Faculty of Engineering

University of Lagos.

Course Code: GET101

Course Title: ENGINEER IN SOCIETY

Course Unit: (1,0): Energy for Sustainable

Development
Academic Session: 2024/2025
Lecturer
Engr. (Dr.) Kehinde. O. Orolu (MNSE), Registered
Systems Engineer 1
 THE QUEST FOR ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF
ENERGY
Sources of Energy
Fossils Fuels (Coal, Oil & Gas)
Hydroelectric
Nuclear
Solar
Geothermal
Biomass
Wind
Electrochemical
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GLOBAL ENERGY
CONSUMPTION IN 2024

Oil and coal remain

dominant, while
renewables continue
to grow but still lag
behind fossil fuels.

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 THE CHALLENGES OF RISING DEMAND FOR ENERGY
• The global electric energy generated in 2024 was estimated to
be about 28,700 Terawatt-hours with a yearly average growth
rate of 2.5% out of which Africa generated about 1004.5Tw-h
constituting 3.50% of the global generation. Africa's share is
increasing but still lags behind other regions.

• South Africa – 459.3 TWh

• Egypt – 319.5 TWh
• Algeria – 129.8 TWh
• Nigeria – 59.9 TWh
• Ghana – 35.9 TWh

• Conversion to Mega Watts

• TWh x 1,000,000 MWh/TWh / 8,760 hours/year = MW (average
annual generation)
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 THE CHALLENGES OF RISING DEMAND FOR ENERGY
• The global electric energy generated in 2024 was estimated
to be about 28,700 Terawatt-hours with a yearly average
growth rate of 2.5% out of which Africa generated about
1004.5Tw-h constituting 3.50% of the global generation.
Africa's share is increasing but still lags behind other
regions.

• South Africa – 459.3 TWh ≈ 52,399 MW

• Egypt – 319.5 TWh ≈ 36,451 MW
• Algeria – 129.8 TWh ≈ 14,808 MW
• Nigeria – 59.9 TWh ≈ 6,834 MW
• Ghana – 35.9 TWh ≈ 4,100 MW
• Conversion to Mega Watts
• TWh x 1,000,000 MWh/TWh / 8,760 hours/year = MW
(average annual generation)
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THE CHALLENGES OF RISING DEMAND FOR ENERGY
Global Energy Consumption Trends (2024)
In 2024, global energy consumption continued its upward trajectory, growing at a rate of 2.3%, slightly higher than the
2.2% observed in 2023. This sustained growth surpasses the historical average of 1.5% per year recorded between
2010 and 2019.

Renewable Energy's Rising Share

Renewable energy sources have made significant inroads into the global energy mix:
• Electricity Generation: Renewables accounted for 38% of global electricity production in 2024, up from 36% in 2023.
• Total Energy Mix: When considering the entire energy spectrum, renewables (excluding hydro) contributed 9% in 2024,
an increase from 8% in 2023.
• Total Generation: This translates to approximately 5,200 TWh generated from renewable sources excluding hydro,
marking a notable rise from 4,748 TWh in 2023.

Electrification Trends
Electricity consumption outpaced overall energy consumption, growing at a rate of 2.7% in 2024 compared to the 2.3%
total energy growth. This trend underscores a global shift towards electrification across various sectors.

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 THE CHALLENGES OF RISING DEMAND FOR ENERGY
• Developed regions like Europe and North America witnessed a decrease in
electricity demand (2.4% and 1% respectively). This could be due to factors
like efficiency improvements or milder weather conditions.

• Fossil Fuel Reliance: Despite the rise of renewables, fossil fuels remain the
dominant source of energy. Coal consumption grew by 1.6%, and oil
demand reached a record high, exceeding 100 million barrels for the first
time.
• This heavy reliance on fossil fuels led to a 2% increase in emissions from
their use, exceeding 40 gigatons of CO2 for the first time.

• The world faces a challenge in balancing energy security with reducing

carbon emissions. 7
PLANS TO MEET ENERGY NEEDS AND THE
CHALLENGES
1. Energy efficiency and conservation
• Elimination of obvious waste
• Higher energy conversion efficiency
• Substitution for lower energy intensity products and processes
• Recycling
• More energy-modest lifestyles

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PLANS TO MEET ENERGY NEEDS
2. Renewable sources of energy

Share of renewables in electricity production in 2024

 World: 28.49% (↑ from 25.6% in 2018)

 Africa: 20.26% (↑ from 17.78%)
 South Africa: 5.78% (↑ from 5.29%)
 Egypt: 9.25% (↑ from 8.21%)
 Algeria: 0.70% (↑ from 0.65%)
 Nigeria: 19.73% (↑ from 16.72%)

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 PLANS TO MEET ENERGY NEEDS:
Share of WIND and SOLAR in electricity production in 2024

Wind Energy (2024) Solar Energy (2024)

• World: 5.51% (↑ from 4.81% in • World: 3.14% (↑ from 2.66% in
2018) 2018)
• Africa: 2.02% (↑ from 1.71%) • Africa: 1.11% (↑ from 0.90%)
• South Africa: 2.45% (↑ from • South Africa: 1.32% (↑ from
2.10%) 1.09%)
• Egypt: 1.22% (↑ from 1.02%) • Egypt: 0.76% (↑ from 0.61%)
• Algeria: 0.33% (↑ from 0.30%) • Algeria: 0.17% (↑ from 0.15%)
• Nigeria: 0.00% (No significant • Nigeria: 0.00% (Still negligible,
contribution yet) though solar investments are
increasing)

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 Wind Energy
Advantages Disadvantages
• Continuous energy •For most locations, wind power
source density is low.
•Clean sources( no •Wind velocity > 11.2km/hr before
emission into it can be harnessed and utilized
atmosphere) successfully
•Does not add to the •Intrinsic variable nature of power
thermal burden of the density even when the wind is
earth present.
•Demand for land and will affect
real estate market

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 SOLAR ENERGY
Advantages Disadvantages
• Solar energy is abundant and will • Average power is not steady but
not deplete as long as the sun depends on cloud cover, season,
exists (~5 billion years). latitude and time of day
• Not available at night
• Solar panels have long lifespans • Extraterrestrial solar energy will
(typically 25–30 years) and increase heat burden of the
require minimal maintenance. biosphere
• Shading of land by solar panel has
• Solar power produces no negative impact on the habitat
greenhouse gas emissions or air • Storage system is costly
pollution.
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 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
• High power and long • Exploration negative
term generation environmental
potential impact(dispose of
• It is more than undesirable geothermal fluids
200,000-fold of , Land subsidence)
current world energy • Drilling technology is
demand expensive
• low impact on the • Few sites are economical
environment
• land use is very low
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 HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
•No environmental •High construction cost
pollution •Limited sites for dam
•Low production cost construction
•Water reservoir can •Drought may affect power
provide flood protection production
for down stream •Dam construction causes loss
currents of agricultural land

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 HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY contd
Advantages Disadvantages

•Ground water reserves •Dam structure impact on

are increased by ecological cycle of the river
recharging from the and the surrounding landscape
down water reservoir •Silt accumulation and
sedimentation changes flow
and drainage pattern

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 HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY contd
Advantages Disadvantages
•Dams water reservoir
can store large volume •Water store in dams reservoir is
of water for long period low in oxygen thus affect the
of time,thus,downstream species of water streams
flow can be control for •Dam construction prevents
water quality and upstream migration of fish
seasonal extreme
conditions
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 NUCLEAR ENERGY
Advantages Disadvantages
•Environmental risk are •Economic cost are high
low in normal operation-no •Accident are potentially
greenhouse effect danger catastrophic
•Passively stablei.e. Uncertainty about radioactive
inherently safe waste disposal
• High energy output and Vulnerable to human error
size ratio and institutional failure
•Very cheap

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 BIOMASS

Advantages Disadvantages
•Very cheap source •Exhaustible reserve
•Wide applicability •Serious environmental
•Greater efficiency consequences
•Less labour intensive •High political cost
•No net greenhouse effect •Possibility of devastating
•Residue are used as ecological changes
fertilizer •High land mass and labour
intensive
•Increase in food price
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 ENERGY STORAGE
• In implementing renewable energy, the major challenges include
storage of the energy.

• Usually expensive and complex

• Direct storage of large amount of electricity is uneconomical because

batteries are at present very expensive and bulky

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 Energy Sustainability
• Sustainable Activities describe a logical process that
takes carefully into account all relevant consequences
within time and space boundaries that are large
enough to ensure satisfactory existence for us and
other humans, and of our and their descendants.

• The way to meet the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs

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 Energy Sustainability
• The quantification of energy project sustainability
metrics is admittedly very difficult because the systems
are large and very complex, having technical, ecological,
economic and societal components

• In order to achieve energy sustainability, there is a need

for new generation of engineers and scientists who are
trained to adopt a holistic view of processes as
embedded in larger systems

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