In calculus, differentiation and integration are fundamental concepts.

Differentiation
involves finding the rate at which a function changes, while integration involves finding
the accumulation of quantities over an interval.

Differentiation:

1. Definition: Differentiation is the process of finding the derivative of a function. The

derivative gives the rate of change of the function with respect to its variable.

2. Notation: The derivative of a function f(x) is denoted as f'(x) or dy/dx, where y is the
dependent variable and x is the independent variable.

3. Rules: The basic rules of differentiation include the power rule, product rule, quotient
rule, and chain rule.

4. Applications: Differentiation is used to analyze motion, solve optimization problems, and

understand the behavior of functions.

Integration:

1. Definition: Integration is a process of finding the area under a curve. It is the reverse
process of differentiation.

2. Notation: The integral of a function f(x) is denoted as ∫f(x) dx, where the integral sign (∫)
represents the process of integration, f(x) is the function being integrated, and dx
represents the variable of integration.

3. Techniques: Different techniques such as substitution, integration by parts, and partial

fractions are used to evaluate integrals.

4. Applications: Integration is used to calculate areas, volumes, work done, and to solve
various real-life problems in physics, engineering, and economics.

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Calculus Definition
Calculus, a branch of Mathematics, developed by Newton and Leibniz, deals with the
study of the rate of change. Calculus Math is generally used in Mathematical models
to obtain optimal solutions. It helps us to understand the changes between the
values which are related by a function. Calculus Math mainly focused on some
important topics such as differentiation, integration, limits, functions, and so on.

Calculus Mathematics is broadly classified into two different such:

 Differential Calculus
 Integral Calculus

Both the differential and integral calculus deals with the impact on the function of a
slight change in the independent variable as it leads to zero. Both differential and
integral calculus serves as a foundation for the higher branch of Mathematics known
as “Analysis”. Calculus Mathematics plays a vital role in modern Physics as well as
in Science and technology.

What is the Meaning of Calculus?

Calculus means the part of maths that deals with the properties of derivatives and
integrals of quantities such as area, volume, velocity, acceleration, etc., by
processes initially dependent on the summation of infinitesimal differences. It helps
in determining the changes between the values that are related to the functions.

Basic Calculus
Basic Calculus is the study of differentiation and integration. Both concepts are
based on the idea of limits and functions. Some concepts, like continuity, exponents,
are the foundation of advanced calculus. Basic calculus explains about the two
different types of calculus called “Differential Calculus” and “Integral Calculus”.
Differential Calculus helps to find the rate of change of a quantity, whereas integral
calculus helps to find the quantity when the rate of change is known.

Differential Calculus Basics

Differential Calculus is concerned with the problems of finding the rate of change of a
function with respect to the other variables. To get the optimal solution, derivatives
are used to find the maxima and minima values of a function. Differential calculus
arises from the study of the limit of a quotient. It deals with variables such as x and y,
functions f(x), and the corresponding changes in the variables x and y. The symbol
dy and dx are called differentials. The process of finding the derivatives is called
differentiation. The derivative of a function is represented by dy/dx or f’ (x). It means
that the function is the derivative of y with respect to the variable x. Let us discuss
some of the important topics covered in the basic differential calculus.

Limits
The degree of closeness to any value or the approaching term. A limit is normally
expressed using the limit formula as-

lim�→��(�)=�
It is read as “the limit of f of x as x approaches c equals A”.

Derivatives
Instantaneous rate of change of a quantity with respect to the other. The derivative of
a function is represented as:

lim�→ℎ�(�+ℎ)−�(�)ℎ=�
Go through the links given below for Calculus Class 11 and class 12 concepts and
get a detailed knowledge of basic calculus.

Limits And Derivatives Class 11 Notes Application Of Derivatives For Class 12

To learn more on calculus class 11 and calculus class 12, visit our BYJU’S page to
get a proper definition with examples.

Continuity
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at a particular point x = a, if the following three
conditions are satisfied –

 f(a) is defined
 ����→��(�) ������
 ����→�−�(�)=����→�+�(�)=�(�)

Continuity and Differentiability

A Function is always continuous if it is differentiable at any point, whereas the vice-
versa condition is not always true.

 Continuity And Differentiability For Class 12

Quotient Rule
The Quotient rule is a method for determining the derivative (differentiation) of a
function that is in fractional form.

Chain Rule

The rule applied for finding the derivative of the composition of a function is basically
known as the chain rule.

Integral Calculus Basics

Integral calculus is the study of integrals and their properties. It is mostly useful for
the following two purposes:

 To calculate f from f’ (i.e. from its derivative). If a function f is differentiable in the interval
of consideration, then f’ is defined in that interval.
 To calculate the area under a curve.

Integration
Integration is the reciprocal of differentiation. As differentiation can be understood as
dividing a part into many small parts, integration can be said as a collection of small
parts in order to form a whole. It is generally used for calculating areas.

Definite Integral
A definite integral has a specific boundary within which function needs to be
calculated. The lower limit and upper limit of the independent variable of a function is
specified; its integration is described using definite integrals. A definite integral is
denoted as:

∫���(�).��=�(�)

Indefinite Integral
An indefinite integral does not have a specific boundary, i.e. no upper and lower limit
is defined. Thus the integration value is always accompanied by a constant value
(C). It is denoted as:

Advanced Calculus
Advanced Calculus includes some topics such as infinite series, power series, and
so on which are all just the application of the principles of some basic calculus topics
such as differentiation, derivatives, rate of change and o on. The important areas
which are necessary for advanced calculus are vector spaces, matrices, linear
transformation. Advanced Calculus helps us to gain knowledge on a few important
concepts such as

 Quadratic forms
 Generalized Stokes theorem
 Vector fields as derivatives
 Integration of forms
 Multilinear algebra
 Continuous differentiability
 Tangent space and normal space via gradients
 Dual space and dual basis
 Critical point analysis for multivariate functions, etc.

Applications of Calculus
Calculus is a Mathematical model, that helps us to analyze a system to find an
optimal solution to predict the future. In real life, concepts of calculus play a major
role either it is related to solve the area of complicated shapes, safety of vehicles,
evaluating survey data for business planning, credit card payment records, or finding
the changing conditions of a system affect us, etc. Calculus is a language of
physicians, economists, biologists, architects, medical experts, statisticians and it is
often used by them. For example, Architects and engineers use concepts of calculus
to determine the size and shape of the curves to design bridges, roads and tunnels,
etc. Using Calculus, some of the concepts are beautifully modelled, such as birth
and death rates, radioactive decay, reaction rates, heat and light, motion, electricity,
etc.

Problems and Solutions

Go through the below calculus problems to understand the process of differentiation
and integration.

Problem 1: Let f(y) = ey and g(y) = 10y. Use the chain rule to calculate h′(y) where
h(y) = f(g(y)).

Solution: Given,

f(y) = ey and

g(y) = 10y
First derivative above functions are

f'(y) = ey and

g'(y) = 10

To find: h′(y)

Now, h(y) = f(g(y))

h'(y) = f'(g(y))g'(y)

h'(y) = f'(10y)10

By substituting the values.

h'(y) = e10y x 10

or h'(y) = 10 e10y

Problem 2: Integrate sin 3x + 2x with respect to x.

Solution: Given instructions can be written as:

∫ sin 3x + 2x dx

Use the sum rule, which implies

∫ sin 3x dx+ ∫ 2x dx ……… Equation 1

Solve ∫ sin 3x dx first.

use substitution method,

let 3x = u => 3 dx = du (after derivation)

or dx = 1/3 du

=> ∫ sin 3x dx turned as∫ sin u X 1/3 du

or 1/3 ∫ sin u du

which is 1/3 (-cos u) + C, where C= constant of integration

Substituting values again, we get

∫ sin 3x dx= -cos(3x)/3 + C ……… Equation 2

Solve∫ 2x dx

∫ 2x dx = 2∫ x dx = 2 * x2/2 + C = x2 + C ……. Equation 3

Equation (1) => ∫ sin 3x dx+ ∫ 2x dx

= -cos(3x)/3 + x2 + C