❖Methodolgies:
➢ Dry Density:
For Natural Agg.:
1. First, we filled the dry sample of aggregates into a 4" x 8" mold.
2. After filling, we measured its weight and carefully recorded the readings.
3. Then, we emptied the cylinder and calculated its volume.
4. After that, we used the formula for dry density and calculated it by dividing the dry weight by
the volume.
5. All steps were performed carefully, as you can see in our calculations.
For Recycled Agg.:
1. First, we filled the dry sample of aggregates into a 4" x 8" mold.
2. After filling, we measured its weight and carefully recorded the readings.
3. Then, we emptied the cylinder and calculated its volume.
4. After that, we used the formula for dry density and calculated it by dividing the dry weight by
the volume.
5. All steps were performed carefully, as you can see in our calculations.
For Sand:
1. First, we filled the dry sample of sand into a 4" x 8" mold.
2. After filling, we measured its weight and carefully recorded the readings.
3. Then, we emptied the cylinder and calculated its volume.
4. After that, we used the formula for dry density and calculated it by dividing the dry weight by
the volume.
5. All steps were performed carefully, as you can see in our calculations.
➢ Water Absorption:
For Natural:
1. We took the oven-dry weight of the sample (A), for which we have the calculations.
2. Then, we submerged the aggregates in water for 24 hours and measured their submerged
weight using a spring balance, which gave us the wet weight (C).
3. After that, we dried the wet aggregates thoroughly using a towel and measured the weight
again, which gave us the SSD (B).
4. Next, we applied the formulas for water absorption and specific gravity from the slides to
calculate the desired values.
5. These steps were performed carefully.
For Recycled:
1. We took the oven-dry weight of the sample (A), for which we have the calculations.
2. Then, we submerged the aggregates in water for 24 hours and measured their submerged
weight using a spring balance, which gave us the wet weight (C).
3. After that, we dried the wet aggregates thoroughly using a towel and measured the weight
again, which gave us the SSD (B).
4. Next, we applied the formulas for water absorption and specific gravity from the slides to
calculate the desired values.
5. These steps were performed carefully.
For Sand:
1. We took the oven-dry weight of the sample (A), for which we have the calculations.
2. Then, we Submerged the dried aggregates in water for 24 hours to allow water absorption.
3. After soaking, the aggregates were stirred and brought to a Saturated Surface Dry (SSD)
condition, confirmed using the Cone Test for Surface Moisture Determination, and the
weight in SSD condition was recorded as (S).
4. Next, we fill the aggregates into a pycnometer in SSD condition up to a calibrated level, and
the combined weight of water, pycnometer, and aggregates was measured as (C).
5. Finally, we fill the pycnometer with water only up to the calibrated level, which gives us the
(B).
➢ Surface Mositure:
For Natural:
1. First, the weight before oven drying was measured and recorded (A).
2. Then, the sample was placed in an oven at 105 ± °C for 24 hours, and after 24 hours, the dry
weight was measured, giving the value (B).
3. Using the formula (A - B) / A, we calculated the surface moisture, as shown in the
calculations.
4. All experiments were performed carefully.
For Recycled:
1. First, the weight before oven drying was measured and recorded (A).
2. Then, the sample was placed in an oven at 105 ± °C for 24 hours, and after 24 hours, the dry
weight was measured, giving the value (B).
3. Using the formula (A - B) / A, we calculated the surface moisture, as shown in the
calculations.
4. All experiments were performed carefully.
For Sand:
1. First, the weight before oven drying was measured and recorded (A).
2. Then, the sample was placed in an oven at 105 ± °C for 24 hours, and after 24 hours, the dry
weight was measured, giving the value (B).
3. Using the formula (A - B) / A, we calculated the surface moisture, as shown in the
calculations.
4. All experiments were performed carefully.
➢ Slump:
1. First of all, we have to prepare a mixture of concrete having ratio of 1:1:2. That is one part of
cement, one part sand, and two parts of aggregates.
2. For this first determine the volume of the cone in cubic feet. It is determined by taking the
mean diameter of the cone and with it finding the area of the cross section of cone. Then
multiplying it with the height of the cone, which is 1 foot, will give the volume of the cone.
3. This is the volume of concrete which must be prepared so that the cone is fully compacted.
4. Then determine the total weight of the concrete.
5. Then determine the weight of cement by multiplying the weight of concrete by 1/4, as
cement is one part out of total 4 parts.
6. Then determine the weight of sand by multiplying the weight of concrete by 1/4, as sand is
one part out of total 4 parts.
7. Then determine the weight of crush by multiplying the weight of concrete by 2/4, as crush is
two parts out of total 4 parts.
8. After calculation of dry ingredients, calculate the amount of water as is given in the ASTM
Standard water-cement ratio. For 1:1:2 mixture the water-cement ratio is 0.6, so for weight of
water to be added, multiply this ratio with weight of cement.
9. After calculation of weights make a homogeneous mixture of dry ingredients, and then add
water carefully to make a paste.
10. Then take the slump-test apparatus and clean it from inside also apply oil to it and to the
bottom surface. Then place it on the smooth metallic surface and fix it firmly.
11. Then put one third of the concrete in the cone and press it with the help of a 5/8-inch,
round-ended, tampering rod. It should be tampered 25 times.
12. Then add the second one-third potion of concrete and tamper it 25 times with the help of
tampering rod.
13. At last, add the remaining one-third portion, and tamper it 25 times.
14. For the upper surface to be smooth work it with float, so that during measurement of slump
it is easy to take correct readings.
15. Immediately after filling the cone is slowly lifted, and the unsupported concrete will now
slump, hence the name of the test. “The decrease in the height of the center of the slumped
concrete is called slump”.
➢ UPV:
1. Samples can be made on similar way as we did in destructive test.
2. We can also perfume this test on walls and slabs etc.
3. Firstly, we will bring transducer close to each other to see any error in our case it is 2.6 x 10-6
sec. In that case it is recorded then subtracts it at the end from the actual calculation on
sample.
4. Now place the samples in between the receivers and transmitter.
5. We will be followed opposite face arrangements in lab. There can be Adjacent faces method
and same surface method.
6. From the indicator record the time which the pulse has taken during travelling in sample.
7. From this we can find velocity i.e., V=d/t where d is the distance of sample.
8. Then by comparing values of velocities we can see the quality of concrete.
➢ Compressive Strength:
1. First, we prepare a mixture of concrete for three cylinders having ratio of 1:1:2, that is one
part of cement, one part sand, and two parts of aggregates.
2. For this first determine the area of the cylinder in square feet. After calculating area of the
cylinders multiply the area with the height of cylinder to calculate the volume of cylinder.
3. As we cast three cylinders so multiply the wet volume of concrete sample with three to
calculate the volume of three cylinders.
4. Convert wet volume of cylinder into dry volume by multiplying with the constant factor 1.54.
5. To calculate the dry weight of materials, sum the ratio 1:1:2.
6. Then determine the weight of each material, as the density of cement is 1440 kg/m³.
7. Then determine the weight of cement by multiplying the density of cement by 1/4 and dry
volume of cylinders, as cement is one part out of total 4 parts.
8. Then determine the weight of sand by multiplying density of cement by 1/4 and dry volume
of cylinders, as sand is one part out of total 4 parts.
9. Then determine the weight of crush by multiplying density of cement by by 2/4 and dry
volume of cylinders, as aggregates is two parts out of total 4 parts.
10. After calculation of dry ingredients, calculate the amount of water as is given in the ASTM
Standard water-cement ratio. For 1:1:2 mixture the water-cement ratio is 0.6, so for weight of
water to be added, multiply this ratio with weight of cement.
11. After calculation of weights make a homogeneous mixture of dry ingredients, and then add
water carefully to make a paste.
12. The cylinder specimens are cast in steel mould and then cure for 14 days.
13. Takeout the specimen from the curing tank.
14. Wipe out the excess water from the surface of the specimen.
15. Place the specimen vertically on the platform of compression testing machine. Uniform load
application and distribution is facilitated by having pad caps at the ends of the cylinders.
16. Before starting to apply the load, make it sure that the loading platforms touch the top of
the cylinder.
17. Apply the load continuously and uniformly without shock at the rate. And continue the
loading until the specimen fails.
18. Record the maximum load taken.
19. The test is repeated for the remaining two specimens.
