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Solution Sheet 5

The document covers key concepts in electrical power, including instantaneous power, average power, power factor, complex power, and power factor correction. It explains the relationships between voltage, current, and power in different types of loads (resistive, reactive, and hybrid). Additionally, it discusses methods for maximizing average power and improving power factor through circuit adjustments.

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Malk Al Masrea
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6 views12 pages

Solution Sheet 5

The document covers key concepts in electrical power, including instantaneous power, average power, power factor, complex power, and power factor correction. It explains the relationships between voltage, current, and power in different types of loads (resistive, reactive, and hybrid). Additionally, it discusses methods for maximizing average power and improving power factor through circuit adjustments.

Uploaded by

Malk Al Masrea
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE NOTES

• The Instantaneous Power :


• 𝑝 𝑡 =𝑣 𝑡 𝑖 𝑡
• If 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 )
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 )

𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝐼 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 ) cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 )
𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎 𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓𝒗 − 𝝓𝒊 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓𝒗 + 𝝓𝒊
𝟐 𝟐
Time Independent Twice Angular Frequency

𝑝 𝑡 →Positive Value (Load Aboard Power)


𝑝 𝑡 →Negative Value (Load Supply Power)*
Which usually implies that energy stored in the inductors or capacitors
is now being extracted

LECTURE NOTES
• The Average Power :
• It is the average of the instantaneous power over one period.
• P = ∫ 𝑝 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 − 𝜙 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 + 𝜙 𝑑𝑡

𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎
𝑷= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓𝒗 − 𝝓𝒊 + 𝟎 = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓𝒗 − 𝝓𝒊 + 𝟎
𝟐
• The Power Factor (PF) : Circuit Type Phase Difference Average Power
It is the cosine of the phase difference between
voltage and current or the cosine of the angle Purely Resistive
𝝓𝒗 − 𝝓𝒊 = 𝟎 All Power Loss
Load (R)
of the load impedance.
Purely Reactive
𝝓𝒗 − 𝝓𝒊 = ±𝟗𝟎 Lossless Load (P=0)
Load (L/C)
𝑽𝒎 𝑰 𝒎
𝑷= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓𝒗 − 𝝓𝒊 Hybrid Impedance 𝝓𝒗 − 𝝓𝒊 > 𝟎 Inductive Load
𝟐 (R/L/C) 𝝓𝒗 − 𝝓𝒊 < 𝟎 Capacitive Load

1
LECTURE NOTES
• The Complex Power: POWER
Apparent Power Factor
Average Power (W) Power Angle TRIANGLE

Complex Power (VA) Reactive Power (VAR)


Complex Power (VA) Average Power (W) Reactive Power (VAR) Inductive
Lagging PF
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰∗𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝟎. 𝟓𝑽𝑰∗ 𝑹𝒆 𝑺 𝑰𝒎 𝑺 +VE Angle

𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝟐𝒁 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑰 𝟐𝒁 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝟐𝑹 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑰 𝟐 𝑹 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝟐 𝑿 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑰 𝟐 𝑿 -VE Angle


Leading PF
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝟐⁄𝒁∗ 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑽 𝟐 ⁄𝒁∗ 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝟐⁄𝑹 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑽 𝟐⁄𝑹 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝟐⁄𝑿 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑽 𝟐⁄𝑿 Capacitive

𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 ∠𝝓𝒗 − 𝝓𝒊 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓𝒗 − 𝝓𝒊 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝓𝒗 − 𝝓𝒊

𝟎. 𝟓 𝑽 𝑰 ∠𝝓𝒗 − 𝝓𝒊 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑽 𝑰 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓𝒗 − 𝝓𝒊 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑽 𝑰 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝓𝒗 − 𝝓𝒊

LECTURE NOTES
• Power Factor Correction:
• Adding a parallel capacitor to the load, in order to enhance PF.
• 𝑄 =𝑄 −𝑄 = 𝑃 tan 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 , 𝑋 =
𝑸𝒄 𝑷 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽𝑶𝒍𝒅 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽𝑵𝒆𝒘
∴𝑪= =
𝝎𝑽𝟐𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝝎𝑽𝟐𝒓𝒎𝒔

• Maximum Average Power :


• First, Calculate the Thevenin equivalent for your circuit.
In case of Hybrid Impedance Load If case of Purely Resistive Load
𝒁𝑳 = 𝑹𝑳 + 𝒋𝑿𝑳 𝒁𝑳 = 𝑹𝑳 𝟐
𝑽𝑻𝒉 𝟐 𝑽𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑷𝑴𝒂𝒙 = =
𝑋 = −𝑋 𝑅 =𝑅 𝟖𝑹𝑳 𝟒𝑹𝑳
𝑅 = 𝑋 +𝑅

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