REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
EE – 403 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 2
LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Series RC and RL Circuits
SUBMITTED BY:
ALDWIN, ABANILLA B.
AGUILUCHO, JEROS M.
CARLOS, TIMOTHY JOHN I.
IBAÑEZ, MIKHAIL P.
EE-2202
SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. JEFREY S. CLAUS
MARCH 06 2022
Laboratory Experiment No. 1
Series RC and RL Circuits
I. DISCUSSION
II. OBJECTIVES
The activity aims to:
1. Familiarize with the series RC and RL circuits.
2. Describe the relationship between current and voltage in a seriesRC and RL
circuit.
3. Determine the impedance of a series RC and RL circuit.
4. Measure properly the impedance of series RL and RC Circuit using
measuring instrument to compare the computed values to measure values.
III. MATERIALS
100 w Lamp
6++5 uf Capacitor
1.389 H Inductor
AC voltmeter
AC ammeter
AC supply
Multisim
IV. PROCEDURE
A. RC Circuit
a. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
b. Measure the total current and the current across the lamp and across the 5 uf capacitor. To
measure the total current of the AC voltage (refer to Figure 2A). Turn on the run button to
simulate the circuit. Record the current reading for the AC voltage source. Repeat the step for
to record the lamp and 5 uf capacitor as shownin Figure 2B and 2C.
Figure 2A
Figure 2B
Figure 2C
c. Measure the voltage of the source (eT), lamp (eR) and the capacitor (eC). To
measure the voltage across the source, refer to Figure 3A. Turn on the
simulation to enable the reading. Record the reading foe the voltage across the
source. Repeat the step to measure the voltage of the lamp and capacitor
shown in Figure 3B and 3C.
Figure 3A
Figure 3B
Figure 3C
d. Using Ohm’s Law, compute the vol
e. Compute the magnitude and phase angle of the impedance using the equation Z = R –
jXc, where Xc = 1/2πfC. Use the 5uF for the value of C.
Manual Computation for RC Circuit
Given:
𝐶 = 5𝜇𝐹
𝑅 = 484Ω
𝑓 = 60𝐻𝑧
Solving for 𝑋𝐶 :
1
𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
1
𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋(60𝐻𝑧)(5×10−6 𝐹)
𝑋𝐶 = 530.516477Ω 𝑜𝑟
530.5165Ω
Solving for Magnitude and Phase Angle
Using the formula:
𝑍 = 𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋𝐶
𝑍 = 484Ω − 𝑗530.516477Ω
The answer will be, 𝑍 = 484Ω − 𝑗530.516477Ω
Converting the impedance into polar form:
𝑍 = 718.1251509Ω ∠ − 47.62522348°
𝑍 = 718.1252Ω ∠ − 47.6252°
Therefore: 𝑍′ = 718.1252Ω, and the 𝜃 = −47.6252°
f. Compute the percent difference between the measure and thecomputed value of the
impedance.
Solving for the Percentage of Error
Formula:
|𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑−𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑|
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑
Voltages:
Measured: 𝐸𝑅 = 148.531𝑉
Computed: 𝐸𝑅 = 148.2749𝑉
|148.2749𝑉−148.531𝑉|
𝐸𝑅 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
148.2749𝑉
0.2561
𝐸𝑅 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 148.2749𝑉 × 100
𝐸𝑅 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 0.1727197252% 𝑜𝑟 0.1727%
Measured: 𝑒𝐶 = 162.283𝑉|
Computed: 𝐸𝐶 = 162.5253𝑉
|162.5253𝑉−162.283𝑉|
𝐸𝐶 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
162.5253𝑉
0.2423
𝐸𝐶 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 162.5253𝑉 × 100
𝐸𝐶 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 0.149084481% 𝑜𝑟 0.1491%
Currents:
Measured: 𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝐶 = 𝐼𝑡 = 0.307𝐴
Computed: 𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑡 = 0.3064𝐴
|0.3064𝐴−0.307𝐴|
𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝐶 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
0.3064𝐴
0.0006
𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝐶 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 0.3064𝐴 × 100
𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝐶 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 0.1958224543% 𝑜𝑟 0.1958%
Impedance:
Measured: 𝑍 = 716.6091Ω
Computed: 𝑍 = 718.1252Ω
|718.1252Ω−716.6091Ω|
𝑍%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
718.1252Ω
1.5161
𝑍%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 718.1252Ω × 100
𝑍 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = .0.2111191753% 𝑜𝑟 0.2111%
B. RL Circuit
a. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4
b. Measure the total current and the current across the lamp and across the 1.389 H inductor.
To measure the total current of the AC voltage (refer to Figure 5A). Turn on the run button
to simulate the circuit. Record the current reading for the ACvoltage source. Repeat the step
for to record the lamp and 1.389H inductor as shown in Figure 5B and 5C.
Figure 5A
Figure 5B
Figure 5C
c. Measure the voltage of the source (eT), lamp (eR) and the inductor (eL). To measure the
voltage across the source, refer to Figure 6A. Turn on the simulation to enable the reading.
Record the reading for the voltage across the source. Repeat the step to measure the voltage
of the lamp and inductor shown in Figure 6B and 6C.
Figure 6A
Figure 6B
Figure 6C
d. Using Ohm’s Law, compute the voltage and current for eachcomponent. Record it at
Table 1 and 2. Use the formula
𝑒 𝑒𝐿 𝑒𝐶
R 𝑖 𝑅 ; XL = ; XC =
𝑅 𝑖𝐿 𝑖𝐶
𝑉𝑡
Z= = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶2
𝐼𝑡
Computation Using Measured Values for RL Circuit
Given:
𝑒𝑅 = 149.064V
𝑒𝐿 =161.792V
𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝐶 = 𝐼𝑡 = 0.308A
𝑉𝑡 = 219.999V
Solving for R:
𝑒𝑅
𝑅= 𝐼𝑅
149.064𝑉
𝑅= 0.308𝐴
= 483.974026Ω
R = 483.9740Ω
Solving for 𝑋𝐿 :
𝑒𝐿
𝑋𝐿 = 𝐼𝐿
161.792𝑉
𝑋𝐿 = 0.308𝐴
= 525.2987013 Ω
XL = 525.2987 Ω
Solving for Z:
𝑉
𝑍 = 𝐼𝑡
𝑇
219.999𝑉
𝑍= 0.308𝐴
=714.2824675Ω
Z = 714.2825Ω
Manual Computation for RL Circuit
Given:
E = 220V 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 = 220V
f = 60Hz 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 = 100W
L = 1.389H
Solving for R:
Using the formula
𝐸
𝑃 = 𝐸𝐼, where 𝐼 = 𝑅
𝐸 𝐸2
𝑃 = 𝐸( ) =
𝑅 𝑃
𝐸2
Therefore, 𝑅 = 𝑃
Using the rated values of the lamp 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 = 220𝑉, and 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 = 100𝑊.
𝐸2 (220𝑉)2
𝑅= =
𝑃 100𝑊
R = 484Ω
Solving for 𝑋𝐿 :
XL = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
XL = 2𝜋(60𝐻𝑧)(1.389𝐻)
= 523.6406635Ω
XL = 523.640Ω
Solving for Z:
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿 2
𝑍 = √(484Ω)2 + (523.6406635Ω)2
= √508455.5445Ω
= 713.0606878Ω
Z = 713.0607Ω
Solving for Current (I):
𝑉𝑡
𝐼𝑡 = 𝑍
220𝑉
𝐼𝑡 = 713.0606878Ω
= 0.3085291389A
𝑰𝒕 = 0.3085A
Since the AC voltage source, lamp, and capacitor are connected in series, they have
the same currents:
𝑰𝒕 = 𝑰𝑹 = 𝑰𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟖𝟓𝑨
Solving for Voltage Drops:
𝐸𝑅 = 𝐼𝑡 𝑅
𝐸𝑅 = (0.3085291389A)(484Ω)
𝐸𝑅 =149.3281032V
𝑬𝑹 =149.3281V
𝐸𝐿 = 𝐼𝑡 𝑋𝐿
𝐸𝐿 = (0.3085291389A)(530.516477Ω)
𝐸𝐿 =161.558403V
𝑬𝑳 = 161.5584V
ET =√𝐸𝐿 2 + 𝐸𝑅 2
=√(161.558403V)2 + (149.3281032V)2
ET = 220V
e. Compute the magnitude and phase angle of the impedance using the equation Z = R + jXl,
where Xl = 2πfL. Use the 1.389H inductor for the value of L.
Manual Computation for RL Circuit
Given:
𝐿 = 1.389𝐻
𝑅 = 484Ω
𝑓 = 60𝐻𝑧
Solving for 𝑋𝐿 :
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋(60𝐻𝑧)(1.389𝐻)
𝑋𝐿 =523.6406635Ω
𝑿𝑳 =523.6407Ω
Solving for Magnitude and Phase Angle
Using the formula:
𝑍 = 𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋𝐿
𝑍 = 484Ω − 𝑗523.6406635Ω
The answer will be, 𝑍 = 484Ω − 𝑗523.6406635Ω
Converting the impedance into polar form:
𝑍 = 713.0606878Ω ∠ − 47.25285878°
𝑍 = 713.0607Ω ∠ − 47.2529°
Therefore: 𝒁′ = 𝟕𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟕𝛀, and the 𝜽 = −𝟒𝟕. 𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟗°
f. Compute the percent difference between the measure and thecomputed value of the
impedance.
Solving for the Percentage of Error
Formula:
|𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 − 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑|
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑
Voltages:
Measured: 𝑒𝑅 = 149.064𝑉
Computed: 𝐸𝑅 = 148.2749𝑉
|148.2749𝑉 − 149.064𝑉|
𝐸𝑅 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
148.2749𝑉
0.7871
= 148.2749𝑉 × 100
𝐸𝑅 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 0.532187174%
𝑬𝑹 %𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 0.5322%
Measured: 𝑒𝐿 = 161.792𝑉
Computed: 𝐸𝐿 = 162.5253𝑉
|162.5253𝑉 − 161.792𝑉|
𝐸𝐿 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
162.5253𝑉
0.7333
= 162.5253𝑉 × 100
= 0.4511912914%
𝑬𝑳 %𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 0.4512%
Measured: 𝑒𝑇 = 161.792𝑉
Computed: 𝐸𝑇 = 162.5253𝑉
|220𝑉 − 219.999𝑉|
𝐸𝑇 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
220𝑉
0.0001
= × 100
220𝑉
= 0.00045454545%
𝑬𝑻 %𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 0.0005%
Currents:
Measured: 𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑡 = 0.308𝐴
Computed: 𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑡 = 0.3085𝐴
|0.3085𝐴−0.308𝐴|
𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑡 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
0.3085𝐴
0.0005
= 0.3085𝐴 × 100
𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑡 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =0.1620745543%
𝑰𝑹 = 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑰𝒕 %𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 =0.1621%
Impedance:
Measured: 𝑍 = 714.2825Ω
Computed: 𝑍 = 713.0607Ω
|713.0607Ω − 714.2825Ω|
𝑍 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
713.0607Ω
1.2218
= 713.0607Ω × 100
𝑍 %𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =0.1713456816%
𝒁 %𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 =0.1713%
Table 1: Simulation and Computation Result of Voltage of theSeries
RC Circuit
Voltage (V) R C Total
Workbench 148.531 162.283 219.999
Computation
% Difference
Table 2: Simulation and Computation Result Current of theSeries
RC Circuit
Current (A) R C Total
Workbench 0.307 0.307 0.307
Computation
% Difference
Table 3: Simulation and Computation Result of Voltage of theSeries
RL Circuit
Voltage (V) R L Total
Workbench 149.064 161.792 219.999
Computation
% Difference
Table 4: Simulation and Computation Result Current of theSeries
RL Circuit
Current (A) R L Total
Workbench 0.308 0.308 0.308
Computation
% Difference
V. ANALYSIS
A. Questions
a. Do the workbench and computational values of voltages and currents agree?
b. Give possible reasons for any discrepancies.
VI. CONCLUSION
VII. APPLICATION
A. Circuit Design
a. Draw a series RC circuit design that has 100 W lamp and connected to 220 V, 60
cycle and consist of capacitor C. The capacitive reactance is 884.1941 ohms and
total impedance is 1007.9956 ohms. Calculate the value of R and C.
(FOR GROUP 1 and 6)
Given:
f = 60Hz
Xc = 884.1941 Ω
Zt = 1007.9956 Ω
Solving for R:
Using the formula:
Z = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶2
By Pythagorean Theorem;
Z2 = R2 + 𝑋𝐶2
R2 = Z2 - 𝑋𝐶2
R = √𝒁𝟐 − 𝑿𝟐𝑪
Substituting the values
R = √𝑍 2 − 𝑋𝐶2
R = √(1007.9956)2 − (884.1941)2
R = 484.9999 Ω
Solving for C.
Substituting the values
1
Xc = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
1
C = 2𝜋𝑓𝑋
𝑐
1
C = 2𝜋(60𝐻𝑧)(884.1941Ω)
C = 3µF
