Chapter 2

One-Dimensional
Kinematic
s Singgih Dwi Prasetyo

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 Units of Chapter 2
• Position, Distance, and Displacement
• Average Speed and Velocity
• Instantaneous Velocity
• Acceleration
• Motion with Constant Acceleration
• Applications of the Equations of Motion
• Freely Falling Objects

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 2-1 Position, Distance, and Displacement

Before describing motion, you must set up a

coordinate system – define an origin and a
positive direction.

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 2-1 Position, Distance, and Displacement
The distance is the total length of travel; if you
drive from your house to the grocery store and
back, you have covered a distance of 8.6 mi.

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 2-1 Position, Distance, and Displacement
Displacement is the change in position. If you
drive from your house to the grocery store and
then to your friend’s house, your displacement
is 2.1 mi and the distance you have traveled is
10.7 mi.

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 Example: A ball is initially at x = +2 cm and is
moved to x =
-2 cm. What is the displacement of the ball?

2 1 2 x
0 (cm)
1
x  x f  xi
 2 cm  2 cm
 4 cm

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 Example: At 3 PM a car is located 20 km south of its
starting point. One hour
later its is 96 km farther south. After two
more hours it is 12 km south of the original starting
point.

(a) What is the displacement of the car between 3

PMa and 6 PM?
Use
coordinate xi = –20 km and xf = –12
system where km
north is
positive. x  x f  xi
 12 km   20 km 8
km

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 Example continued

(b)What is the displacement of the car from

the starting point to the location at 4 pm?
xi = 0 km and xf = –96 km

x  x f  xi
 96 km  0 km 96 km

(c) What is the displacement of the car from 4 PM to

6 PM? xi = –96 km and xf = –12 km

x  x f  xi
 12 km   96 km 84 km
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 2-2 Average Speed and Velocity

The average speed is defined as the distance

traveled divided by the time the trip took:
Average speed = distance / elapsed time
Is the average speed of the red car 40.0 mi/h,
more than 40.0 mi/h, or less than 40.0 mi/h?

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 2-2 Average Speed and Velocity
Average velocity = displacement / elapsed time
If you return to your starting point, your
average velocity is zero.

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 2-2 Average Speed and Velocity
Graphical Interpretation of Average Velocity
The same motion, plotted one-
dimensionally and as an x-t graph:

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 2-3 Instantaneous Velocity

Definition:
(2-4)

This means that we evaluate the average

velocity over a shorter and shorter period of
time; as that time becomes infinitesimally
small, we have the instantaneous velocity.

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 2-3 Instantaneous Velocity
This plot shows the average velocity being
measured over shorter and shorter intervals.
The instantaneous velocity is tangent to the
curve.

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 2-3 Instantaneous Velocity

Graphical Interpretation of Average and

Instantaneous Velocity

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 Example: Speedometer readings are obtained and
graphed as a car comes to a stop along a straight-
line path. How far does the car move between t
= 0 and t = 16 seconds?

Since there is not a reversal of direction, the

area between the curve and the time axis will
represent the distance traveled.
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 Example
continued:

The rectangular portion has an area of Lw =

(20 m/s)(4 s)
= 80 m.
The triangular portion has an area of ½bh = ½(8 s)
(20 m/s)
= 80 m.

Thus, the total area is 160 m. This is the distance

traveled by the car.

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 2-4 Acceleration
Average acceleration:

(2-5)

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 2-4 Acceleration
Graphical Interpretation of Average and
Instantaneous Acceleration:

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 2-4 Acceleration

Acceleration (increasing speed) and

deceleration (decreasing speed) should not be
confused with the directions of velocity and
acceleration:

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 Example: The graph shows speedometer readings
as a car comes to a stop. What is the magnitude of
the acceleration at t = 7.0 s?

The slope of the graph at t = 7.0

sec is v2  v1 0  20m/s
aav  vx
t  t2  t 1  12 
2
 2.5 m/s
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4s
 2-5 Motion with Constant Acceleration

If the acceleration is constant, the velocity

changes linearly:
(2-7)
Average velocity:

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 2-5 Motion with Constant Acceleration

Average velocity:
(2-9)

Position as a function of time:

(2-10)
(2-11)
Velocity as a function of position:
(2-12)

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 2-5 Motion with Constant Acceleration
The relationship between position and time
follows a characteristic curve.

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 2-5 Motion with Constant Acceleration

The three key equations for Ch.2:

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 2-6 Applications of the Equations of Motion
Hit the Brakes!

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 Example: A trolley car in New Orleans starts from
rest at the St. Charles Street stop and has a
1.20 m/s2acceleration
constant for 12.0 seconds.
of

(a) Draw a graph of vx

versus t. 1
6

1
4

1
2
v (m/sec)

1
0

2 0 2 4 6 8 1 1 1
0 2 4
t (sec)
0

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 Example
continued:
(b) How far has the train traveled at the end of
the 12.0 seconds?

The area between the curve and the

time axis represents the distance
traveled.
1
x  vt  12 sec
2
t 1
 14.4 m/s12 s   86.4
m2

(c) What is the speed of the train at the end of the

12.0 s?

This can be read directly from the graph, vx =

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 Example: A train of mass 55,200 kg is traveling
along a straight, level track at 26.8 m/s. Suddenly
the engineer sees a truck stalled on the tracks 184
m ahead. If the maximum
possible braking acceleration has magnitude of 1.52
m/s2, can the train be stopped in time?

Know: ax = 1.52 m/s2, vix = 26.8 m/s, vfx = 0

Using the given acceleration, compute the
distance traveled by the train before it
 v  2a x 
comes to vrest.
2fx
2

0
 v ix  26.8
ix x
2

x   236
 
2a x 2m/s1.52
2 2

 m/s m
The train cannot be stopped in
time.
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 2-7 Freely Falling Objects
Free fall is the motion of an object subject
only to the influence of gravity. The
acceleration due to gravity is a constant, g.

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 2-7 Freely Falling Objects
An object falling in air is subject to air
resistance (and therefore is not freely falling).

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 2-7 Freely Falling Objects

Free fall from rest:

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 Example: A penny is dropped from the observation
deck of the Empire State Building 369 m above the
ground. With what
velocity does it strike the ground? Ignore air
resistance.
y
Given: viy = 0 m/s, ay = 9.8
m/s2,
x y = 369 m
ay Unknown: y
369 v f

Use 2fy
 v 2
 2a
v y
: iy
y

 2ay y
vyf
 2ay y
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 Example
continued:
 2a y y  2  9.8 m/s   369m  85.0
m/s (downwar
vyf 2
d)

How long does it take for the penny to strike the

ground?

Given: viy = 0 m/s, ay = 9.8 m/s2, y =

369 m Unknown: t
1 2 1 2
y  viy t  a y t  a y
2 2
t 2y
t  8.7
 a y sec

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 Example: You throw a ball into the air with speed
15.0 m/s; how high does the ball rise? y
v
iy

Given: viy = +15.0 m/s; ay = 9.8 m/s2

x

ay

To calculate the final 1 2

height, we need to know y  viy t  a y
the time of flight. 2
t

Time of flight  ay
v fy 
from: t
viy
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 Example
continued:

 a y t 
The ball v fy 
v0
rises until viy 15.0 m/s  1.53
vfy = 0. t   a y   9.8 m/s sec
iy 2

1
The y  viy t  ay t 2
height: 2
 15.0 m/s1.53 s
2
1
 9.8 m/s
2


11.5
1.53 s2
m

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 2-7 Freely Falling Objects
Trajectory of a projectile:

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 Summary of Chapter 2

• Distance: total length of travel

• Displacement: change in position
• Average speed: distance / time
• Average velocity: displacement / time
•Instantaneous velocity: average velocity
measured over an infinitesimally small time

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 Summary of Chapter 2
•Instantaneous acceleration: average
acceleration measured over an infinitesimally
small time
•Average acceleration: change in
velocity divided by change in time
•Deceleration: velocity and acceleration
have opposite signs
•Constant acceleration: equations of motion
relate position, velocity, acceleration, and time
• Freely falling objects: constant acceleration
g = 9.81 m/s2
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