IMPACT OF DISCRIMINATION ON PEOPLE LIVING WITH HEARING

IMPAIREMENT IN IKPOBA –OKHA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA,

BY

ADAMS ENDURANCE ADEMOLA

SSC2004149

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK,

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES,

UNIVERSITY OF BENIN,

BENIN CITY.

FEBRUARY, 2025.

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IMPACT OF DISCRIMINATION ON PEOPLE LIVING WITH HEARING
IMPAIREMENT IN IKPOBA –OKHA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA,
EDO STATE.

BY

ADAMS ENDURANCE ADEMOLA

SSC2004149

A RESEARCH WORK WRITTEN AND SUBMITTED TO THE

FEBRUARY, 2025.

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 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this study was carried out by ADAMS ENDURANCE

ADEMOLA with the matriculation number SSC2004149 of the Department of

Social Work, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo

State Nigeria in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of B.sc

(Hons.) degree in Social Work.

______________________ ____________________

Prof. S. O. Ibobor Date:

(Project Supervisor)

_______________________ ______________________

Dr. S. Yesufu Date:

(Head of Department)

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 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to God Almighty for his grace, love and mercies towards

the period I engaged during the preparation of this project work. I am also

dedicating this work to my grandmother for her continuous prayers during my stay

in school.

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 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

My profound gratitude goes to Almighty God for his faithfulness, strength and love

towards the completion of this project work. Special thanks and appreciation to

my Grandma, and wonderful parents Mr. & Mrs Adams Adesuwa and my

wonderful sibling Favour, David, Micheal and of course my backbone and pillar

Eghosasere Bose, who were faithful vessels in the hand of Almighty God in

supporting me financially, spiritually, mentally and encouragement throughout my

four years program in school. I sincerely want to thank and appreciate my project

supervisor, Prof. S.O. Ibobor for his immense support in taking me through each of

the chapters of this project work and useful suggestions offered in the course of his

supervision. He was indeed not just a project supervisor but a father and guidance,

God bless you sir, and to my Head of Department Dr. S. Yesufu for his impactful

word and fatherly love.

To all my Lecturers; Dr. Kelly my School father, Dr. T.B.E Omorogiuwa, Dr.

Owie my course adviser, Dr. (Mrs) Helen Eweka, Dr, J.O. Egharevba, Dr. Godson

Omigie, Dr. Sunday Omigie, Dr. Ehigie, Mrs. Imudia, and Mrs. J. Omosuvbe. Who

inspired and made me appreciate Social Work and life in general, I am deeply

grateful. Special thanks go to Mr. Abiola Monday for his countless advice and

selfless support in my 100level days.

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To my spiritual father Apostle Cephas Obamina for his continuous prayer, wise

counsel and guidance, thank you sir for being an example of Godliness and

excellence. To pastor Emmanuel O. Idialu and my Bishop Dr. Nosa Agbonaware

for their prayer and love. To my wonderful friend and gist partner Amadi Gladys

A.k.a Woman of the land, thank you for your steadfast love, advice, wonderful

experience and beautiful moment all through my journey in UNIBEN.

To my wonderful family, City of Envoys Min, Int. most especially CEM Media I

love you guys dearly. To my Wonderful C.C Envoy Chinaza for your support and

advice during the period of the preparation of this project work, you have been an

important part of my journey in UNIBEN.

A special thanks to the brother Uniben gave me, Amb. Emmanuel Agida. Thank

you for your love and constant support Spiritually, Mentally, Politically and

Academically. To all my political gurus, Omowa Chris, Umuro Innocent,

Amenaghawon my Graphics lord and others I could not remember to mention. A

special thanks to the Students Association (NASOWS) for giving me the

opportunity to serve as president during my stay, it was a life time experience and

I do not take it for granted.

A special thanks to my people, THE INCREDIBLES; Andrew .E. Efe my brother

and more, Austin aka Egbe the Machala, Osiobe Victory, to my day one brother

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Eseosa aka Manuel Kitchen for wanting and pushing me to do more. To my

amazing course mate, my Miss bobby Jessica, Odigie Scholar, Ifem, Divine, and

D’LIBERALS.

Above all glory, honor, and adoration to God Almighty, the author and finisher

of our faith for a dream well fulfilled.

ADAMS ENDURANCE ADEMOLA

University of Benin

February, 2025

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Tittle page ----------------------------------------------------------------------------i

Certification --------------------------------------------------------------------------ii

Dedication ----------------------------------------------------------------------------iii

Acknowledgements -----------------------------------------------------------------v

Table of Contents -------------------------------------------------------------------vii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study--------------------------------------------------------1

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem-------------------------------------------3

1.3 Main Objective--------------------------------------------------------------------5

1.4 Objectives of the Study---------------------------------------------------------6

1.5 Research Question---------------------------------------------------------------6

1.6 Significance of Study-----------------------------------------------------------7

1.7 Scope of Study-------------------------------------------------------------------9

1.8 Definition of Concepts----------------------------------------------------------10

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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

Preamble------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.1 Review of Relevant concepts---------------------------------------------------13

2.1.1 Conceptualization of Disability----------------------------------------------14

2.1.2 Challenges people with Hearing Impaired Individuals faced-----------22

2.1.4 Theories of Discrimination----------------------------------------------------45

2.1.5 Steps for Preventing Discrimination against People with Disability----31

2.1.6 Discrimination: Barriers to Social Inclusion--------------------------------33

2.1.7 Formal Discrimination as a Barrier to Social Inclusion-------------------35

2.1.8 Progress and Challenges in Combating Discrimination-------------------36

2.1.9 The Rights of People with Hearing Disabilities-----------------------------39

2.2 Theoretical Framework of Study------------------------------------------------45

2.2.1 Critical Disability Theory (CDT) ---------------------------------------------46

2.2.2 Social Constructionism----------------------------------------------------------47

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2.2.3 Medical Theory or Model-------------------------------------------------------49

2.2.4 Social Theory----------------------------------------------------------------------50

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

Preamble------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.1 Research Design---------------------------------------------------------------------52

3.2 Population of Study-----------------------------------------------------------------53

3.3 Sample size ---------------------------------------------------------------------------54

3.4 Sampling Techniques----------------------------------------------------------------55

3.5 Instrumentation-----------------------------------------------------------------------55

3.6 Method of Data Collection---------------------------------------------------------56

3.7 Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument---------------------------56

3.8 Method of Data Analysis------------------------------------------------------------57

3.9 Ethical Consideration----------------------------------------------------------------57

CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION OF DATA AND DISCUSSION OF

FINDINGS

4.1 Data Presentation and Analytical Techniques------------------------------------59

4.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics------------------------------------------------59

4.3: Socio-economic challenges (Healthcare) of Hearing Impaired individual-62

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4.4: Factors facilitating or Hindering Government Intervention in Nigeria in

respect to UN decision on disability----------------------------------------------------63

4.5: Solutions to the Plight of the Physically Challenged Persons in Nigeria----64

4.6 Discussion of Findings----------------------------------------------------------------66

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary-------------------------------------------------------------------------------68

5.2 Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------69

5.3 Recommendations--------------------------------------------------------------------69

Reference-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------72

APPENDIX---------------------------------------------------------------------------------81

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 ABSTRACTS

Physically challenged persons seem not to have found enough help from the

society in underdeveloped countries. Hence, they are confronted with social

constraints, which have not been given adequate attention in the literature. This

study is a reaction to this problem in Nigeria. It examines reasons why the society

stigmatizes physically challenged (Hearing Impaired) individuals, instead of

helping them. Drawing on the opinions of respondents from Ivbiore Secondary

School and Salvation Army located at First opposite Old-Western Road Benin

City, this paper reported five Factors Facilitating or Hindering Government

Intervention in Nigeria in physically challenges persons and also the UN Decision

on disability, in spite of the fact that Nigeria was one of the original eighty

signatories to the adoption of these decisions. Relying on the data from a survey of

980 respondents, our findings have sociological, psychological, emotional and

economic implications for physically challenged persons in underdeveloped

societies.

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