
periodic table. eg: in 3rd period - Na Mg Al Si P S Cl f. The metalloids in the second and third periods = Boron (second period),
Na, Mg, Al = metals , Si = metalloid & P, S, Cl = non- metals. Silicon (third period)
g. Non metals in 3rd period - Sulphur (S) , phosphorus (P) Chlorine (Cl).
c. Atomic radius goes on increasing down a group. h. Elements having valency 4- Silicon and carbon.
Ans: As we move from top to bottom in a periodic table, atomic radius
goes on increasing. This is because atomic number increases, number Extra : Mendeleevs periodic table:
of electrons increases and new shells keeps on adding. Eg: in 1st group, Periodic law : Properties of elements are periodic function of their
Li(3) = 2,1. ( 2 shells) atomic masses. He arranged 63 elements in vertical columns called
Na(11) = 2,8,1 ( 3 shells) groups and horizontal rows called periods.
K (19) = 2,8,8,1 (4 shells) Merits of Mendeleevs periodic table:
thus , atomic radius increases down a group. 1. Atomic masses of some elements were corrected and elements given
proper place according to their properties.
d. Elements belonging to the same group have the same valency. eg: Atomic mass of beryllium was corrected from 14.09 to 9.4 and
Ans: Valency is the combining capacity of an element. placed before boron.
As we move from top to bottom in a group, valency remains the same. 2. He kept vacant places for the elements not discovered during that
eg: 1st group time and also predicted their properties. He named them as,
H(1) = 1. (valency = 1) eka-boron = scandium,
Li (3) = 2,1. (valency = 1) eka-aluminium = gallium
N(11) = 2,8,1. (valency = 1) eka-silicon = germanium.
K(19) = 2,8,8,1. (valency = 1). 3. When noble gases were discovered, they could be placed in the
Mendeleevs periodic table without disturbing the original periodic table
e. The third period contains only eight elements even through the in the zero group created by Mendeleev.
electron capacity of the third shell is 18 . Demerits of Mendeleevs periodic table:
Ans: The electron capacity of 3rd shell is 18. So the third period should 1. The whole number atomic mass of cobalt and nickel is same.
actually contains 18 electrons. But it contains only 8 electrons due to the Therefore there was an ambiguity (problem) regarding their sequence in
law of electron octet. Mendeleevs periodic table.
This is because of the fact that electrons are filled in these shells in the 2. Isotopes are atoms of same elements having same atomic number
increasing order of electrons. and different atomic mass. They have same chemical properties and
therefore there was a challenge regarding their position in Mendeleevs
periodic table. Ch. 3 Chemical Reactions and Equations
3. When elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic masses, Q1. MCQ
the rise in atomic mass does not appear to be uniform. It was not 1. zinc because zinc is non-corrosive metal and prevents rusting.
possible to predict how many elements could be discovered between 2. oxidation reaction. because oxidation means loss of electron. During
two heavy elements. conversion of ferrous sulphate to ferric sulphate Fe is converted from
4. Hydrogen shows similarity with halogens as well as alkali metals. Fe2+ to Fe3+.
Hence, there was confusion regarding the correct position of Hydrogen 3. electrolysis. because when electricity is passed through water
in Mendeleevs periodic table. electrolysis takes place due to which water is decomposed to give
hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.
4. double displacement reaction. because here two ions are exchanged.
ZnSO4 + BaCl2 --> ZnCl2 + BaSO4

Q2. Write answers to the following.

a. What is the reaction called when oxidation and reduction take place
simultaneously? Explain with one example.
Ans: 1. The reaction in which oxidation and reduction takes place
simultaneously is called Redox reaction. eg: CuO + H2 ---> Cu + H2O.
Here, CuO losses oxygen due to which reduction takes place and H2
gains oxygen due to which oxidation takes place. Since, both oxidation
and reduction are taking place simultaneously, therefore it is Redox
reaction.

b. How can the rate of the chemical reaction, namely, decomposition of

hydrogen peroxide be increased?
Ans: Rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide can be increased by
carrying out the reaction in presence of catalyst iodide ion (I-).

c. Explain the term reactant and product giving examples.

Ans: The substances taking part in a chemical reaction are called
reactants and the substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction
by formation of new bonds are called products.
eg: reaction between Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.
2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O
here hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are reactant while water is a product.
d. Explain the types of reaction with reference to oxygen and hydrogen.
Illustrate with examples
Ans: Types of reactions with reference to hydrogen and oxygen are
oxidation reaction and reduction reaction. CaCO3 + heat ---> CaO + CO2
a. Oxidation reaction: The reaction in which there is gain of oxygen and 2. When carbon dioxide gas is passed through freshly prepared lime
loss of hydrogen is called oxidation reaction. water it turns milky due to the formation of water insoluble calcium
b. Reduction reaction: The reaction in which there is gain of hydrogen carbonate (limestone). Ca(OH)2 + CO2 --> CaCO3 + H2O.
and loss of oxygen is called reduction reaction.
b. . It takes time for pieces of Shahabad tile to disappear in HCl, but its
e. Explain the similarity and difference in two events, namely adding powder disappears rapidly.
NaOH to water and adding CaO to water. Ans: 1. The rate of chemical reaction depends on the size of the particles.
Ans: Similarity : 2. Smaller the size of particles higher is the rate of reaction.
Whe NaOH and CaO are added to water, they both react with water to 3. Powder of Shahabadi tile is smaller in size than the piece of tile. Due
form exothermic reaction. to this powder of tiles react faster than the pieces of tiles.
NaOH + H2O --> exothermic reaction
CaO + H2O --> exothermic reaction c. While preparing dilute sulphuric acid from concentrated sulphuric acid
Differences : in the laboratory, the concentrated sulphuric acid is added slowly to
When NaOH and CaO are added to water, NaOH dissociates to form Na+ water with constant stirring.
ion and OH- ion while CaO reacts with water to form Ca(OH)2. Ans: The concentrated sulphuric acid is added slowly to water with
NaOH + H2O --> Na+ + OH- constant stirring because,
CaO + H2O --> Ca(OH)2 1. Sulphuric acid reacts vigorously with water.
2. It is highly exothermic reaction.
Q3. Explain the following terms with example. 3. If water is added to concentrated acid it can boil and splash out
a. Endothermic reaction : the reaction in which heat is absorbed is called causing burns on the hand of the person carrying out the reaction.
endothermic reaction. 4. Water is a good absorber of heat, so we add acid to water slowly with
b. Combination reaction : the reaction in which two or more reactant constant stirring.
combine to form single product is called combination reaction.
C + O2 ---> CO2 d. It is recommended to use air tight container for storing oil for long
c. balanced reaction : the reaction in which the number of atoms of an time.
element on reactant side are equal to number of atoms of an element on Ans: 1. When edible oil is left aside for long time, it undergoes air
product side is called balanced equation. oxidation.
d. Displacement reaction : the reaction in which more reactive element 2. Due to this, the taste and smell of oil changes and it becomes rancid.
displaces less reactive element from salt solution is called displacement If food is cooked in this oil, its taste also changes.
reaction. Eg: Fe + CuSO4 ---> FeSO4 + Cu. 3. Thus, the oil will become unfit for consumption.
4. The process of oxidation reaction of oil can be slowed down by
Q4. Give scientific reasons. storing it in air tight container. Hence, it is recommended to use air tight
a. When the gas formed on heating limestone is passed through freshly container for storing oil for long time.
prepared lime water, the lime water turns milky.
Ans: 1. When limestone is heated it undergoes decomposition to give
calcium oxide and carbon dioxide gas is formed.
 Q6. Identify from the following a. S is gaining electrons.
reactions the reactants that undergo Therefore it undergoes Ch 4. Effects of electric current
oxidation and reduction. reduction. Q4. Explain the difference : AC generator and DC generator.
b. Ag2O (silver oxide) is losing AC generator DC generator
oxygen. Therefore, it undergoes 1. In an AC generator, the rings 1. In a DC generator, split rings
reduction. used are not split. are used.
c. Mg (magnesium) is gaining 2. The direction of the current 2. The current produced flows in
oxygen to form MgO. produced reverses after equal the same direction all the time.
Therefore, it undergoes intervals of time.
oxidation.
a. Fe is losing electrons. Therefore it d. NiO is losing oxygen. Q6. How does the short circuit form? What is its effect?
undergoes oxidation. Therefore, it undergoes Ans: 1. If a bare live wire (phase wire) and a bare neutral wire touch each
reduction. other (come in direct contact) or come very close to each other, the
H2 is gaining oxygen. resistance of the circuit becomes very small and hence huge (very high)
Therefore it undergoes electric current flows through it. This condition is called a short circuit or
oxidation. short circuiting.
8. Identify the endothermic and a. Exothermic reaction 2. In this case, a large amount of heat is produced and the temperature
exothermic reaction. b. Endothermic reaction of the components involved becomes very high. Hence, the circuit
c. Exothermic reaction catches fire.
d. Endothermic reaction
Q7. Give Scientific reasons.
a. Tungsten metal is used to make a solenoid type coil in an electric bulb.
Ans: 1. The intensity of light emitted by the filament of a bulb depends
Q9. on the temperature of the filament. It increases with the temperature.
BaCl2 + ZnSO4 --> BaSO4 + ZnCl2 --> Double displacement reaction 2. The melting point of the material used to make the filament of a bulb
2AgCl --> 2Ag + Cl2 --> Decomposition reaction should be very high so that the filament can be heated to a high
CuSO4 + Fe --> FeSO4 + Cu --> Displacement reaction temperature by passing a current through it, without melting it. This
H2O + CO2 --> H2CO3 --> Combination reaction enables us to obtain more light. The melting point of tungsten is very
high. Hence, tungsten is used to make a solenoid type coil (filament) in
an electric bulb.

b. In the electric equipment producing heat e.g. iron, electric heater,

boiler, toaster etc. an alloy such as Nichrome is used, not pure metals.
Ans: 1. The working of heating devices such as a toaster and an electric
iron is based on the heating effect of electric current, i.e., conversion of
electric energy into heat energy.
2. An alloy, such as Nichrome, has high resistivity and it can be heated to
a high temperature without oxidation, in contrast to pure metals.
Therefore, the coils in heating devices such as a toaster and an electric Ans:
iron are made of an alloy, such as Nichrome, rather than a pure metal. When a copper wire with a B: Battery, K: Plug key, I: Current, N:
resistive coating is wound in a North pole, S: South pole.
c. For electric power transmission, copper or aluminium wire is used. chain of loops (like a spring), it is
Ans: 1. Copper and aluminium are good conductors of electricity. called a solenoid.
2. Copper, and aluminium have very low resistivity. Hence, when an The magnetic field lines
electric current flows through a wire of copper or aluminium, heat (magnetic lines of force) due to
produced is comparatively low. Therefore, for electric power a current-carrying solenoid are
transmission, copper or aluminium wire is used. similar to those of a bar magnet.
One face of the coil acts as the
d. In practice the unit kWh is used for the measurement of electrical south pole and the other face as
energy, rather than joule. the north pole.
Ans: 1) If an electric device rated 230 V, 5 A is operated for one hour,
electric energy used = VIt = 230 V × 5 A × 3600 s = 4140000 joules. 10. Name the following diagrams and explain the concept behind them.
2) If this energy is expressed in kW.h, it will be a) Fleming’s right hand rule:
4140000 ÷ 3.6×106 = 1.15 kW·h (more convenient). Stretch the thumb, the index
Hence, in practice the unit kW·h is used for the measurement of electric finger and the middle finger of
energy, rather than the joule. the right hand in such a way
that they are perpendicular to
Q8. Which of the statement given below correctly describes the each other. In this position, the
magnetic field near a long, straight current carrying conductor? thumb indicates the direction
Ans: The magnetic lines of force are in concentric circles with the wire as of the motion of the conductor,
the centre, in a plane perpendicular to the conductor. the index finger the direction of
the magnetic field, and the
Q9. What is a solenoid? Compare the magnetic field produced by a middle finger shows the
solenoid with the magnetic field of a bar magnet. Draw neat figures and direction of the induced
name various components. current.
b) Fleming’s left hand rule: The
left hand thumb, index finger,
and the middle finger are
stretched so as to be
perpendicular to each other. If
the index finger is in the
direction of the magnetic field,
and the middle finger points in
the direction of the current,
then the direction of the thumb in
the direction of the force on the Ch. 5 Heat
conductor. Q1. 1. Absolute humidity
a) Fuse: 2. Different specific heat capacity
A fuse protects electrical 3. Latent heat of fusion
circuits and appliances by
stopping the flow of electric Q2. Observe the following graph. Considering the change in volume of
current when it exceeds a water as its temperature is raised from 0° C, discuss the difference in the
specified value. behaviour of water and other substances. What is this behaviour of
b) Miniature circuit breaker: water called?
These days miniature circuit Ans: Most of the substances expand on heating and contract on cooling.
breaker (MCB) switches are Whereas, from the graph, it is clearly visible that water shows a distinct
used in homes. When the and peculiar behavior between 0°C to 4°C.
current in the circuit suddenly Water, instead of expanding, contracts between 0°C to 4°C. After 4°C, it
increases this switch opens shows the normal behavior of expansion as is shown by other
and current stops. substances. Thus, at 4°C, water posses maximum density and minimum
c) Figure shows the volume.
construction of a DC generator. This behavior of water between 0°C to 4°C is known as anomalous
It is used for producing direct behavior of water.
current.
Q3. What is meant by specific heat capacity? How will you prove
experimentally that different substances have different specific heat
capacities?
Ans: 1. Specific heat capacity of a body is the amount of heat energy
required to raise the temperature of unit mass of that body through 1°C
(or 1 K). It is given as , s = (ΔQ)÷ (m x ΔT)
ΔQ = amount of heat energy supplied m= mass of body
ΔT = rise in temperature
Experiment to prove different substances have different specific heat
capacities:
Take three balls of iron, copper and lead of equal mass and put them in
boiling water for some time. Then, take them out of the water and
measure their temperature. All of them will be at temperature 100°C.
Now, put them immediately on the thick slab of wax.
Note the depth that each of the ball goes into the wax. The ball which
absorbs more heat from the water will give more heat to wax. More wax
will thus melt and the ball will go deeper in the wax. It will be observed
that the iron ball goes deepest into the wax. liquid and convert the liquid into gaseous state. Thus, during
Lead ball goes the least and copper ball goes to intermediate depth. transformation from liquid phase to gas phase, heat energy is absorbed
This shows that for equal rise in temperature, the three balls have by the liquid, but its temperature does not change.
absorbed different amounts of heat. This means that the property which The constant temperature at which the liquid transforms into
determines the amount of heat absorbed by a ball is different for the gaseous state is called the boiling point of the liquid.
three balls. This property is called the specific heat capacity. The heat energy absorbed at constant temperature during
transformation of liquid into gas is called the latent heat of vaporization.
Q4. While deciding unit for heat, which temperatures interval is chosen?
Why? Q6.
Ans: While deciding the unit for heat (which is calorie), the temperature a. What is the role of anomalous behaviour of water in preserving
interval chosen is 14.5°C to 15.5°C. aquatic life in regions of cold climate?
We know that the amount of heat released or absorbed by a body is Ans: The anomalous behaviour of water is that from 0°C to 4°C. So, the
given as ΔQ = m x s x ΔT density of water is at a peak at 4°C. However, when the surrounding
Now, we also know that one calorie is defined as the amount of heat temperature goes down, the water in the oceans and rivers also cools
required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water through 1°C. Thus, for 1 down and the temperature of the whole water reaches 4°C. The water,
calorie of heat energy, the specific heat capacity of water should be therefore, reaches its maximum density at this temperature.
1 cal g-¹ °C-¹. Below this temperature (4°C), the water layer on the surface expands
It is found experimentally that the specific heat capacity of water is caused by anomalous behaviour of the water because of its decrease in
1 cal g-¹ °C-¹ when the temperature range is 14.5°C to 15.5°C. density. Hence, this colder layer remains on top and converts into ice.
This ice acts as an insulator and does not allow the temperature of
Q5. Explain the following temperature versus time graph. the water layer below it to fall below 4°C. This ensures that a liveable
Ans: In the given graph, line AB represents conversion of ice into water at temperature is maintained for aquatic life under the oceans and rivers.
constant temperature. When ice is heated, it melts at 0°C and converts
into water maintaining constant temperature of 0°C. This constant b. How can you relate the formation of water droplets on the outer
temperature, at which the ice converts into water is called the melting surface of a bottle taken out of refrigerator with formation of dew?
point of ice. Ans: 1) When temperature of air at dawn falls, air becomes saturated
Also, during this transition, the ice absorbs heat energy. This heat with vapour. As a result, the excess vapour condenses on the surface of
energy is utilised for weakening the bonds between the atoms or objects in the form of dew.
molecules in the ice to transform itself into liquid. This heat energy 2) When a bottle is taken out from refrigerator, it cools the air
absorbed by ice, at constant temperature, to convert it into liquid is surrounding it. Air in vicinity becomes saturated with vapour and excess
called the latent heat of fusion. vapour condenses on the surface of the bottle in the form of water
Once all the ice is transformed into water, the temperature of water droplets.
starts rising. It increases upto 100°C. Line BC in the graph represents 3) Thus, both phenomena take place due to air reaching its dew point
rise in temperature of water from 0°C to 100°C. temperature.
Thereafter, even though heat energy is supplied to water, its
temperature does not rise. The heat energy is absorbed by water at this c. In cold regions in winter, the rocks crack due to anomalous expansion
temperature and is used break the bonds between molecules of the of water.
Ans: 1. Normally, liquids expand on heating and contract on cooling. But Ans: During the phase change of a substance, its temperature does not
water exhibits an exceptional behaviour in the temperature range of 0 °C increase and hence its kinetic energy. But the potential energy increases
to 4 °C. or decreases depending on the type of phase transformation (for eg:
2. When water is heated from 0 °C upto 4 °C, instead of expanding it while melting of ice, the separation between the molecules of ice
contracts. Its volume decreases continuously from 0 °C to 4 °C. At 4 °C, increases and hence its potential energy).
its volume is minimum. Thus, some energy is required in increasing or decreasing the
3. Upon heating further, however, it expands and its volume increases. separation between the molecules. Thus, the heat supplied during phase
4. This behaviour of water between temperature interval of 0 °C to 4 °C is transformation is used up in increasing or decreasing the potential
called anomalous behaviour of water. energy and this heat energy is known as latent heat.
5. In cold regions in winter, as temperature decreases from 4 °C to 0 °C,
the volume of water accumulated in a fissure of rock increases d. On what basis and how will you determine whether air is saturated
continuously. with vapour or not?
6. At the same time, rocks with fissures filled with water undergo Ans: On the basis of amount of water vapours present in the air, it can
contraction. be either saturated or unsaturated.
7. As a result, rocks experience force applied by water and crack. If the amount of water vapours exceeds the amount that the air can
contain, then it is called saturated.
Q7. Answer the following: If the amount of water vapour is less than the limit of the amount that
a. What is meant by latent heat? How will the state of matter transform if air can contain then it is called unsaturated.
latent heat is given off? We can determine whether the air is saturated with vapour or not in
Ans: 1. The heat energy required to change substance from one state to terms of relative humidity. If the relative humidity is 100%, the air will be
another at constant temperature is called as latent heat of a substance. saturated otherwise not.
2. When latent heat is given off from a substance, it causes the Q8. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
strengthening of the bonds between atoms or molecules causing a (i) Heat is transferred from where to where?
change of state of the substance. Ans: Heat is transferred from the object at higher temperature to the
3. When a liquid substance gives off latent heat of fusion, strengthening object at lower temperature.
of bonds results into pulling of atoms or molecules of liquid closer and (ii) Which principle do we learn about from this process?
eventually it changes into solid-state. Ans: We learn the principle of heat exchange from this process.
4. Similarly, when a gaseous substance gives off latent heat of (iii) How will you state the principle briefly?
vaporisation, strengthening of bonds results into the pulling of atoms or Ans: Principle of heat exchange states that the heat energy lost by hot
molecules of gas closer and eventually it changes into a liquid state. object is always equal to heat gained by cold object provided that the
system of both the objects is isolated.
b Which principle is used to measure the specific heat capacity of a (iv) Which property of the substance is measured using this principle?
substance? Ans: Specific heat of an object can be measured using this principle.
Ans: Principle of heat exchange is used in the calorimetry method to
determine the specific heat capacity of a substance.

c. Explain the role of latent heat in the change of state of a substances?

 Ch. 7 Lenses 4. Give scientific reasons:

Q2. Draw a figure explaining various terms related to a lens. a. Simple microscope is used for watch repairs.

Ans: 1) Centre of curvature (C) : The centres of spheres whose parts Ans: 1) when an object is placed within the focal length of a simple
form surfaces of the lenses are called centres of curvatures of the microscope (convex lens), its larger and erect image is obtained on the
lenses. same side of the lens as that of the object.

2) Radius of curvature (R) : The radii (R1 and R2) of the spheres whose 2) By adjusting the distance between the object and the lens, the image
parts form surfaces of the lenses are called the radii of curvature of the can be obtained at the minimum distance of distinct vision.
lens. OR The radius of the spheres of which the lens is made is called
radius of curvature. 3) Thus, a watch repairer can see the minute parts of a watch more
clearly with the aid of a simple microscope than with the naked eye,
3) Principal axis : The imaginary line passing through both centres of without any stress on the eye.
curvature is called the principal axis of the lens.
Hence, watch repairers use a magnifying glass (a simple microscope)
4) Optical centre (O) : The point inside a lens on the principal axis, while repairing the watches.
through which light rays pass without changing their path is called the
optical centre of a lens. b. One can sense colours only in bright light.

5) Principal focus (F) : When light rays parallel to the principal axis are Ans: 1) The retina in the eye is made of many light sensitive cells. The
incident on a convex lens, they converge to a point on the principal axis. rod-shaped cells respond to the intensity of light while the cone-shaped
This point is called the principal focus of the lens. cells respond to various colours.

OR. The point on the principal axis where the light rays meet after 2) The cone-shaped cells do not respond to faint light. They function only
refraction is called principal focus. in bright light. Hence, one can sense colours only in bright, light.

6) Focal length (f) : The distance between the optical centre and principal c. We cannot clearly see an object kept at a distance less than 25 cm
focus of a lens is called its focal length. from the eye.

Ans : 1) When we try to see a nearby object, the eye lens becomes more
Q3. At which position will
rounded and its focal length decreases. Then a clear image of the object
you keep an object in
is formed on the retina of the eye.
front of a convex lens so
as to get a real image of 2) The focal length of the eye lens cannot be decreased beyond some
the same size as the limit. Therefore we cannot clearly see an object kept at a distance less
object ? Draw a figure. than 25 cm from the eye.
Ans : At 2F1 Q6. Distinguish between:

a. Farsightedness and Nearsightedness

 Farsightedness Nearsightedness entering the eye.

In this defect the human eye can In this defect the eye can see When a distant object is to be observed, the ciliary muscles relax so
see distant objects clearly but nearby objects clearly but the that the eye lens becomes flat. This increases the focal length of the
cannot see nearby objects clearly. distant objects are not clear. lens. Therefore, a sharp image of the distant object is formed on the
retina. Thus, we can see a distant object clearly.
the images of nearby objects get the image of a distant object
formed behind the retina. forms in front of the retina EXTRA : Human eye and working of its lens.

This defect can be corrected by This defect can be corrected by 1) There is a very thin transparent cover on the human eye. This is called
using a convex lens. using spectacles with concave cornea. Light enters the eye through it.
lens.
2) There is a dark, fleshy screen behind the cornea. This is called the Iris.
The colour of the Iris is different for different people.

b. Concave lens and Convex Lens. 3) There is a small hole of changing diameter at the centre of the Iris
which is called the pupil. The pupil controls the amount of light entering
Concave lens Convex lens the eye. If the light falling on the eye is too bright, pupil contracts while if
the light is dim, it widens.
1. A concave lens has its surfaces 1. A convex lens has its surfaces
curved inwards. puffed up outwards. 4) On the surface of the iris, there is bulge of transparent layers. There is
a double convex transparent crystalline lens, just behind the pupil. This
2. It is thicker at the edges than in 2. It is thicker in the middle than
lens creates real and inverted image of an object on the screen inside the
the middle. at the edges.
eye.
3. It can form only a virtual image. 3. It can form a real image as well
5) This screen is made of light sensitive cells and is called the retina.
as a virtual image.
These cells get excited when light falls on them and generate electric
4. It can form only a diminished 4. It can form a magnified, signals. These signals are conveyed to the brain through optic nerve.
image. diminished or the same sized
6) Later, the brain analyses these signals and converts them in such a
image.
way that we perceive the objects as they actually are.

7. What is the function of iris and the muscles connected to the lens in
human eye?

Ans : When the incident light is very bright, the muscles of the iris stretch
to reduce the size of the pupil. When the incident light is dim, the
muscles of the iris relax to increase the size of the pupil. Thus, the iris
controls the size of the pupil and thereby regulates the amount of light