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Basic Calculus

Calculus is a branch of mathematics focused on rates of change and accumulation, divided into differential and integral calculus. Key concepts include derivatives, which represent instantaneous rates of change, and integrals, which find the area under curves. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus establishes that differentiation and integration are inverse processes.

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22 views7 pages

Basic Calculus

Calculus is a branch of mathematics focused on rates of change and accumulation, divided into differential and integral calculus. Key concepts include derivatives, which represent instantaneous rates of change, and integrals, which find the area under curves. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus establishes that differentiation and integration are inverse processes.

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Section 3: Calculus Basics

Introduction to Calculus
Calculus is the branch of mathematics that deals with rates of change and
accumulation. It is divided into two main areas:

Differential calculus: Focuses on the concept of a derivative and how things


change.

Integral calculus: Focuses on the concept of an integral and the accumulation of


quantities.

Derivatives

𝑓
The derivative of a function

𝑥
(

𝑓
f(x) represents its instantaneous rate of change. It is denoted as

𝑥
(

)
f
′

𝑑
(x) or

𝑓
𝑑
𝑥
dx
df

𝑓
Example: For the function

𝑥
(

𝑥
=

2
f(x)=x
2

𝑓
, the derivative is

𝑥
(

)
=

𝑥
2

f
′
(x)=2x.

Power Rule
𝑓
The power rule is a basic rule for differentiating functions of the form

𝑥
(

𝑥
=

𝑛
f(x)=x
n

𝑛
, where

n is a constant.

𝑥
The derivative of

𝑛
x
n

𝑓
is

𝑥
(

𝑛
=

𝑥
𝑛
−
1
f
′
(x)=nx
n−1
.

𝑓
Example:

𝑥
(

𝑥
=

3
f(x)=x
3

𝑓
, the derivative is

𝑥
(

)
=

𝑥
3

2
f
′
(x)=3x
2
.

Product Rule
The product rule is used to differentiate the product of two functions.

𝑓
If

𝑥
(

𝑔
=

𝑥
(

)
⋅
ℎ

𝑥
(

)
f(x)=g(x)⋅h(x), then the derivative is:

𝑓
′

𝑥
(

𝑔
=

𝑥
(

)
⋅
ℎ

𝑥
(

𝑔
+

𝑥
(

)
⋅
ℎ
′

𝑥
(

)
f
′
(x)=g
′
(x)⋅h(x)+g(x)⋅h
′
(x)
Example:
𝑓

𝑥
(

)
=
(

𝑥
2

)
⋅
(

𝑥
3

2
)
f(x)=(2x)⋅(3x
2
),

𝑓
′

𝑥
(

)
=
(
2
)
⋅
(

𝑥
3

2
)
+
(

𝑥
2

)
⋅
(

𝑥
6

)
=

𝑥
6

2
+

𝑥
12

2
=

𝑥
18

2
f
′
(x)=(2)⋅(3x
2
)+(2x)⋅(6x)=6x
2
+12x
2
=18x
2

Chain Rule
The chain rule is used when differentiating composite functions.

𝑓
If

𝑥
(

𝑔
=

(
ℎ

𝑥
(

)
)
f(x)=g(h(x)), then the derivative is:

𝑓
′

𝑥
(

𝑔
=

′
(
ℎ

𝑥
(

)
)
⋅
ℎ
′

𝑥
(

)
f
′
(x)=g
′
(h(x))⋅h
′
(x)

𝑓
Example: For

𝑥
(

)
=
(

𝑥
3

+
1
)
2
f(x)=(3x+1)
2
, apply the chain rule:

𝑓
′

𝑥
(

)
=
2
(

𝑥
3

+
1
)
⋅
3
=
6
(

𝑥
3

+
1
)
f
′
(x)=2(3x+1)⋅3=6(3x+1)
Integrals
An integral is the reverse process of differentiation and is used to find the area
under a curve.

𝑓
Example: The integral of

𝑥
(

𝑥
=

2
f(x)=x
2
is:

𝑥
∫

𝑑
𝑥
𝑥
=

3
3

𝐶
+

∫x
2
dx=
3
x
3

+C

𝐶
where

C is the constant of integration.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus


The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus connects differentiation and integration,
stating that differentiation and integration are inverse processes.

𝐹
If

𝑥
(

𝑓
F(x) is the integral of

𝑥
(

𝐹
f(x), then

𝑥
(

𝑓
=

𝑥
(

)
F
′
(x)=f(x).

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