Errata – How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2: Second Edition

Published March 2018

CCIP‐060

Chapter 12, page 108: Document states ‘for ηfi see page 2’. It should read ‘see page 102’.
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

Beams Figure 7
Illustration of curtailment of longitudinal reinforcement

Curtailment Hogging reinforcement

Unless the additional tensile force in the longitudinal reinforcement

due to shear has been calculated, the curtailment length of the Envelope of MEd/z + NEd lbd
longitudinal reinforcement should be extended beyond the point at lbd
which it is required for flexural strength (this is known as the ‘shift Acting tensile force Fs
Resisting tensile force FRs lbd
rule’) using the following expression (see also Figure 7):
al = z cot y /2 for vertical shear reinforcement.
D Ftd
al
where
z = lever arm
y = angle of compression strut al
lbd
This can conservatively be taken as: D Ftd

lbd lbd
al = 1.125d
lbd lbd
For beams designed using the co-efficients given in Table 3 of Chapter 4,
the simplified rules shown in Figure 8 may be used. However, the
simplifications are conservative and economies can be achieved by Sagging reinforcement

curtailing bars to suit the actual moments.

Figure 6 Figure 8
Transverse reinforcement for lapped splices Simplified detailing rules for beams

Ast/2 Ast/2 Face of support Reinforcement for

l0/3 100% maximum hogging moment
l0/3
≤ 150 mm
Fs 0.15l + al ≥ lbd 60%
Fs
0.30l + al 35%*
*reduce to 25%
a) Bars in tension for equal spans
l0

a) Continuous member, top reinforcement

Ast/2 Ast/2

≤ 150 mm 30%
Fs
Fs
0.30l – al

Position of 100%
b) Bars in compression l0
effective
support Reinforcement for maximum sagging moment
4f l0/3 l0/3 4f

b) Continuous member, bottom reinforcement

Table 3
Bar sizes for transverse reinforcement
50%

Lap length Number Bar size (mm) lbd

(mm), for of bars
transverse at end 20 25 32 40 0.14l-al
100%
bars at 150 of each
mm centresa lap As = 314 As = 491 As = 804 As = 1260 Position of
effective support
≤450 2 10 16 16 25
c) Simple support, bottom reinforcement
451 – 900 3 10 12 16 20
901 – 1350 4 8 10 12 16 Notes
1351 – 1800 5 8 8 12 16 1 l is the effective length.
2 al is the distance to allow for tensile force due to shear force.
1801 – 2250 6 8 8 10 12 3 lbd is the design anchorage length.
2251 – 2700 7 N/A 8 10 12 4 Qk ≤ Gk.
Key 5 Minimum of two spans required.
a For transverse bars at less than 150 mm centres use the following expression to 6 Applies to uniformly distributed loads only.
calculate the required number of bars and hence the required transverse bar diameter: 7 The shortest span must be greater than or equal to 0.85 times the longest span.
8 a) and b) applies where 15% redistribution has been used, c) applies where the
Number of bars required = 1 + l0/(3s) where s = spacing of the transverse bars.
beam is designed with both ends simply supported.

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 10. Detailing

Reinforcement in end supports Minimum spacing of reinforcement

In monolithic construction, even when simple supports have been The minimum clear distance between bars should be the greater of:
assumed in design, the section at supports (top reinforcement) should ■ Bar diameter
be designed for a bending moment arising from partial fixity of at ■ Aggregate size plus 5 mm
least 25% of the maximum bending moment in the span (i.e. provide ■ 20 mm
25% of mid-span bottom reinforcement).
Shear reinforcement
The area of bottom reinforcement provided at supports with little or no The longitudinal spacing of vertical shear reinforcement should not
end fixity assumed in design, should be at least 25% of the area of steel exceed 0.75d. Note the requirement for a maximum spacing of
provided in the span. The bars should be anchored to resist a force , FE. 150 mm where the shear reinforcement acts as a transverse
reinforcement at laps in the longitudinal bars. The transverse spacing
FE = (|VEd| al / z) + NEd
of the legs in a series of shear links should not exceed:
where
st,max = 0.75d ≤ 600 mm
|VEd| = absolute value of shear force
NEd = the axial force if present The minimum area of shear reinforcement in beams, Asw,min should be
calculated from:
The anchorage, lbd, should be measured beyond the line of contact
Asw
between the beam and support. ≥ rw,min where rw,min can be obtained from Table 4.
s bw
Provided ssd is taken as 435 MPa in the calculation of the anchorage
length (which is assumed in Tables 2 and 13) then it should not be
necessary to calculate FE. Slabs
Flanged beams Curtailment
At supports the tension reinforcement to resist hogging moments The curtailment rules for beams should be followed, except that a value of al =
should be distributed across the full width of the effective flange as d may be used.
shown in Figure 9; part of it may be concentrated over the web.
For slabs designed using the co-efficients given in Table 3 of Chapter 3, the
Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement simplified rules shown in Figure 10 may be used.
The minimum area of reinforcement is As,min = 0.26 fctm bt d/fyk but
not less than 0.0013btd, where bt is the mean width of the tension Reinforcement in end supports
zone (see Table 4). For a T-beam with the flange in compression, only In simply supported slabs, the area of reinforcement may be reduced to half
the width of the web is taken into account in calculating the value the calculated span reinforcement from a distance of 0.14l-d to the support,
of bt. otherwise 100% of the reinforcement may be continued
to the support. Beyond the face of the support 15% of the area of maximum
Maximum area of longitudinal reinforcement reinforcement should be provided (see Figure 10c). The bars should be
Outside lap locations, the maximum area of tension or compression anchored to resist a force, FE, as given in the section on beams, beyond the
reinforcement should not exceed As,max = 0.04 Ac. position of support.
beams.
Table 4
Figure 9 Minimum percentage of reinforcement required
Placing of tension reinforcement in flanged cross section

beff
fck fctm Minimum percentage rw, min x 10-3
As (0.26 fctm / fyka)
25 2.6 0.13% 0.80

hf
28 2.8 0.14% 0.85
30 2.9 0.15% 0.88

beff1 bw beff2 32 3.0 0.16% 0.91

35 3.2 0.17% 0.95
40 3.5 0.18% 1.01
45 3.8 0.20% 1.07
50 4.1 0.21% 1.13
Key
a Assuming fyk = 500 MPa

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How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

Similar to beams, even when simple supports have been assumed in not exceed 320 MPa for a typical slab. Where the slab supports office
design, end supports of slabs should have top reinforcement equal to or residential areas it is unlikely that ss will exceed 280 MPa. ss may
at least 25% mid-span bottom reinforcement and this reinforcement be estimated using Figure 6 on page 15.
should extend at least 20% of the span from the face of support.
Minimum areas of reinforcement
Minimum spacing requirements The minimum area of reinforcement to be provided varies with the
The minimum clear distance between bars (horizontal or vertical) concrete strength (see Table 4).
should not be less than the bar size, b, (dg + 5 mm), or 20 mm, where
dg is the maximum size of aggregate. Maximum area of longitudinal reinforcement
Outside lap locations, the maximum area of tension or compression
Maximum spacing of reinforcement reinforcement, should not exceed As,max = 0.04Ac. At lap locations
For slabs less than 200 mm thick the following maximum spacing As,max = 0.08Ac.
rules apply (h is the depth of the slab):
■ For the principal reinforcement: 3h but not more than 400 mm.
■ For the secondary reinforcement: 3.5h but not more than 450 mm.
Edge reinforcement
The exception is in areas with concentrated loads or areas of Along a free (unsupported) edge, a slab should normally contain longitudinal
maximum moment where the following applies: and transverse reinforcement, generally arranged as shown in Figure 11.
■ For the principal reinforcement: 2h but not more than 250 mm.
■ For the secondary reinforcement: 3h but not more than 400 mm.

For slabs 200 mm thick or greater, the spacing requirements are given Flat slabs
in Table 5. Where the designer has not specified the required spacing
A flat slab should be divided into column and middle strips (see
or provided the steel stress, ss, it can generally be assumed that ss will
Figure 12); the division of the moments between the column and
middle strips is given in Table 6.
Figure 10
Simplified detailing rules for slabs Figure 11
Edge reinforcement for slab
Face of support Reinforcement for
100% maximum hogging moment

0.15l ≥ lbd 50%

h
0.30l

≥ 2h
a) Continuous member, top reinforcement

Table 5
40% Maximum bar size or spacing to limit crack width

0.2l Steel wmax = 0.4 mm wmax = 0.3 mm

Position of 100% stress
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
effective (ss) MPa bar size bar spacing bar size bar spacing
support Reinforcement for
maximum sagging moment (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
b) Continuous member, bottom reinforcement 160 40 300 32 300
200 32 300 25 250
OR OR
50% 240 20 250 16 200
lbd 280 16 200 12 150

0.14l-d 320 12 150 10 100

100%
Position of 360 10 100 8 50
effective support

c) Simple support, bottom reinforcement Table 6

Notes Apportionment of bending moments in flat slabs – equivalent frame method
1 l is the effective length.
Location Negative moments Positive moments
2 lbd is the design anchorage length.
3 Qk ≤ 1.25 Gk and qk ≤ 5kN/m2 . Column strip 60% – 80% 50% – 70%
4 Minimum of two spans required. Middle strip 40% – 20% 50% – 30%
5 Applies to uniformly distributed loads only.
Notes
6 The shortest span must be greater than or equal to 0.85 times the longest span.
The total negative and positive moments to be resisted by the column and middle
7 a) and b) applies where 20% redistribution has been used, c) applies where the strips together should always add up to 100%
slab is is designed with both supports simply supported,

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