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Calculus Notes

Calculus is a mathematical discipline that deals with limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series, providing tools for modeling and predicting changes in systems. Key concepts include limits, derivatives (with rules for computation), and integrals (both indefinite and definite), which are used in various applications such as optimization, area calculation, and solving differential equations. Differential equations relate functions to their derivatives and have practical applications in fields like population growth and physics.

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11 views1 page

Calculus Notes

Calculus is a mathematical discipline that deals with limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series, providing tools for modeling and predicting changes in systems. Key concepts include limits, derivatives (with rules for computation), and integrals (both indefinite and definite), which are used in various applications such as optimization, area calculation, and solving differential equations. Differential equations relate functions to their derivatives and have practical applications in fields like population growth and physics.

Uploaded by

Hesbon Odhiambo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Calculus Notes

Introduction to Calculus
Calculus is a branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite
series. It provides a framework for modeling systems in which change occurs, and a way to make
predictions about such systems.

Limits
A limit describes the value a function approaches as the input approaches a certain point. Notation:
lim(x→a) f(x) = L. Limits are foundational for defining both derivatives and integrals.

Derivatives
The derivative measures the rate at which a function changes as its input changes. Definition: f'(x) =
lim(h→0) [f(x+h) - f(x)] / h. Basic Rules: - Power Rule: d/dx (x^n) = n*x^(n-1) - Sum Rule: d/dx [f(x) +
g(x)] = f'(x) + g'(x) - Product Rule: (fg)' = f'g + fg' - Quotient Rule: (f/g)' = (f'g - fg') / g^2 - Chain Rule:
d/dx f(g(x)) = f'(g(x)) * g'(x)

Applications of Derivatives
1. Finding slopes of curves 2. Determining maxima and minima (optimization problems) 3. Curve
sketching (concavity and inflection points) 4. Related rates problems (when two quantities change
with respect to time)

Integrals
The integral is the inverse of the derivative and represents accumulation or area under a curve.
Indefinite Integral: ∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C, where F'(x) = f(x). Definite Integral: ∫[a to b] f(x) dx = F(b) -
F(a). Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: Connects differentiation and integration, stating that
differentiation and integration are inverse processes.

Applications of Integrals
1. Calculating area under curves 2. Finding volumes of solids of revolution 3. Determining
displacement, distance, and work 4. Solving problems in physics and engineering

Differential Equations
A differential equation relates a function to its derivatives. Example: dy/dx = ky has solution y =
Ce^(kx). Applications include population growth, radioactive decay, and motion modeling.

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