1.
OSI Model:
Overview:
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model is a conceptual framework
used to understand and describe network communication by dividing it
into seven layers.
Layers and Functions:
1. Physical Layer (L1): Responsible for transmitting raw data bits
(signals) over physical media like cables or wireless networks.
2. Data Link Layer (L2): Ensures error-free data transmission between
two directly connected devices, managing data frames.
3. Network Layer (L3): Routes data between different networks,
primarily using IP addresses.
4. Transport Layer (L4): Provides reliable data transfer, ensuring that
data reaches its destination without errors, using protocols like TCP
and UDP.
5. Session Layer (L5): Manages sessions between applications,
establishing, maintaining, and terminating communication.
6. Presentation Layer (L6): Translates, encrypts, and compresses data
for the receiving system, ensuring compatibility.
7. Application Layer (L7): Handles high-level communication protocols
like HTTP and FTP, supporting user applications.
Key Takeaway:
The OSI model helps explain how different network components interact,
with each layer dependent on the one below it for seamless
communication.
2. Network Protocols:
What is a Protocol?
A protocol is a set of rules that dictate how data is exchanged between
devices on a network.
Types of Protocols:
1. Communication Protocols: Govern how devices establish and
maintain communication (e.g., TCP, UDP).
2. Routing Protocols: Determine how data is routed across different
networks (e.g., RIP, OSPF).
3. Management Protocols: Aid in managing and monitoring network
devices (e.g., SNMP, ICMP).
4. Security Protocols: Ensure secure data transmission (e.g., SSL,
HTTPS).
5. Application Protocols: Enable application-level communication (e.g.,
HTTP, FTP, SMTP).
Key Protocols for Internet Communication:
- TCP/IP(TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL):
Core protocols for communication across the internet.
- UDP(USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL):
Wirelessly transmits data within a quick period of time.
- DNS(DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM):
Resolves domain names to IP addresses.
- DHCP(DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL):
Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices.
- HTTP/HTTPS(HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL):
Protocols for web browsing.
- FTP/SFTP: File transfer protocols.
Protocols work together to enable seamless internet communication and
functionality.
3. The Internet and Key Terminologies:
What is the Internet?
The internet is a vast global network of interconnected devices
(computers, servers) that communicate using standardized protocols.
Key Internet Terminologies:
1. ISP (Internet Service Provider): Provides internet access to users.
2. IP Address: A unique identifier for each device connected to the
internet.
3. Domain Name: A human-readable address (like www.example.com)
for websites.
4. DNS: Translates domain names into IP addresses.
5. HTTP/HTTPS: Protocols used for transferring web data securely.
6. URL: A web address specifying the location of a resource on the
internet.
7. Browser: A software application that allows users to browse
websites.
8. Server: A device that stores websites and services on the internet.
Internet Technologies:
- Wi-Fi: Wireless internet technology for connecting devices.
- Ethernet: Wired internet technology.
- Broadband: High-speed internet access.
- Dial-up: Older, slower internet connection via telephone lines.
Internet Services:
- Email: Allows sending and receiving electronic messages.
- File Sharing: Enables sharing of files over the internet.
- Streaming: Provides access to multimedia content over the
internet.
- Social media: Platforms for connecting and sharing content
online.
4. The Internet versus the World Wide Web (WWW):
What is the Internet?
The internet is like a massive network of interconnected computers
around the world that communicate with each other to share data.
How It Works:
When you access a website or send an email, your computer
communicates with a server through the internet, retrieving or sending
information almost instantaneously.
*What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?*
The World Wide Web is a system of interconnected websites, accessed via
the internet, using protocols like HTTP/HTTPS. Websites are built using
languages like HTML and can contain text, images, and videos.
Key Differences:
- Internet: A global network connecting all computers and
devices.
- World Wide Web (WWW): A system of websites that uses the
internet to share information.
Analogy:
- The internet is like a phone network, where computers are
connected to exchange information.
- The WWW is like a giant library with websites as books,
offering information to users.
This summary captures the essential details in a format that can fit across
four official paper sheets for your project work.
