FLUID MECHANICS
Important Topics:
1. Fluid Statics:
o Definition and properties of fluids.
o Concepts of density and relative density.
o Understanding pressure in fluids and its derivation.
o Pascal's Law and its applications.Note Library
o Archimedes' Principle and the concept of buoyancy.
o Principle of flotation.Nepal Enotes
2. Surface Tension:
o Cohesive and adhesive forces.Nepal Enotes
o Definition and effects of surface tension.
o Angle of contact and capillarity.Note Library+1Nepal Enotes+1
o Relation between surface energy and surface tension.Note Library
3. Viscosity:
o Newton's formula for viscosity.SR Zone Guides+2Note Library+2Nepal Enotes+2
o Coefficient of viscosity and its measurement.Nepal Enotes
o Poiseuille's formula for flow of liquid through a capillary tube.Nepal
Enotes+1Note Library+1
o Stoke's Law and terminal velocity.Nepal Enotes+1SR Zone Guides+1
4. Fluid Dynamics:
o Equation of continuity and its applications.Note Library+1SR Zone Guides+1
o Bernoulli's theorem and its practical applications.
Essential Formulas:
Pressure in a Fluid:
o P=hρgP = h \rho gP=hρg
Where:
PPP = Pressure
hhh = Height of the fluid column
ρ\rhoρ = Density of the fluid
ggg = Acceleration due to gravity
Surface Tension:
o T=FLT = \frac{F}{L}T=LF
Where:
TTT = Surface tension
FFF = Force
LLL = Length over which the force acts
Viscous Force (Newton's Law of Viscosity):
o F=ηAdvdxF = \eta A \frac{dv}{dx}F=ηAdxdv
Where:
FFF = Viscous force
η\etaη = Coefficient of viscosity
AAA = Area
dvdx\frac{dv}{dx}dxdv = Velocity gradient
Poiseuille's Equation:
o Q=πr4(P1−P2)8ηlQ = \frac{\pi r^4 (P_1 - P_2)}{8 \eta l}Q=8ηlπr4(P1−P2)
Where:
QQQ = Volume flow rate
rrr = Radius of the tube
P1−P2P_1 - P_2P1−P2 = Pressure difference
η\etaη = Coefficient of viscosity
lll = Length of the tube
Stoke's Law:
o F=6πηrvF = 6 \pi \eta r vF=6πηrvNepal Enotes
Where:
FFF = Viscous drag force
η\etaη = Coefficient of viscosity
rrr = Radius of the sphere
vvv = Velocity of the sphere
Equation of Continuity:
o A1v1=A2v2A_1 v_1 = A_2 v_2A1v1=A2v2
Where:
A1,A2A_1, A_2A1,A2 = Cross-sectional areas at points 1 and 2
v1,v2v_1, v_2v1,v2 = Fluid velocities at points 1 and 2
Bernoulli's Equation:
o P+12ρv2+ρgh=constantP + \frac{1}{2} \rho v^2 + \rho g h = \text{constant}P+21
ρv2+ρgh=constant
Where:
PPP = Pressure
ρ\rhoρ = Density of the fluid
vvv = Velocity of the fluid
ggg = Acceleration due to gravity
hhh = Height above a reference point
Sample Questions:
1. State and explain Archimedes' principle. How does it relate to the law of flotation?
Note Library
2. Derive the relation between surface tension and surface energy.
3. Explain the concept of capillarity and derive the expression for the height of liquid rise
in a capillary tube.Nepal Enotes
4. State Stoke's law and describe how it can be used to determine the coefficient of
viscosity of a liquid.SR Zone Guides+2Note Library+2Nepal Enotes+2
5. Derive Bernoulli's equation for the steady flow of an incompressible, non-viscous fluid.
Discuss its applications in real-life scenarios.
6. Solve numerical problems related to fluid mechanics, such as calculating pressure at a
certain depth, determining the terminal velocity of a sphere falling through a fluid, and
applying Bernoulli's principle to fluid flow situations.
