Capacitors
Camera flashes are
being attached to a
camera to produce a
sudden burst of light
in case the camera
requires more light for
a good image to be
produced. 2
Inside these flashes
are capacitors. These
capacitors operate
through an
indispensable
electronic concept
called the
capacitance.
3
Many other equipment in our daily lives, such as
televisions, radios, power conditioning units, and
microphones employ this mechanism, too.
4
In this lesson, we will look closely on the nature
and characteristics of capacitors and discover
how they enable the storage of electrical
energy.
5
How does a capacitor make the storage of
electrical energy possible?
6
● Solve problems involving capacitors in contexts
such as, but not limited to, charged plates,
electroscopes, batteries, camera flashlamps,
Geiger counters, and coaxial cables
7
● Explain the concept of capacitance.
● Determine the capacitance present in a given
capacitor.
● Calculate values of unknown variables in problems
that relate to parallel-plate, cylindrical, and
spherical capacitors.
8
Capacitor
A capacitor is a material which is made of two conductors
separated by either vacuum or an insulator, and where
electrical energy may be stored.
9
Capacitor
The capacitor is charged with electrons that move
between two charged conductors.
10
Capacitor
The conducting plate that is positively charged with +Q has
greater potential than the negatively-charged plate.
11
Capacitor
The amount of charge that a particular conductor can
store is referred to as capacitance.
12
Capacitor
Capacitors come in many forms, shapes, and sizes, the
most typical of which is a configuration of parallel plates.
13
Capacitor
In circuit diagrams, a capacitor is signified by the following
symbols:
14
What is a capacitor and how does a
capacitor work?
15
Capacitance Calculations
● Any point in a capacitor’s two conductors contain the
same electric potential.
16
Capacitance Calculations
● Any point in a capacitor’s two conductors contain the
same electric potential.
● In a capacitor, the charge q and the voltage ΔV are
directly proportional to each other and are
mathematically expressed through the equation below.
17
Capacitance Calculations
● Capacitance is the amount of charge necessary to put
forth a particular voltage between two conducting
plates.
18
Capacitance Calculations
● Capacitance is the amount of charge necessary to put
forth a particular voltage between two conducting
plates.
● Hence, as the value of the capacitance becomes larger,
a greater charge is also needed.
19
Capacitance Calculations
● The capacitance is determined according to the shape
of the capacitor.
● Gauss’s law will prove to be considerably useful in
determining the appropriate symmetry applicable for
each geometry.
20
Capacitance Calculations
Parallel-Plate Capacitors
By Gauss’s law, the electric field E can be calculated as
21
Capacitance Calculations
Parallel-Plate Capacitors
The potential difference can be calculated as
22
Capacitance Calculations
Parallel-Plate Capacitors
The capacitor where a positive charge q is enclosed in a
Gaussian surface on one of the plates is
23
Capacitance Calculations
Parallel-Plate Capacitors
What is the relationship between A and d?
24
Capacitance Calculations
Parallel-Plate Capacitors
What is the relationship between C and A?
25
Capacitance Calculations
Parallel-Plate Capacitors
What is the relationship between C and d?
26
Capacitance Calculations
Cylindrical Capacitors
For cylindrical
symmetries, a coaxial
charge distribution is
present.
27
Capacitance Calculations
Cylindrical Capacitors
The capacitance is
expressed as
capacitance per unit
length.
28
Capacitance Calculations
Spherical Capacitors
The electric potential at
any given point between
the two shells is
29
Capacitance Calculations
Spherical Capacitors
The potential difference between A and B can be derived as
30
Capacitance Calculations
Spherical Capacitors
The capacitance can then be calculated as
How do you arrive at this equation?
31
How do we determine the
capacitance of parallel-plate,
cylindrical, and spherical
capacitors?
32
Capacitance
33
Capacitance
34
Never confuse capacitance and
coulombs. Capacitance is expressed in
farads (F) and is symbolized by the
italicized capital letter C. C, on the
contrary, is an abbreviation for
coulombs and is not italicized.
35
All the equations provided are only
applicable for calculating the
capacitance of capacitors in a vacuum,
i.e., when conductors are separated by
vacuum or empty space.
36
Calculate the capacitance of two parallel plates of a
capacitor with a separation distance of 1.5 mm and
with an area of 2.0 ✕ 108 m2.
37
Calculate the capacitance of two parallel plates of a
capacitor with a separation distance of 1.5 mm and
with an area of 2.0 ✕ 108 m2.
The capacitance of the parallel-plate capacitor is 1.18 F.
38
Calculate the capacitance of two parallel plates of a
capacitor with a separation distance of 5.0 mm and
with an area of 4.5 ✕ 108 m2.
39
Calculate the capacitance of two parallel plates of a
capacitor with a separation distance of 5.0 mm and
with an area of 4.5 ✕ 108 m2.
The capacitance of the parallel-plate capacitor is 0.7965 F.
40
Solve the potential difference of a battery connected
to a capacitor that consists of two parallel plates
with an area of 2.0 cm2 and a separation distance of
2.0 mm. Suppose that the charge present on the two
plates is equal to 4.0 picocoulombs.
41
Solve the potential difference of a battery connected
to a capacitor that consists of two parallel plates
with an area of 2.0 cm2 and a separation distance of
2.0 mm. Suppose that the charge present on the two
plates is equal to 4.0 picocoulombs.
The potential difference of the battery attached to the
parallel-plate capacitor is equal to 4.52 V.
42
Calculate the potential difference of a battery
connected to a capacitor consisting of two parallel
plates with an area of 1.75 cm2 and a separation
distance of 4.33 mm. Suppose that the charge
present on the two plates is equal to 2.67
picocoulombs.
43
Calculate the potential difference of a battery
connected to a capacitor consisting of two parallel
plates with an area of 1.75 cm2 and a separation
distance of 4.33 mm. Suppose that the charge
present on the two plates is equal to 2.67
picocoulombs.
The potential difference of the battery attached to the
parallel-plate capacitor is equal to 7.46 V.
44
A spherical-shaped capacitor has a charge equivalent
to 3.30 nanocoulombs when connected to a battery
that has a voltage of 220 V. Suppose the two shells of
the spherical capacitor are 4 centimeters apart, what
are the capacitance and the radius of the inner
sphere?
45
A spherical-shaped capacitor has a charge equivalent
to 3.30 nanocoulombs when connected to a battery
that has a voltage of 220 V. Suppose the two shells of
the spherical capacitor are 4 centimeters apart, what
are the capacitance and the radius of the inner
sphere?
The capacitance of the spherical conductor is 1.5 ✕ 10-11
F and the the radius of the inner sphere is 0.135 m.
46
ASSIGNMENT:
A spherical-shaped capacitor has a charge
equivalent to 12.54 nanocoulombs when
connected to a battery that has a voltage of
250 V. Suppose the two shells of the spherical
capacitor are 7 centimeters apart, what are
the capacitance and the radius of the inner
sphere?
47
Identify whether each of the following statements is
true or false.
1. A capacitor stores electrical energy.
1. In a capacitor, the charge q and the voltage ΔV are
directly proportional to each other.
1. The potential difference between two conducting plates
is referred to as capacitance.
48
Answer the questions that follow.
1. If two plates of a capacitor are separated by a distance
of 2.15 mm, what is the area of the two plates if the
capacitance has a value of 2 F?
2. Solve the separation distance between two plates with
an area of 0.3 m2 if the capacitance is equal to 6.8 nF.
3. What is the capacitance of a capacitor that stores 15.3
𝜇C when it is connected to a battery that has 5.5 V?
49
● A capacitor is a material which is made of two
conductors separated by either vacuum or an
insulator, and where electrical energy may be
stored.
50
● The capacity to store energy is made possible by
charging the capacitor with electrons that move
to and fro two conductors whose charges are
positive and negative, respectively, and are both
of equal magnitude.
51
● The amount of charge that a particular conductor
can store is what is referred to as capacitance.
Capacitance is expressed through the SI unit
called farad (F), which is also equivalent to 1
coulomb per volt.
52
● Gauss’s law may be used to determine which
symmetry is most applicable to solve the
capacitance in a system. The three major
geometries of capacitors include: parallel-plate,
cylindrical, and spherical symmetries.
53
Concept Formula Description
Use this formula to
Capacitance
solve capacitance
(General Equation)
where when the magnitude of
● C is capacitance; the charge and
● q is the magnitude potential difference are
of the charge, and given.
● ΔV is the potential
difference between
the conductors.
54
Concept Formula Description
Use this formula to
Capacitance of
solve the capacitance
Parallel-Plate
where of parallel-plate
Capacitors
● C is the capacitance in the capacitors.
parallel-plate capacitor;
● 𝜀0 is the permittivity of free
space, with a constant value
of 8.85 ✕ 10–12 F/m, and
● ΔV is the potential difference
between the conductors.
55
Concept Formula Description
Use this formula to
Capacitance of
solve the
Parallel-Plate
where capacitance of
Capacitors
● C is the capacitance in the cylindrical cylindrical
capacitor; capacitors.
● 𝜀0 is the permittivity of free space, with
a constant value of 8.85 ✕ 10–12 F/m;
● L is the length of the cylindrical
capacitor;
● rb is the radius of the outer cylinder,
and
● ra is the radius of the inner cylinder.
56
Recall your lessons on Gaussian and
equipotential surfaces, as well as the
polarization of charges in conductors
under electrostatic equilibrium. Infer
the location of the charges present in
the conductors of a capacitor.
57
● Slide 3: Flash - Speedlight - SLR Flash - Studio picture 2011 by Bill Ebbesen is licensed under CC BY-
SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
58
Hewitt, Paul G. 2010. Conceptual Physics (11th ed). New York: Pearson Education.
Holt, R., Serway, R., & Faugn, J. (2006). Physics. Holt McDougald. Austin, TX.
Macalalad, E. P. and Vergara, R. L. 2011. Exploring the Realms of Science: Physics. Valenzuela City: JO-ES
Publishing House, Inc.
Vincent P. Coletta. Physics Fundamentals. Physics Curriculum & Instruction, Inc.: 2010.
Walker, J., Halliday, D., & Resnick, R. (2011). Fundamentals of physics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
59
