Chapter 2

Kinematics in One Dimension

 Units in Chapter 2

▪ Position, Distance, and Displacement

▪ Average Speed and Velocity

▪ Instantaneous Velocity

▪ Acceleration

▪ Motion with Constant Acceleration

▪ Applications of the Equations of Motion

▪ Freely Falling Objects

 Mechanics

Kinematics deals with the concepts that are needed to

describe motion. (e.g free fall, projectile)

Dynamics deals with the effect that forces have on motion.

(e.g car collision)

Together, kinematics and dynamics form the branch of physics

known as Mechanics.
Position, Distance Displacement

Distance vs Displacement

Distance - is the total movement of an object regardless of

direction. It is a scalar quantity.

Example

Total distance = 4m + 3m + 5m = 12m

Position, Distance Displacement

Displacement is the change in position of an object

(vector quantity)
Example

Displacement at point A is = 0m
Position, Distance Displacement

Example

x = total distance
 
xo = initial position x = final position
  
x = x − xo = displacement
Position, Distance Displacement

Example

 
xo = 2.0 m x = 5.0 m

x = 7.0 m is the total distance

  
Displacement would be:
x = x − xo = 7.0 m − 2.0 m = 5.0 m
Position, Distance Displacement

Example

 
x = 2.0 m x = −5.0 m

xo = 7.0 m distance is still the same

  
x = x − xo = 2.0 m − 7.0 m = −5.0 m
Position, distance, Displacement

Example

 
xo = −2.0 m x = 5.0 m


x = 7.0 m

  
x = x − xo = 5.0 m − (− 2.0) m = 7.0 m
Average Speed and Velocity

Average speed is the distance traveled divided by the time

required to cover the distance.

Distance
Average speed =
Elapsed time

SI units for speed: meters per second (m/s)

Average Speed and Velocity

Example

How far does a jogger run in 1.5 hours (5400 s) if his

average speed is 2.22 m/s?

Distance
Average speed =
Elapsed time

Distance = (Average speed )(Elapsed time )

= (2.22 m s )(5400 s ) = 12000 m
Average Speed and Velocity

Average velocity is the displacement divided by the elapsed

time.
Displacement
Average velocity =
Elapsed time

  
 x − x o x
v= =
t − to t
2.2 Speed and Velocity

Example

Andy Green in the car ThrustSSC set a world record of 341.1 m/s in
1997. To establish such a record, the driver makes two runs through
the course, one in each direction, to nullify wind effects. From the data,
determine the average velocity for each run.
2.2 Speed and Velocity

Solution

 x + 1609 m
v= = = +339.5 m s
t 4.740 s


 x − 1609 m
v= = = −342.7 m s
t 4.695 s
Average Speed and Velocity

The instantaneous velocity indicates how fast

the car moves and the direction of motion at each
instant of time. The SI unit is meter per second (m/s)


 x
v = lim
t →0 t

The limit means-to evaluate the average velocity,

over shorter and shorter time interval approaching
zero in the limit.
Acceleration

The notion of acceleration emerges when a change in

velocity is combined with the time during which the
change occurs.
Acceleration

DEFINITION OF AVERAGE ACCELERATION

  
 v − v o v
a= =
t − to t
Acceleration

Example

Determine the average acceleration of the plane.

 
vo = 0 m s v = 260 km h to = 0 s t = 29 s

 
 v − v o 260 km h − 0 km h km h
a= = = +9.0
t − to 29 s − 0 s s
Acceleration

Example

v − v o 13m s − 28 m s
a= =
t − to 12 s − 9 s
= −5.0 m s 2

Deceleration: An object whose speed is decreasing

Graphical Analysis of Velocity and Acceleration

x +8 m
Velocity = Slope = = = +4 m s
t 2s
Graphical Analysis of Velocity and Acceleration
Graphical Analysis of Velocity and Acceleration
Graphical Analysis of Velocity and Acceleration

v + 12 m s
Slope = = = +6 m s 2
t 2s
Motion for Constant Acceleration

Constant acceleration-is the same acceleration at every

instant of time

Four equations of motions for a constant acceleration

1. v = vo + at Displacement, x

2. x = vot + at 1
2
2 acceleration (constant), a

3. x = 12 ( vo + v ) t
Final velocity (at time t), v

Initial velocity, vo
4. v = v + 2ax
2 2
o Elapsed time, t
Motion for Constant Acceleration

Example

a = +2.0 m/s2, V0 = +6.0 m/s, t = 8.0 s x =?

Solution
x = vot + 12 at 2
( )
= (6.0 m s )(8.0 s ) + 12 2.0 m s 2 (8.0 s )
2

= +110 m
Motion for Constant Acceleration

Example

Find the displacement of a jet shown on a boat.

vo = 0 m s a = +31m s 2
x = ?? v = +62 m s
Motion for Constant Acceleration

Solution

x=
v −v2
=
(62 m s ) − (0 m s )
2 2
= +62 m
2

( )
o
2
2a 2 31 m s
Applications of the Equations of motion

Reasoning Strategy

1. Make a drawing.

2. Decide which directions are to be called positive (+) and

negative (-).

3. Write down the values that are given for any of the five
kinematic variables.

4. Verify that the information contains values for at least three

of the five kinematic variables. Select the appropriate equation.

5. When the motion is divided into segments, remember that

the final velocity of one segment is the initial velocity for the next.
Freely Falling Bodies

A free-falling body is a body that is moving only under the

influence of gravity.

Examples

▪ Skydiving
▪ bungee jumping

This idealized motion is called free-fall and the acceleration

of a freely falling body is called the acceleration due to
gravity.

g = 9.80 m s 2
or 32.2 ft s 2
Freely Falling Bodies

Example

A stone is dropped from the top of a tall building. After 3.00s

of free fall, what is the displacement y of the stone?
Freely Falling Bodies

Solution

Upwards

Downwards

y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s 3.00 s
Freely Falling Bodies

y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s 3.00 s

y = vot + at 1
2
2

= (0 m s )(3.00 s ) + 1
2 (− 9.80 m s )(3.00 s)
2 2

= −44.1 m
Freely Falling Bodies

Example

The referee tosses the coin up with an initial speed of 5.00

m/s. In the absence of air resistance, how high does the coin
go above its point of release?
Freely Falling Bodies

Solution

Upwards

Downwards

y a v vo t
? -9.80 0 m/s +5.00
m/s2 m/s
Freely Falling Bodies

y a v vo t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s +5.00
m/s

v −v
2 2
v = v + 2ay
2 2
o y= o
2a

y=
v −v
=
2
(0 m s ) − (5.00 m s )
2 2
= 1.28 m
2

( )
o
2a 2 − 9.80 m s 2
Freely Falling Bodies

Exercise

Michael Jordan’s vertical leap is reported to be 48 inches.

What is his takeoff speed? Give your answer
in meters per second.

NB!!! Please submit when you done with it via email.

 Summary of Chapter 2

• Distance: total length of travel

• Displacement: change in position

• Average speed: distance / time

• Average velocity: displacement / time

• Instantaneous velocity: average velocity measured

over an infinitesimally small time
 Summary of Chapter 2

• Average acceleration: change in velocity divided by

change in time

• Deceleration: velocity and acceleration have opposite

signs

• Constant acceleration: equations of motion relate

position, velocity, acceleration, and time

• Graphical representation of position, velocity with

respect to time

• Freely falling objects: constant acceleration g = 9.81

m/s2