Mount Zion College of Engineering and Technology,

Pudukkottai -622507
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Year / Branch: II / Mechanical Semester: III

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY
ME 2209

LAB MANUAL
 MOUNT ZION COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ME 2209 – ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Load test on D.C Series motor.

2. Load test on D.C Shunt motor.

3. Speed control of D.C Shunt motor.

4. Open circuit and Load characteristics of separately excited D.C generator.

5. Open circuit and Load characteristics of self-excited D.C generator.

6. Load test on a Single Phase Transformer.

7. Open circuit and Short circuit tests on a Single Phase Transformer.

8. Load test on Three – Phase Squirrel cage Induction motor.

9. Load test on Three – Phase Slip ring Induction motor.

10. Load test on Single Phase Induction motor.

11. V curves and Inverted V curves of Synchronous motor.

12. Regulation of Three – Phase alternator by EMF and MMF methods.

13. Study of D.C Motor and Induction Motor starters.

Name of the student:

Register number :

Sl.no Date of Name of Experiment Date of Marks Signature

Signature of the staff in charge

STUDY OF DC MOTOR STARTERS

TYPES OF D.C MOTOR STARTER

1. Two point starter

2. Three point starter

3. Four point starter

The starting operation of a d.c. motor consists in the insertion of external resistance into the armature
circuit to limit the starting current taken by the motor and the removal of this resistance in steps as the
motor accelerates.

When the motor attains the normal speed, this resistance is totally cut out of the armature circuit. It is
very important and desirable to provide the starter with protective devices to enable the starter arm to
return to OFF position.

(i) When the supply fails, thus prevents the armature being directly across the mains when this voltage
is restored. For this purpose, we use no-volt release coil.

(ii) When the motor becomes overloaded or develops a fault causing the motor to take an excessive
current. For this purpose, we use overload release coil.

Operation of d.c motor starter

A.To start with, the d.c. supply is switched on with handle in the OFF position.

B.The handle is now moved clockwise to the first stud. As soon as it comes in contact with the first stud,
the shunt field winding is directly connected across the supply, while the whole starting resistance is
inserted in series with the armature circuit.

C.As the handle is gradually moved over to the final stud, the starting resistance is cut out of the
armature circuit in steps. The handle is now held magnetically by the no-volt release coil which is
energized by shunt field current.

D.If the supply voltage is suddenly interrupted or if the field excitation is accidentally cut, the no-volt
release coil is demagnetized and the handle goes back to the OFF position under the pull of the spring. If
no-volt release coil were not used, then in case of failure of supply, the handle would remain on the final
stud. If then supply is restored, the motor will be directly connected across the supply, resulting in an
excessive armature current.
E.If the motor is over-loaded (or a fault occurs), it will draw excessive current from the supply. This
current will increase the ampere-turns of the over-load release coil and pull the armature C, thus short-
circuiting the novolt release coil. The no-volt coil is demagnetized and the handle is pulled to the OFF
position by the spring. Thus the motor is automatically disconnected from the supply.

Three point starter

A “3-point starter” is extensively used to start a D.C shunt motor. It not only overcomes the difficulty of
a plain resistance starter, but also provides additional protective features such as over load protection
and no volt protection. The diagram ofa 3-point starter connected to a shunt motor is shown in figure.
Although, the circuit looks a bit clumsy at a first glance, the basic working principle is same as that of
plain resistance starter The starter is shown enclosed within the dotted rectangular box having three
terminals marked as A, L and F for external connections. Terminal A is connected to one armature
terminal Al of the motor. Terminal F is connected to one field terminal F1 of the motor and terminal L is
connected to one supply terminal as shown. F2 terminal of field coil is connected to A2 through an
external variable field resistance and the common point connected to supply (-ve). The external
armatures resistances consist of several resistances connected in series and are shown in the form of an
arc. The junctions of the resistances are brought out as terminals (called studs) and marked as 1, 2,.. .12.
Just beneath the resistances, a continuous copper strip also in the form of an arc is present. There is a
handle which can be moved in the clockwise direction against the spring tension. The spring tension
keeps the handle in the OFF position when no one attempts to move it. Now let us trace the circuit from
terminal L (supply + ve). The wire from L passes through a small electro magnet called OLRC, (the
function of which we shall discuss a little later) and enters through the handle shown by dashed lines.
Near the end of the handle two copper strips are firmly connected with the wire. The furthest strip is
shown circular shaped and the other strip is shown to be rectangular. When the handle is moved to the
right, the circular strip of the handle will make contacts with resistance terminals 1, 2 etc.progressively.
On the other hand, the rectangular strip will make contact with the continuous arc copper strip. The
other end of this strip is brought as terminal F after going through an electromagnet coil (called NVRC).
Terminal F is finally connected to motor field terminal Fl.

Overload relays

A starter will contain protective devices for the motor. At a minimum this would include a thermal
overload relay. The thermal overload is designed to open the starting circuit and thus cut the power to
the motor in the event of the motor drawing too much current from the supply for an extended time.
The overload relay has a normally closed contact which opens due to heat generated by excessive
current flowing through the circuit. Thermal overloads have a small heating device that increases in
temperature as the motor running current increases. There are two types of thermal overload relay. In
one type, a bi-metallic strip located close to a heater deflects as the heater temperature rises until it
mechanically causes the device to trip and open the circuit, cutting power to the motor should it
become overloaded. A thermal overload will accommodate the brief high starting current of a motor
while accurately protecting it from a running current overload. The heater coil and the action of the bi-
metallic strip introduce a time delay that affords the motor time to start and settle into normal running
current without the thermal overload tripping. Thermal overloads can be manually or automatically
resettable depending on their application and have an adjuster that allows them to be accurately set to
the motor run current.

Loss of voltage protection

Starters using magnetic contactors usually derive the power supply for the contactor coil from the same
source as the motor supply. An auxiliary contact from the contactor is used to maintain the contactor
coil energized after the start command for the motor has been released. If a momentary loss of supply
voltage occurs, the contactor will open and not close again until a new start command is given. This
prevents restarting of the motor after a power failure. This connection also provides a small degree of
protection against low power supply voltage and loss of a phase. However since contactor coils will hold
the circuit closed with as little as 80% of normal voltage applied to the coil, this is not a primary means
of protecting motors from low voltage operation.

Limitation:

1. In a three-point starter, the no-volt release coil is connected in series with the Shunt field circuit so
that it carries the shunt field current.

2. While exercising speed control through field regulator, the field current may be weakened to such an
extent that the no-volt release coil may not be able to keep the starter arm in the ON position.

3. This may disconnect the motor from the supply when it is not desired. This drawback is overcome in
the four point starter.
Four point starter

(i)In a four-point starter, the no-volt release coil is connected directly across thesupply line through a
protective resistance R.

(ii)Now the no-volt release coil circuit is independent of the shunt field circuit.Therefore, proper speed
control can be exercised without affecting the operationof novolt release coil

(iii)Note that the only difference between a three-point starter and a four-point starteris the method in
which no-volt release coil is connected. However, the working of the two starters is the same.

(iv)It may be noted that the three point starter also provides protection against anopen field Circuit. This
protection is not provided by the four-point starter

FOUR POINT STARTER

Two point starter

1. This starter is only for D.C. series motor only. The basic construction of two point starter is similar to
that of three point starter except the fact that it has only two terminals namely line (L) and field (F).

2. The F terminal is one end of the series combination of field and the armature winding. The action of
the starter is similar to that of three phase starter.

3. The main problem in case of d.c. series motor is its over speeding action when the load is less.
4. This can be prevented using two point starters. The no-volt coil is connecting in series with the motor
so both current are equal.

5. At no load situation load current drawn by the motor decreases causes no-volt coil losses its required
magnetism and releases the handle to OFF position.

TWO POINT STARTER

Methods of Starting Three Phase Induction Motors As we know, once a supply is connected to a three
phase induction motor a rotating magnetic field will be set up in the stator, this will link and cut the
rotor bars which in turn will induce rotor currents and create a rotor field which will interact with the
stator field and produce rotation. Of course this means that the three phase induction motor is entirely
capable of self-starting. The need for a starter therefore is not, conversely enough, to provide starting
but to reduce heavy starting currents and provide overload and no-voltage protection. There are a
number of different types of starter including The Direct On-line Starter. The Star-Delta Starter, Auto-
Transformer and Rotor resistance. Each will be considered in turn.

Direct-on-Line Starter (DOL)

The DOL starter switches the supply directly on to the contacts of the motor. As the starting current of
an induction motor can be 6-8 times the running current the DOL starter is typically only used for motors
with a rating of less than 5kW.

Star Delta starter

This is the most common form of starter used for three phase induction motors. It achieves an effective
reduction of starting current by initially connecting the stator windings in star configuration which
effectively places any two phases in series across the supply. Starting in star not only has the effect of
reducing the motor is start current but also the starting torque. Once up to a particular running speed a
double throw switch changes the winding arrangements from star to delta whereupon full running
torque is achieved. Such an arrangement means that the ends of all stator windings must be brought to
terminations outside the casing of the motor.
Auto-Transformer Starter

This method of starting reduces the start current by reducing the voltage at start up. It can give
lower start up currents than star-delta arrangements but with an associated loss of torque.
It is not as commonly utilised as other starting methods but does have the advantage that only
three connection conductors are required between starter and motor.

Rotor Resistance Starter

If it is necessary to start a three phase induction motor on load then a wound rotor machine will
normally be selected. Such a machine allows an external resistance to be connected to the rotor of the
machine through slip rings and brushes. At start-up the rotor resistance is set at maximum but is
reduced as speed increases until eventually it is reduced to zero and the machine runs as if it is a cage
rotor machine.