Migration is the movement of people from one place to another, either within a country on

international migrats for various reasons such as employment, education, conflict, environmental
factors and personal circumstances. Internal migration. This is the movement of people within the same
country. Moving from a village to a city from work, urban to rural or between cities and regions and
international migration this is when people move from one country to other, either tempoaraly or
permanently, it can be voluntary for work, education or better opportunities or forced due to war,
persecution or environmental disasters.

Migration has a significant impact on education attainment in Zambia, just as it dose in other countries.
These inputs can lose both psotives and negative affecting student, teachers and the overall education
system.

According to Carola Squarez - Orozo, a Prominent research in this field, Suqarez – orozo has
atuocovered numerous works focusing of the educational experaince of immigrant children Her studies
highlight the challenges these children face, such as interrupted schooling and the need for supportive
educational environmental. When families move due to economic hardships, conflicts or the search for
better opportunities, children education is oftern disrupted. Migrant children may have to change
schools frequently or drop out altogether, leading to learning gaps and reduced academic performance.
Some may struggle to adjust to new school envrionments, languages or curricula, further affecting their
education. These disruption can lead to learning gaps, dcreased academic achievements and increased
dropout rates due to disruption of education for migrant children.

International migration, espeicially among refuges and expartriates, brigs students from different
linquistic and cultural backgrounds into the Zambian education system. Language barriers can hinder
their ability to understand lessons, communicate with teachers and peers, and perform well
academically. Similarly, Zambian students who migrate to other countries may face difficulties adopting
to new languages and cultures, affecting their educational success, Aleyandro Portes and Reben G.
Rumbeant 2001 Legacies. The stay of the immigrant of children often face difficulties in adapting to a
new language which can negatively impact their academic performance, social intergration and sefl –
esteem. Immigratns students who do not receive adequate language suppoet in school may fall behind
in subjects that require strong reading and writing skills. Lack of language proficiency may restrict
students from pursuing higher – level courses or attainding persitigious institutions, perpertuating cycles
of limited academic and career prospects. Bilingual Education and cognitive academic language
proficiency ( CALP ): cummins has been influencial in highlighting the difference between conversational
fluency ( basic inter- personal communicative skills or BICS ) and academic language proficiency ( CALB ).
His work suggest that while migrant student might quickly aquire conversational skills mastering
academic language takes much linger and is crucial for academic success.

 Overcrowding in school is a long standing issue that affects the quality of education, students
performance, and teacher effectiveness. Kozol investigates disparities in public education, especially
in urban schools Jonathan Kozol – Savage inequalities children in Americans schools ( 1991 ) He
documents overcrowded classrooms deteriorationg buildings and insufficient resources in school
serving low income communities. He further arques that systemic inequality and funding gaps
contribute to these conditions overcrowding in school reduces individulised attendants attention,
leading to lower academic achievements, over crowding in schools oftern lack adequate facilities,
leading to unsafe and uncomfortable lerning conditions. Over crowding increases teacher burnout.
 Large class make calssromm management and personalized instructions difficult. On the other hand
they is higher dropout rates, students in over crowded schools are more likely to discourage and
drop out. Student in overcrowded classroom are more likely to experience poverty. Unemployment
and criminal justice system involvement later in life. And according to Gay Orfield stated that
overcrowded schools oftern have fewer qualified teachers exaggerating the achievements gap as a
result, the qulity of education may decline as people migrate to urban areas in search of better living
conditions and Job opportunities for better pay and working conditions cities. This creates a
shortage of qulafied teachers, leading to poor education quality and lower academic performances
among stuednts. Some schools may even close due to a lack of teaching staff.
 Social and cultural barriers have significantly impact on educational attainment by limiting access,
engagement and success in school. These barriers oftern affect marginalized communities to most,
reinoforcing cycles of inequaltity according to pier Bourdieu – cultural capital and social
Reproduction ( 1984 ) and reproduction in Education, society and culture with ( Jean – claude
passeron 1977 ) Bourdieu argues that that education system favour students from privileged
background because they possess cultural capital ( knowledge, skills and behaviours valued by
schools, students from marginalized communities face disadvantages because their cultural norms,
language and experiances are not aligned with school ecxpectations. In other people’s children:
cultrualra conflict in the classromm ( 1995) Delpit explores how cultural misunderstandings between
teachers and students from diverse backgrounds create barriers to learning. When students cultural
noms are not recognized in the classroom, they may feel excluded leading to disengagement.
Students from minority backgrounds may receive less encouragement or be place in lower – level
classes. School disciplinary policies often disproportionately affects students of color, leading to
higher suspension and dropout rate and gender biases may push girls away from STEM fileds and
boys away from arts or humanities Traditional cultural belief may dictate educational parties, career
choices, or priotize family responsibilities over schooling. Gender norms in some cultures may limit
labor education or push bouys into labor early. Girls may be discouraged from pursuing higher
education or certain career fields and Boys may be pressured to leave school early to work and
support their families. Some student may also feel torn between school responsbilites and cultural
family expectations.
 Increased dropout rated according to ruth Horowitz – Immigrant youth and drouput rates. The
politics of immigrant youth: Education and migration in the US ( 2007) she stated that immigrant
student are at higher risk of dropping out due to academic struggles. Cultural adjustment, and family
pressures to work contributing to lower graduation rates. Migration related factors such as poverty,
child labor, and lack of stable housing can force children to drop out orf school. For example children
from migrant families may be required to work to support their households instead of attending
school. Girls in particular, mauy be at higher risk of dropping out due to early marriages or domestic
responsibilities associated with migration. Legal and immigration status states that uneducated
migrant students oftern face legal barriers to accessing education. In some countries, immigrtation
laws prevent children of migrant from enrolloing in public schools. Uncontainty about residency or
deportation risks causes. Stress and discourages students from completing their education for
example in the U.S DACA ( Deferred Action for childhoold Arrivals ) has helped some undocumented
students stay in school, but others without legal protection face high dropout rates due to fear of
deportation. And on the other hand inother countries consequnces of dropping out due to limited
career and economic oppotunites, oftern relegated to low – wate, unstable employment and on
 positive note, migration can provide children with access to better education. Families that move to
urban areas or migrate abroad may find schools with better facilited, experienced teachers and
improved learning resources. Additionally international migration can expose students to diverse
education systems, new skills and global opportunities that enhances their academic success and
career prospects.
 Increased migration has both challenges and benefits for education attainment. While it can disrupt
schooling, learn to overcrowding and increase dropout for better education accesses. Addressing
policies that ensures equitable resource distribtution, teacher notation in rural areas and support
systems for migrant children to thrive in their education.

Reference

1. Alejajandro portes and ruben. G, rumbaut ( 2001 ) legacies: the stay of the immigrant second
generation.
2. Jonathan kozol – salvage ( 1991 ) in qualtities children in Americans school.
3. Jean – claude ( 1977 ) Reproducation in Education society and cultural
4. Ruth Horowitz 2007 the politics immigrant youth.
5. Unesco global education monitoring repot ( 2022 ) Education, migration displacement