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The document contains theoretical and numerical questions related to Raoult's law, vapor pressure, and azeotropes in solutions. It discusses the effects of non-volatile solutes on vapor pressure, molecular interactions in alcohol and water solutions, and deviations from ideal behavior. Additionally, it includes calculations for vapor pressures and mole fractions in various mixtures, emphasizing the principles of solution chemistry.
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theoretical Questions
4
or
‘What is the similarity between "
Yate Raoult's and
Delhi 2020, All India 2014
.. How is the vapour pressure of a solvent
affected when a non-volatile solute is
dissolved in it? Delhi2014¢
What role does the molecular
interaction play in solution of alcohol
and water? NCERT
Why is the vapour pressure of a solution of
glucose in water lower than that of water?
NCERT Exemplar
If a table spoon of sugar is added to water,
then what happens to vapour pressure of
water?
What type of deviation is shown by a
mixture of ethanol and acetone? Give
reason. Delhi 2014, CBSE 2023
(On mixing liquids X and Y, volume of the
resulting solution decreases. What type of
deviation from Raoult’s law is shown by the
resulting solution? What change in
temperature would you observe after
mixing liquids X and Y?
All India 2015, CBSE 2023
Define azeotrope. What type of azeotrope is
formed by negative deviation from Raoult’s
law ? Give an example. ‘CBSE 2023
Or
Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope
is formed by the positive deviation from
Raoult’s law? Give an example.
All India 2014, 2013; Delhi 2015
When water and nitric acid are mixed
together, a rise in temperature is observed.
What type of azeotropic mixture is
obtained?
What type of azeotropic mixture will be
formed by a solution of acetone and
chloroform? Justify on the basis of strength
of intermolecular interactions that develop
in the solution. All India 2019
Numerical Questions
10,
12.
13,
14,
15.
16.
If the vapour pressure of C,H,OH at 298 K is
40 mm of Hg, Its mole fraction in a solution with
CH;OH is 0.8, What will be its vapour pressure in
Solution, ifit obeys Raoult’s law?
+ The vapour pressure of pure liquid X and pure liquid
Yat 25°C are 120 mm Hg and 160 mm Hg,
respectively. If equal moles of X and are mixed to
form an ideal solution, calculate the vapour pressure
of the solution, CBSE 2023,
100 g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g mol”) was
dissolved in 1000 g of liquid B (molar mass
180 g mol”). The vapour pressure of pure liquid B
was found to be 500 torr. Calculate the vapour
pressure of pure liquid A and its vapour pressure in
the solution, ifthe total vapour pressure of the
solution is 475 torr. NCERT
Benzene and toluene form ideal solution over the
entire range of composition. The vapour pressures of
pure benzene and toluene at 300 K are 50.71 mm of
Hg and 32.06 mm of Hg, respectively. Calculate the
mole fraction of benzene in the vapour phase, if 80 ¢
of benzene is mixed with 100 g of toluene. | NCERT
() Gas (A)is more soluble in water than gas(B) at the
‘same temperature. Which one of the two gases will
have the higher value of Kj, (Henry's constant) and
why? .
(i) In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation
shows the formation of maximum boiling
azeotropes? All India 2016
At same temperature, the vapour pressure of pure
CH, is 0.256 bar and that of pure C,HCH; (toluene)
is 0.0925 bar. If the mole fraction of toluene in
solution is 0.6. Then,
() what willbe the total pressure of the solution?
i) what will be the mole fraction of each component
in vapour phase?
‘At 25°C, the vapour pressures of benzene (C,H,) and
toluene (C;H,) are 93.4 torr and 26.9 torr,
respectively. A solution is made by mixing 35.0 g of,
benzene and 65.0 g of toluene. At what applied
pressure, in torr, will this solution boil at 25°C ?
© scanned with OKEN ScannerTopic Practice 3
Z
Similarity between Raoult’s and Henry’s laws is that both
the laws are applied to volatile component in solution, Both
the laws state that the vapour pressure of one component jg
proportional to the mole fraction of that component.
When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, its vapour
pressure decreases because some of the surface sites are
occupied by solute molecules. Thus, less space is available
for the solvent molecule to vaporise.
There is strong hydrogen bonding in alcohol molecules as
well as in water molecules. On mixing these solutions, the
molecular interactions are weakened. Hence, they show
positive deviations from ideal behaviour. Therefore, the
solution will have higher vapour pressure and lower boiling
point than that of water and alcohol.
In the solution, the surface has both solute and solvent
molecules, so the fraction of the surface covered by solvent
molecules gets reduced. Thus, the number of solvent
molecules escaping from the surface is reduced, resulting in
lowering the vapour pressure. So, the vapour pressure of the
solution of glucose in water is lower than that of pure water
A mixture of ethanol and acetone shows positive deviation
because in this case, A—B interactions are weaker than
A—A and B—B interactions, Due to this, vapour pressure
increases which results in positive deviation.
It is an example of negative deviation. Since, A mix V i
negative, hence A ,,,, H is also negative and temperature
rises. Refer to text on Pages 13 and 14
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10.
IL
12
13.
Refer to text on page 14.
‘When water and nitrie acid are mixed together, a tise in
temperature is observed. It shows a negative deviation from,
Raoult’s law. Therefore, there occu nam in vapour
pressure versus mole fraction graph and maxim
boiling point versus mole fraction graph of the solution,
Hence, solution of nitric acid andl water forms a maxi
boiling azeotrope.
1. The mixture of acetone and chloroform is an example of
‘maximum boiling azeotrope. It shows negative deviation
from Raoult’s law because of inerease in intermolecular
forces of altraction between acetone and chloroform, since
they form hydrogen bonds between them,
Penson = 32mm of Hg
Refer to example 9 on page 11,
Given,
‘Vapour pressure of pure liquid, X =120 mm Hg
Vapour pressure of pure liquid, ¥ = 160 mm Hig
Mole faction of X and Y are equal, i. 05
-+ Vapour pressure of solution = 05 «120+ 05 x160
60480
=> Mo mm Hg
‘According to Raoull’s law
Pa = KaPh and Py = Xa Pe
of 100g 5
Number of moles of liquid A (solute) = 128
ber of liquid (elute) =
‘Number of moles of liquid B (solvent) =
+ Mole fraction of A inthe solution (1, )
S/T si
577 +5019 395/63
= SB org
7395 395
+ Mole fraction of B in the solution (a)
=1-0.114= 0886
Also, given p§ = 500 torr
‘Thus, on substituting in above Raoult’s law equation, we get
Pa = taf ~0114% ph fi)
a = taf = 0886% 500 443 tore
Pe Pat Pp
or a= 01167, + 463
a15— 443
ef 8-18 o907 one
th O14
Substituting the value of p? in Eq, (i), we get
Pq = 0.114% 280.7 torr = 32 tort
‘Molar mass of benzene (C,H,)= 78 g mol
‘Molar mass of toluene (CH,)= 92 g mol”
egig (number of moles of benzene)
35
808
78 g mol
= 1.026 mot
4g (number of moles oft
“100
92.gmol *
uene)
= 1.087 mol
Mole fraction of henzene,
1.026 mol
(1.026-+ 1.087) mol ~
Ftoluene
~ 0.4862 0.514
Heang™ eae
Mole frac
Hem,
Applying Raoult’s law,
Partial vapour pressure of benzene in solution
Peale = Peete *Hegte
(50.71 mm of Hg) « (0.486)
4.65 mm of Hg
Partial vapour pressure of toluene in solution
Pestte™ Petty *cyny = 32.06 mm of Hig 0.514
6.48 mm of Hg
‘Total vapour pressure of solution
P= 24.65 mm of Hg+ 16.48 mm of Fi
[Mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase
1.13 mm of Hg
1 Heat * Pig _ 0486 0.71 mmof HE _ 4g
Poo 4L13mmof Hg
14, (@ Solubility is inversely proportional to Ky, ie. Henry's
constant of the gas. Thus, greater the value of Ky, lower
is the solubility ofthe gas. As gas (A) is more soluble in
water than gas(B) at the same temperature, hence the gas
(A) has lower value of Ky. In other words, gas (B) has
higher value of Ky than gas()at the same temperature.
(i) In non-ideal solutions, the solutions that show large
negative deviation from Raoult’s law form maximum
boiling azeotropes. eg. Mixture of nitric acid and water.
15, () According to Raoult’ law,
For toluene, p, = p? *%
pP =0.0925 bar and y,
‘Then, P= 0.0925bar x0.
For benzene, p; = P2*22
Mole fraction of benzene,
21-4 = 1-06
and p= 0.256 bar
Then, py = 0.256x 04 = 0.1024 bar
Total vapour pressure of solution
Poot = Py + P= 0.0555+ 0.1024 = 0.158 bar
(Gi) Mote fraction of toluene in vapour phase
A, sssbar
0.158bar
Mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase
Pa, Ooto2dbar 9 61g
Pout 0.158bar
n = 03351
Prost
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IG, This solution of benzene and toluene will boil at 25°C when
the pressure above the solution is equal to the sum of the
vapour pressures of benzene and toluene in the solution.
he. Protal = Peay t Pogttgctty
Pai
Partial vapour pressure of toluene,
vapour pressure of benzene, p21), = 93.4 torr
Pecuscuy = 26.9 torr
Mass of C,H, = 35 g and mass of C,H,CH, =65 g
Molar mass of CgH, = 12% 6+ 1x6
= 72+ 6=78g mol
Therefore, the number of moles of C,H,,
35g
Negi = ey = 0.449 mol
CoHs 78g mol
Molar mass of CgH,CH, = 12x 6+ 15+ 12+ 1x3
=92g mol
Therefore, the number of moles of C,H,CH,
Ie ties = = 0.707 mol
92g mol
Now, the mole fractions of C,H, and C,H,CH, are
Xe = Mtg
=
Se cate + Megs
= 0449 0.449 _ 9 555
044940707 1.156
Z ____PcatisCy 0.707
SST caiscety + Meet 9-707 + 0.449
2.707 9.612
1.156
‘Therefore, vapour pressure of C,H, and C,H;CH, are
Peale =
PoyHsctty = PCgHscHs * XC oHscHy
= 26.9 x 0,612= 16.46 torr
Total vapour pressure of the solution,
Paotal = Pott, + Peghtsctts
6.24 +16.46
= 52.7 torr
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