Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

Nabua, Camarines Sur

KINEMATICS IN ONE
DIMENSION

ENGR. ERLY OCCIANO-CELIZ

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
OUTLINE  Define, calculate, and distinguish between
1) What is Kinematics? distance and displacement.
 Define, calculate, and distinguish between
2) What is Kinematics in One average and instantaneous speed and velocity.
Dimension?  Define and calculate acceleration, and
distinguish between average and instantaneous
3) Displacement vs. Distance
acceleration.
4) Speed vs. Velocity  Develop and apply the kinematics equations for
motion with constant acceleration.
5) Acceleration  Construct and analyze displacement, velocity,
6) Equation of Kinematics for and acceleration time plots.
Constant Acceleration  Use kinematics equations to analyze the motion
of free-falling objects.
7) Free Falling Object  Describe relative motion in one dimension
qualitatively and quantitatively using the
kinematics equations.
Everything moves! Motion is one of the
main topics in Physics.

In Physics, Motion is the phenomenon in

which an object changes its position over
time. Motion is mathematically described
in terms of displacement, distance, velocity,
acceleration, speed and time.

The study of motion is Mechanics and it is

divided into Kinematics and Dynamics.
 MECHANICS
Mechanics is the study of motion.
- what produces and affects motion
- based on the work by Galileo and Newton
- divided into two parts:

1. Kinematics – description of motion, not cause

- The “how” of motion
- Galileo’s work

2. Dynamics – the causes of motion

- the “why” of motion
- Isaac Newton’s work
 KINEMATICS

Kinematics is the study of motion, which allows us to predict ℎ𝑜𝑤 an object

will move, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 it will be at a certain time, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 it will arrive at a certain
location, or ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 it will take to cover a certain distance.

In kinematics, we analyze how

an object’s position, velocity,
and acceleration relate to one
another, and how they change
with time.
 KINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION

For the case of one-dimensional motion, we will only consider a change of

position in one direction.
 DISTANCE VS. DISPLACEMENT
Distance (𝑎 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟) representing the actual
distance travelled.

𝒅= 𝒅

Displacement (𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟) is a change in position in

some time interval. It can be represented by a
vector connecting the object’s initial and final
positions.

𝑫 = 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 − 𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒅 = 𝟐 𝒌𝒎

𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝟐 𝒌𝒎 𝒂𝒕 𝟒𝟓° 𝑵 𝒐𝒇 𝑬

SI Units: meter (m)

Example 1: A tarantula is on a wall 21 cm below a nail. It moves down to a
point 64 cm below the nail to catch a fly, and then takes the fly straight up to
a position 32 cm above the nail, as shown in Figure.
a.) Find the displacement of the tarantula.
b.) Find the distance covered by the tarantula.
 SPEED VS. VELOCITY
Speed (𝑎 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟) is the distance covered by Velocity (𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟) is a rate of change of
the object divided by the time it took the position in time.
object to cover it (elapsed time).
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑫 𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊
𝒅 𝒅 𝒗= =
𝒕 𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒊
𝑺= =
𝒕 𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒊

SI Units: meter per second (m/s)

SI Units: meter per second (m/s)
Example 2: How far does a jogger run in 1.5 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 (5400 𝑠) if his average
speed is 2.2 𝑚/𝑠?
Example 3: Andy Green in the car Thrust SSC set a
world record of 341.1 𝑚/𝑠 (763 𝑚𝑖/ℎ) in 1997. The
car was powered by two jet engines, and it was the
first one officially to exceed the speed of sound. To
establish such a record, the driver makes two runs
through the course, one in each direction, to nullify
wind effects. Figure (𝑎) shows that the car first
travels from left to right and covers a distance of
1609 𝑚 (1 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒) in a time 4.740 𝑠. Figure (𝑏) shows
that in the reverse direction, the car covers the
same distance in 4.695 𝑠 . From these data,
determine the average velocity for each run.
Example 4: A meteorological observation plane flies
1240 𝑘𝑚 straight southeast in 1.70 ℎ from Stockholm,
Sweden, to Moscow, Russia. The plane then flies to
Oslo, Norway, 425 𝑘𝑚 to the northwest of Stockholm.
The trip to Oslo takes 2.10 ℎ. The three cities lie along
a straight line, as shown in Figure 3-8.
a) Find the average velocity of the plane in 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
and in 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑠.
b) Find the average speed of the plane for the entire
trip in 𝑘𝑚/ℎ and in 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑠 (1 knot = 1.852 km/h).
 ACCELERATION
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity in time.

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

∆𝒗 𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊
𝒂= =
𝒕 𝒕
Where: 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∆𝑣 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 +𝒂 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 −𝒂 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝒂 = 𝟎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑣𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

SI Units: meter per second squared (m/s2 )

Example 5: Suppose the plane in the figure starts from rest (𝑣𝑖 = 0 𝑚/𝑠) when 𝑡𝑖 = 0 𝑠. The plane
accelerates down the runway and at 𝑡𝑓 = 29 𝑠 attains a velocity of 𝑣𝑓 = +260 𝑘𝑚/ℎ, where the plus
sign indicates that the velocity points to the right. Determine the average acceleration of the plane.
Example 6: A drag racer crosses the finish line,
and the driver deploys a parachute and applies
the brakes to slow down, as illustrates in the
figure. The driver begins slowing down when
𝑡𝑖 = 9.0 𝑠and the car’s velocity is 𝑣𝑖 = 28 𝑚/𝑠.
When 𝑡𝑓 = 12.0 𝑠, the velocity has been reduced
to 𝑣𝑓 = 13 𝑚/𝑠. What is the average acceleration
of the dragster?
 KINEMATICS EQUATIONS FOR
CONSTANT ACCELERATION
(Horizontal Motion)

 Velocity at any time (t) if initial velocity (𝑣𝑖 ) is given and acceleration is constant:
∆𝑣 𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖
From eq.: 𝑎 = = = or
𝑡 𝑡𝑓 −𝑡𝑖 𝑡−0

𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒂𝒕 (for constant a) 1

 Average velocity in any time interval as the arithmetic mean of the initial velocity and
final velocity:
𝟏
𝒗 = (𝒗𝒊 + 𝒗𝒇 ) (for constant a) 2
𝟐
 KINEMATICS EQUATIONS FOR
CONSTANT ACCELERATION
(Horizontal Motion)
 Position as a function of velocity and time for the particle under constant acceleration
model:
𝐷
From eq.: 𝑣 = or 𝑑 = 𝑣t
𝑡
𝟏
𝑫= 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒗𝒇 𝒕 (for constant a) 3
𝟐

 Position as a function of time for the particle under constant acceleration model:
1
From eqs.: 𝐷 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑣𝑓 𝑡 and 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
2
1
𝐷= 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑡
2
𝟏
𝑫 = 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐 (for constant a) 4
𝟐
 KINEMATICS EQUATIONS FOR
CONSTANT ACCELERATION
(Horizontal Motion)
 Velocity as a function of position for the particle under constant acceleration model:
1
From eqs.: 𝐷 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑣𝑓 𝑡
2
𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖
and 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 or 𝑡=
𝑎

1 𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑓 2 −𝑣𝑖 2
𝐷= 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑣𝑓 =
2 𝑎 2𝑎

𝒗𝒇 𝟐 = 𝒗𝒊 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝑫 (for constant a) 5

Where:
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑣𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Example 7: A jet land on an aircraft carrier at a speed of 140 𝑚𝑖/ℎ (≈ 63 𝑚/𝑠). What is its
acceleration (assumed constant) if it stops in 2.0 𝑠 due to an arresting cable that snags the jet and
brings it to a stop?
Example 8: As you drive in your car at 15 𝑚/𝑠 (just a bit under 35 𝑚𝑝ℎ), you see a child’s ball roll
into the street ahead of you. You hit the brakes and stop as quickly as you can. In this case, you come
to rest in 1.5 𝑠. How far does your car travel as you brake to a stop?
Example 9: A Saturn V rocket is launched straight up with a constant
acceleration of 18 𝑚/𝑠 2 . After 150 𝑠, how fast is the rocket moving and
how far has it traveled?
Example 10: A fully loaded Boeing 747 with all engines at
full thrust accelerates at 2.6 𝑚/𝑠 2 . Its minimum takeoff
speed is 70 𝑚/𝑠. How much time will the plane take to
reach its takeoff speed? What minimum length of runway
does the plane require for takeoff?
 Example 11: A car is traveling at a speed of 30 𝑚/𝑠, a typical
highway speed, on wet pavement. The driver sees an obstacle
ahead and decides to stop. From this instant, it takes him 0.75 𝑠
to begin applying the brakes. Once the brakes are applied, the
car experiences an acceleration of -6.0 𝑚/𝑠 2 . How far does the
car travel from the instant the driver notices the obstacle until
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 stopping?
 FREE FALLING OBJECT
If an object moves under the influence of gravity only, and no other forces,
we call the resulting motion free fall.

Any two objects in free fall, regardless of their mass, have the same
acceleration.

The acceleration of a freely falling body is called the acceleration due to

gravity, and its magnitude is denoted by the symbol g.

𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 or 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝒇𝒕/𝒔𝟐

Note:
Use: (-) g when the direction is going upward
(+) g when the direction is going downward
 KINEMATICS EQUATIONS FOR
CONSTANT ACCELERATION
(Vertical Motion)

𝟏
𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒈𝒕 𝒗 = (𝒗𝒊 + 𝒗𝒇 ) Where:
𝟐
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑣𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝟏 𝟏 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝒉= 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒗𝒇 𝒕 𝒉 = 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒈𝒕𝟐 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝟐 𝟐

𝒎
𝒗𝒇 𝟐 = 𝒗𝒊 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈𝒉 𝑬𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉′ 𝒔 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝑺𝑰 𝒐𝒓
𝒔𝟐
𝒇𝒕
= 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝟐 (𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉)
𝒔
Example 11: A stone is dropped from rest from the top of a tall
building, shown in the figure. After 3.0 𝑠 of free-fall, what is the
displacement (ℎ) of the stone? After 3.0 𝑠 of free-fall, what is the
velocity (𝑣𝑓 ) of the stone?
Example 11: A football game customarily begins with a coin toss to determine who
kicks off. The referee tosses the coin up with an initial speed of 5.0 m/s. In the
absence of air resistance, how high does the coin go above its point of release?
What is the total time the coin is in the air before returning to its release point?
Example 11: A stone thrown from the top of a building is given an initial
velocity of 20.0 𝑚/𝑠 straight upward. The stone is launched
50.0 𝑚 above the ground, and the stone just misses the edge of the roof
on its way down as shown in figure.
a.) Using 𝑡𝐴 = 0 𝑠 as the time the stone leaves the thrower’s hand at
position A, determine the time at which the stone reaches its maximum
height.
b.) Find the maximum height of the stone.
c.) Determine the velocity of the stone when it returns to the height from
which it was thrown.
d.) Find the velocity and position of the stone at 𝑡 = 5.0 𝑠