University of Manchester School of Materials
MATS31501 Functional Materials and Devices
Course work set by: Dr. D.A. Hall
Piezoelectrics Problems Sheet
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MATS 31501 Functional Materials and Devices
Problems Sheet –Piezoelectrics
-
1. (a) The piezoelectric properties of two different ceramic materials are given in Table 1 below.
Table 1.
r d33 / pC N-1 d31 / pC N-1
PZT 1075 287 -104
Modified PbTiO3 225 65 -4
Poled, disk-shaped specimens were produced from each material (diameter = 12 mm, thickness
= 2 mm). Calculate the charge displaced under short-circuit conditions when the following forces
are applied to each specimen :
I
A
I
DD: DP. the
(i) a force of 25 N applied along the axis of the disk a s (4 marks)
(ii) a hydrostatic pressure of 2.5 MPa.
->
DP=dnXn, with dn =dbs +2ds1 (4 marks)
(b) A piezoelectric spark generator produces a high voltage by applying a uniaxial stress (along the
polar 3-axis) to PZT rods of length 15 mm and diameter 12 mm. What force is required to
produce a voltage of 5 kV ? (Hint: you will first need to calculate the voltage coefficient g33, then
use this to find the mechanical stress required). * wefer to coursework equation (4 marks)
notebook
-
2. A medical imaging transducer operating at a frequency of 5.25 MHz is to be made using an array
of PZT elements vibrating in the thickness mode. Calculate the required thickness of these elements
if the acoustic wave velocity in the material is 3888 m s-1 (Hint : in this mode, the thickness of the
elements is equal to half an acoustic wavelength). (4 marks)
v fx - D
"
= =
3. Sketch the PZT pseudo-binary phase diagram, labelling all of the important features. Explain the
significance of the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) and why compositions close to the MPB
are preferred for applications in piezoelectric devices. (10 marks)
4. Construct defect chemical equations using the Kroger-Vink notation to describe the incorporation
of the following types of aliovalent dopants in lead titanate, PbTiO3. (10 marks)
(a) Potassium (K+) substituted for Lead (Pb2+) with charge compensation by oxygen vacancies
(b) Aluminium (Al3+) substituted for titanium (Ti4+) with charge compensation by oxygen vacancies
(c) Niobium (Nb5+) substituted for titanium (Ti4+) with charge compensation by titanium vacancies
⑥
(d) Niobium (Nb5+) substituted for titanium (Ti4+) with charge compensation by lead vacancies
↓b
5
substituted for Tixt, with Vi
For PbTiOs, PbOtTiOnsOs, p6ntid + 30u
PbTiOs
PbOtwbe0s ->50bystU"**Nb"+1502-
& A ny
= m
=
01.
(a) Pi Di applied stress
= s
m Dft
piezoelectic charge coefficient 4
X E
=
orsya
=
- 221048.5 Pa
DO =
ds3.X3
PozT 1287 10-12). (221048.5)
I
= x
= 6.34489 x10-5
- 6.34x10-5
PIT DO= DP. A
=
6.34409x10-5xx)o-ga
=> I.19583 x 10-6 C
- 1.20 x 106 c
DO 165 x10-1). (221048.5)
I
=
= 1.43682 x 10-5
- 1.44 x 10-5
modified
PbTiOs D =
DP. A
=
1.43652x105x*x(o)
=>
2.70534x10-7
- 2. 7) x 10-7
02. (a)(ii) Xn 2.5x100Pa (since
=
all the stresses are the samell
n =
5)0+02+33g)
* P= dnXn dn = ds3 +2 d31
I
DO= (ds3 + 2ds1). Xn
PIT
=(1287x10-12) +2)-104x10-2)). (2.5 100) x
-
1.975 x10-4
(ds3 + 2ds1). Xn
S
DP =
modified
PbTiOs
-
(165 10-12)12F4x10-12)]. (2.5 x 100)
x
=
1.425x10-4
As ofa
1 (b)
dss 287 x10-2 CN+
=
1415 mm
hydrostate pressure = 2.5 MPa = 2.5x106 Pa
30 8.854x10-12Fm+
=
gss ss
=
g
E
=
X
A -
=
V
d
7. A
gss
=
gss = =
A
--
PIT
F=ttysoe
= 5x103xx)*(x(5.554x10-1))0075)
15 x 10-3 2 8F x18-12
=
1250.25098 N
= 1.25 kN
Modified PbTiOs
eOY
F= IAXti
15 x 18-3
18.854x10-1)(225)
65x10-12
=> 1 155.41978 N
= 1.16 kN
02.
F 5.25 MHz 3888mst
=
v =
thickness needed
5X
=
v =f↓ x =
7
X =
.
sor
- 7.4057x10-4
thickness required x7.40571x10-4
=
= 3.702855 x10-*m
0.37mm
=
A 5. A piezoelectric ‘patch’ actuator is prepared using a thin sheet of soft PZT ceramic (thickness 1
mm) with a width of 10 mm and a length of 50 mm, as illustrated below:
Calculate the change in length that is induced when a voltage of 100 V is applied between the top
and bottom electrodes. (6 marks)
Assume that the d31 strain coefficient for this material is –212 pm V-1 (i.e. –212 x 10-12 m V-1).
①
(Hint: first calculate the electric field applied to the material, then use this together with the d 31
② ⑤
coefficient to find the transverse strain, and hence the field-induced displacement).
6. (a) Calculate the values of gh, dh and the hydrostatic ‘figure of merit’, given by the product g hdh,
for the various piezoelectric materials listed in Table 2. (15 Marks)
Table 2.
r d33 / d31 / kp kt tan Qm
pC N-1 pC N-1
Soft PZT 2900 529 -212 0.58 0.48 0.027 60
Hard PZT 1075 287 -104 0.53 0.45 0.002 1200
Modified 225 65 -4 0.06 0.47 0.024 1200
PbTiO3
0-3 45 55 -12.5 - - 0.05 20
Composite
1-3 78 180 -70 0.2 0.45 0.03 100
Composite
(b) Which of these materials would be most suitable for use in :
(i) a hydrostatic sensor (need high gh and ghdh)?
(ii) a medical imaging transducer (need high kt, low kp and good acoustic ‘matching’ to the
human body – think about the likely densities of the various materials…)?
(iii) a high power SONAR transmitter (need high kt, high d33 and very low dielectric loss)?
Calgn=Sth
(3 marks)
06. dss 2dg1
dn = +
INT
dr:CNT gniUmNt gudn: m
06. (a) guitar dn =dest2ds
Soft PIT
1529x10%)+2)-212x10-12)
g2= 8.354x10-2 x 2900
= 0.0040893
= 4.0593 x 10-3
gadu = (4.0593 x10-3) [
05. E
1
=
Tno-
=
o
- 100kW mY
2m = dimE;
=-
212x10-* x100x103
= -
2.12 x 10-5
= -
0.00212 %
Field-induced displacement 212
= x 1x10-3
= 2.12x10-8 m
Note on UNITS
Electric field has units V m-1 or N C-1
Stress has units N m-2
From the direct piezoelectric effect, the charge coefficient, dij, represents the polarisation or surface
charge density per unit applied stress and therefore has units C N-1.
From the converse piezoelectric effect, the strain coefficient, dij, represents the strain per unit
applied electric field and therefore has units m V-1. From the definition of electric field, it is clear
that this unit is identical to C N-1 and therefore the values are equivalent.
The voltage coefficient, gij, represents the electric field produced per unit applied stress and has
units V m N-1.
The figure of merit, gijdij, has units m2 N-1.
