FITTING
WORKSHOP
(by Sankalp Gaur)
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Work Holding Tools
1.2.1 Bench Vice
➢The bench vice is a device commonly
used for holding the work pieces.
➢The body of the vice is made of cast iron.
➢When the vice handle is turned in a clockwise
direction the moving jaw forces the work
against the fixed jaw.
➢The greater the pressure applied to the handle,
the tighter is the work held.
1.2.2 V-block with clamp
➢The V-block is a rectangular or square block
with a V-groove on one or both sides, opposite
to each other.
➢The angle of the V is usually 90 . o
➢ V-block with a clamp is used to hold
cylindrical work securely, during marking
of measurements or for measuring operations.
➢Material: C.I or hardened steel.
1.2.3 C-Clamp
➢ This is used to hold work against an angle plate or V-block or any other
surface, when gripping is required.
➢ It is also known as G-clamp.
1.3 Marking Tools
1.3.1 Marking table
• A marking table is a heavily build cast iron table used for
layout work on all sizes of jobs.
• This table provides a flat surface to mark lines with the help
of height gauge, angle plate, V-block or surface gauge
as per job requirements.
❑Surface plate
• The surface plate is used for testing the flatness
of the work piece and other inspection purposes.
• It is also used for marking on small works.
• It is more precise in flatness than the marking table
1.3.3 Angle Plate
• The angle plate is made of cast iron.
• It has two surfaces machined at right angles to each other.
• Plates and components which are to be marked
out may be held against the upright face of
angle plate to facilitate the marking or inspection.
1.3.4 Scriber
A Scriber is a slender steel rod, used to scribe or mark lines on metal
work pieces.
1.3.5 Universal Scribing Block
This is used for scribing lines for layout work and checking parallel surfaces.
1.3.6 Try-square
• Try-square is used for checking the squareness
of small works, when extreme accuracy as not
required.
• The size of the try-square is specified
by the length of the blade.
Ex: l0 cm, 30 cm etc.
1.3.7 Combination Set
➢ A combination set consists of a
rule, square head, centre head and
a protractor.
➢ This may be used as
a rule, a square, a depth gauge,
for marking mitres (45 degrees),
for measuring and marking angles.
➢ The rule is made of tempered steel
with grooves.
1.3.8 Odd-leg caliper
• This is also called ‘jenny caliper’ or ‘hermaphrodite’.
• This is used for marking parallel lines from a finished edge and also
for locating the center of round bars.
1.3.9 Divider
• This is used for marking circles, arcs, laying out perpendicular
lines, bisecting lines, etc. Size ranges from 100 mm to 300 mm.
1.3.10 Dot Punches
• This is used to locate centre of holes and to
provide a small centre mark for divider point
etc.
• For this purpose, the punch is ground to a
conical point having 60° included angle.
1.4 MEASURING TOOLS
1.4.1 Calipers
These are used with the help of steel rule to check outside and inside
measurements.
They are specified by the maximum length measured.
Sizes vary from 100 mm to 300 mm.
1.4.2 Vernier Calipers
These are used for measuring outside as well as inside
dimensions accurately. It may also be used as a depth gauge.
1.4.3 Micrometers
This is used for measuring external / internal dimensions accurately.
1.4.4 Feeler Gauges
The thickness gauges or feeler gauges are a set of gauges consisting
of thin strips of metal of varying thickness.
They are widely used for measuring and checking bearing-clearance,
adjusting tappets, spark plug gaps, and so on
1.4.5 Radius Gauges
Also known as fillet gauges, these are of thin flat steel tool used for inspecting and checking,
or laying out work having a given radius. Such a gauge is made in sets of individual gauges for
measuring concave (internal) or convex (external) radius.
1.4.6 Screw Pitch Gauges
A screw pitch gauge is used for quickly determining the pitch of
a threaded part or tapped hole.
The gauge consists of a set of templates of teeth, each
confirming to a standard pitch.
1.4.7 Drill Gauges
Thin sheets with holes drilled accurately to the size marked are
used as drill gauges for easy selection and checking of drill size.
This is very much useful when the drill size marked on the
drill wears out over repeated usage.
These guages are also available as stands for letter drills and
number drills which are very small in size.
1.5 Cutting Tools
1.5.1 Hacksaw
The hacksaw is used for cutting metal by hand.
It consists of a frame which holds a thin blade,
firmly in position.
The blade has a number of cutting teeth.
1.5.2 Chisels
Chisels are used for removing surplus metal or for
cutting thin sheets. These tools are made from 0.9% to
1.0% carbon steel of octagonal or hexagonal section.
Chisels are annealed, hardened and tempered to produce
a tough shank and a hard cutting edge. Annealing relieves
the internal stresses in the metal.
1.5.3 Combination Cutting Plier
This is made of tool steel and is used for cutting as well as
for gripping the work. The handles of the pliers used by
electricians are insulated with PVC covering to protect
from electric shocks.
1.5.4 Twist drill
Twist drills are used for making holes. These are
made of high speed steel. Both straight and taper
shank twist drills are used with machines
1.5.5 Extractors
This tool is used to extract parts of taps that are broken, in a hole.
An extractor has prongs that fit into the flutes of a tap.
The extractor is turned counter clockwise with a tap wrench to
remove a broken righthand tap.
1.6 Finishing Tools
1.6.1 Files
Filing is one of the methods of removing small amounts of material
from the surface of a metal part. A file is a hardened steel tool, having
slant parallel rows of cutting edges or teeth on its surfaces. On the
faces the teeth are usually diagonal to the edge. One end of the file is
shaped to fit into a wooden handle.
1.6.2 Types of files
Files are classified according to their shape, cutting teeth and pitch or grade of the
teeth,
Type of file Description and Use
1. Hand file : Rectangular in section and tapered in thickness but parallel in
width. The faces carry double cut teeth and one of the edges
single cut. The other edge, known as safe edge, does not have
any teeth and hence this file is also known as safe edge file. It is
useful in filing a surface which is at right angles to an already
finished surface.
2. Flat file: It is rectangular in section and tapered for 1/3 length in width and thickness
towards the tip. The faces carry double cut teeth and the edges carry single cut teeth.
It is a general purpose file.
3. Square file : It is square in section and carry double cut teeth on all the four
faces. It is tapered for 1/3 of its length towards the point. Square
files are used for filing corners and slots. It is also used to cut
keyways.
4. Three square file : It is of equilateral triangular in section and tapers towards
the tip. The faces are double cut and the edges sharp. These
files are used to file angular hole, and recesses. Used for
sharpening wood saws.
5. Round file :It is tapered for 1/3 length with double cut on large coarse grades.
Used for filing out round, elliptical and curved openings.
6. Half round file : The half round file has one flat and one curved side. The flat side is
double cut and the curved side is single cut. It is not a semicircle but
only about 1/3 of circle.
7. Swiss or Needle files: 150 mm long with double cut teeth. Used for filing corners,
grooves, narrow slots, etc.
1.6.3 File Card
It is a metal brush used for cleaning the
files, to free them from filings, clogged in
between the teeth
THE END!
