DET20033- Electrical Circuit

By: Dr. Normazlina Mat Isa

Reference :
Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology,
(Bird.J ,2017) 1
 AC basic circuits
Important
points: Apply the circuit with inductive and capacitive load

Apply the series and parallel R-L-C circuits

Apply the combination of series-parallel R-L-C circuits

Power in AC circuits

Power consumption in AC circuits

2
2.1 AC basic circuits

PURELY RESISTIVE AC CIRCUIT

IR and VR are in phase

REACTANCE R=V/I
3
PURELY INDUCTIVE AC
CIRCUIT

REACTANCE XL=VL/IL @ XL=2πfL

4
PURELY CAPACITIVE
AC CIRCUIT

Ic leadsVc by 90◦

REACTANCE XC=VC/IC @ XC=1/2πfC

5
Relationship Between XL/XC
and Frequency

6
C IVI L
LEADS

7
 Circuit Reactance Amplitude Phase Vector
Element Relation Relation Diagram

Resistor R I=V/R I, V in phase

I leads V by
Capacitor XC = 1/C I = V / XC
90

I = V / XL V leads I by
Inductor XL = L
90

8
 Exercise
Problem 1.
(a) Calculate the reactance of a coil of inductance 0.32H when it is connected
to a 50 Hz supply. (100.5 Ω)
(b) A coil has a reactance of 124Ω in a circuit with a supply of frequency 5 kHz.
Determine the inductance of the coil. (3.95mH)

Problem 2.
Determine the capacitive reactance of a capacitor of 10 μF when connected to
a circuit of frequency (a) 50 Hz (318.3 Ω) (b) 20 kHz (0.796 Ω)

Problem 3.
Calculate the current taken by a 23 µf capacitor when connected to a 240V,
50Hz supply. (1.73A)

*** Do EXERCISE 83 on CHAPTER 15.

PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT!!!
9
A.Single-phase SERIES AC circuits

Reference : CHAPTER 15
Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology
Third edition
John Bird BSc(Hons), CEng, CSci, CMath, FIET, MIEE,
FIIE, FIMA, FCollT

10
i. RL SERIES AC CIRCUIT

OR

OR 11
TUTORIAL
Problem 1.
A coil has a resistance of 4 and an inductance of
9.55 mH.
Calculate
(a) the reactance (XL=3Ω)
(b) the impedance (Z=5Ω)
(c) the current taken from (I=48A)

a 240V, 50 Hz supply.
Determine also the phase angle between the
supply voltage and current. (36.87◦ lagging)
12
Problem 2.
A coil consists of a resistance of 100 and an
inductance of 200 mH. If an alternating voltage, v,
given by v=200 sin 500t volts is applied across the
coil, calculate
(a) The circuit impedance (Z=141.4Ω)
(b) The current flowing (I=1A)
(c) The p.d. across the resistance (Vr=100v)
(d) The p.d. across the inductance (Vl=100v)
(e) The phase angle between voltage and current.
(φ=45◦ or π/4 rads)
(f) Draw the phasor diagram for voltages.
13
PROBLEM 3
A resistance of 7.0Ω is connected in series with a
pure inductance of 31.8mH. The circuit is connected
to a 100V, 50Hz, sinusoidal supply. Calculate :-
(a) the circuit current
(b) the phase angle
I

V=100V VL L=31.8mH
50Hz

VR R=7.0
14
SOLUTION :

X L = 2fL = 2  50  31 .8 10 −3 = 10 .0

( ) ( )
1 1

Z= R +X 2 2
L
2
= 7.0 + 10 .0
2 2 2
= 12 .2
V 100
I = = = 8.2 A
Z 12 .2
−1 X L −1 10 .0
 = tan = tan = 55 lag or − 55
o o

R 7.0
15
PROBLEM 4 :
A pure inductance of 318mH is connected in series
with a pure resistance of 75Ω. The circuit is supplied
from a 50Hz sinusoidal source and the voltage
across the 75Ω .Resistor is found to be 150V.
Calculate the supply voltage
I

V VL L=318mH
(50Hz)

VR R=75
=150V
16
SOLUTION
V 150
VR = 150V I = = = 2A
R 75
X L = 2fL = 2  50  318 10 −3 = 100 
VL = IX L = 2 100 = 200V
V = (V + V ) = (150 )
1 1

R
2
L
2 2 2
+ 200 2 2
= 250V

Z = (R + X ) = (75 )
1 1
2 2
L
2 2
+ 100 2 2
= 125 

check

V = IZ = 2 125 = 250V 17
PROBLEM 5:
A coil having a resistance of 12Ω and a inductance of
0.1H is connected across a 100V, 50Hz supply.
Calculate:
a) The reactance and the impedance of the coil;
b) The current
c) The phase difference between the current and
the applied voltage

18
SOLUTION :
X L = 2 f L = 2  50  0.1 = 31.4

Z = R 2 + X L2 = 12 2 + 31 .4 2 = 33 .6
V 100
I = = = 2.97 A
Z 33 .6
X 31 .4 IXL V
tan  = = = 2.617
R 12
 = 69 o


I 19
IR
PROBLEM 6:

An coil hav a resistance 5Ω and a

inductance of 0.5H. If it is connected to the
AC power supply 240V, 50Hz, calculate:
i. current
ii. power factor
iii. draw the phase diagram

20
SOLUTION:

• XL = 2fL = 2(50)(0.5) = 157.08

• Z = R + jXL = 5 + j157.08 = 157.1688.18

i. current, I = V / Z = (2400) / 157.1688.18=

1.527-88.18
ii. Power factor, pf = cos  = cos 88.18 = 0.032
(lagging)
V
iii. phase diagram

88.18
I 21
ii. RC SERIES AC CIRCUIT

OR

OR
OR

22
 EXERCISE
Problem 1.
A capacitor C is connected in series with a 40 resistor
.

across a supply of frequency 60 Hz. A current of 3A flows

and the circuit impedance is 50 Ω.

Calculate
(a) the value of capacitance, C, (88.42 μF)
(b) the supply voltage, (150V)
(c) the phase angle between the supply voltage and
current, (36.87◦ leading.)
(d) the p.d. across the resistor (120V)
(e) the p.d. across the capacitor. (90V)

Draw the phasor diagram.

23
24
Problem 2
A capacitor of 8.0mF takes a current of 1.0A
when the alternating voltage applied across
it is 230V. Calculate:
a) The frequency of the applied voltage;
b) The resistance to be connected in series with
the capacitor to reduce the current in the
circuit to 0.5A at the same frequency;
c) The phase angle of the resultants circuit

25
SOLUTION :
0.5A
V 230 1
(a) XC = = = 230 =
I 1.0 2 f C 230V C=8F
1 1
 f = = = 86.5Hz
2  CX C 2   8 10  230
−6

R
V 230
( )
1
(b) Z= = = 460  = R 2 + X C2 2

I 0.5
 R = Z 2 − X C2 = 4602 − 2302 = 398
(c) R −1 398
 = cos−1
= cos = +30 o
Z 460
Leading by 30o
26
PROBLEM 3
A metal-filament lamp, rated at 750W, 100V,
is to be connected in series with a capacitor
across a 230V, 60Hz supply. Calculate:
a) The capacitance required
b) The phase angle between the current and the
supply voltage

27
 SOLUTION:
(a) V 2
= V R
2
+ VC
2

(230)2 = (100)2 + VC2 I

VC = 270V
750W
Rated current of lamp = = 7.5 A 230V C
100V VC
60Hz
1 VC
XC = =
2 f C I
I 7.5 100V R
C= = = 73.7 F
2 f VC 2  60  270
VR 100
(b) cos  = = = 0.435
V 230
 = 64 o12 '
28
 EXAMPLE 6
A 10 resistor connected in series with the
capacitor 100F. This circuit is connected to AC
supply 100V, 50Hz. Calculate:-
i. Current
ii. Power factor
iii.Draw the phase diagram

29
SOLUTION :

• XC = 1/2fC = 1/2(50)(100) = 31.83

• Z = R – jXC = 10 – j31.83 = 33.36-
72.56
i. current, I = V / Z = 1000 / 33.36-
72.56 = 372.56 A
ii. Pf = cos  = cos 72.56  = 0.3 (leading)
iii. Phase diagram
I

72.56

30
V
iii. R-L-C SERIES AC CIRCUIT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM PHASOR DIAGRAM

31
 XL > XC XC > XL

VOLTAGE
TRIANGLE VOLTAGE
TRIANGLE

32
 EXERCISE
Problem 1
A coil of resistance 5Ω and inductance 120mH in
series with a 100µF capacitor, is connected to a
300V, 50 Hz supply.
Calculate
(a) the current flowing, (38.91A)
(b) the phase difference between the supply
voltage and current, (49.58◦)
(c) the voltage across the coil (1467V)
(d) the voltage across the capacitor (1239V)

Try to solve PROBLEM 16 in CHAPTER 14!!! 33

 PROBLEM 2

A circuit having a resistance of 12 , an inductance of

0.15H and a capacitance of 100 F in series, is connected
across a 100V, 50Hz supply. Calculate:
(a) The impedance;
(b) The current;
(c) The voltage across R, L and C;
(d) The phase difference between the current and the
supply voltage

34
SOLUTION
(a)  1 
2

Z = R +  2 f L −
2

 2 f C 

2
 1 
= 12 +  2  50 0.15 −
2
 
 2  50  100  10 −6


= 144 + (47.1 − 31.85) = 19.4

2

Note
(b) XL=47.1
V 100
I= = = 5.15 A XC=31.85
Z 19 .4 XL > XC

35
 VL=242.5
(c) VR = IR = 5.15 12 = 61.8V
V=100
VL = IX L = 5.15  47.1 = 242.5 VL-VC
=78.5

VC = IX C = 5.15  31 .85 = 164V 

I
VR=61.8

VR VC=164
−1 61 .8
(d)
 = cos −1
= cos = 51o
50 '
V 100

36
PROBLEM 3
A circuit containing R, L and C are
connected in series with each of 50, 10mH
and 100F. The supply voltage is
24030V, 50Hz. Calculate:-
i. circuit impedance
ii. current
iii. voltage across each component
iv. power factor
v. draw the resultant vector for the
voltage 37
 SOLUTION:
• XL = 2fL = 2(50)(10m) = 3.14
• XC = 1/2fC = 1/2(50)(100) = 31.83

i. Z = R + jXL – jXC = 50 + j3.14 – j31.83 = 50 – j28.69

= 57.65-29.85
ii. I = V / Z = 24030 / 57.65-29.85 =4.16359.85A
iii. VR = IR = (4.16359.85A)(500 )=208.1559.85V
VL = IXL= (4.16359.85A)(3.1490)
= 13.08149.85V
VC = IXC = (4.16359.85A)(31.83-90)
=132.51-30.15
38
SOLUTION:

iv. Pf = cos  = cos 59.85 = 0.5 (lead)

v. VL
Note
XL=3.14
XC=31.85
XL < XC
VR I
59.85

VS VC-VL

VC

39
B. Single-phase PARALLEL
a.c.circuits

Reference : CHAPTER 16
Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology
Third edition
John Bird BSc(Hons), CEng, CSci, CMath, FIET, MIEE,
FIIE, FIMA, FCollT

40
i. RL PARALLEL AC CIRCUIT

FORMULA :

OR

OR
41
 EXERCISE
Problem 1.
A 20Ω resistor is connected in parallel with
an inductance of 2.387mH across a 60V,
1 kHz supply. Calculate
(a) the current in each branch, (IR=3A, IL=4A)
(b) the supply current, (I=5A)
(c) the circuit phase angle, (θ=53.13° LAGGING)
(d) the circuit impedance, (Z=12Ω)
(e) the power consumed. (P=180W)
42
DO EXERCISE 90 ON CHAPTER 16 !
Problem 2
Referring to the circuit below, calculate the
total current, IT, power factor and draw the
vector diagrams.

43
 SOLUTION

• XL = 2fL = 2(50)(100m) = 31.42 = 31.4290

a) Total current
• IR = V / R = 240 / 100 = 2.4A
• IL = V / XL = 240 / 31.4290 = 7.639-90
• IT = IR + (-jIL) = 2.4 – j7.639 = 8-72.56A

b) Pf = cos  = cos 72.56 = 0.3 (lagging)

44
 SOLUTION :

c) Vector diagram
IR
V
72.56

IT
IL

45
 ii. RC PARALLEL AC CIRCUIT
Circuit diagram Phasor diagram

FORMULA :

OR

OR
46
 EXERCISE
Problem 1.
A 30μF capacitor is connected in parallel with an
80Ω resistor across a 240V, 50 Hz supply.
Calculate
(a) the current in each branch, (IR=3A, IC=2.262A)
(b) the supply current, (I=3.757A)
(c) the circuit phase angle, (θ=37.02° LEADING)
(d) the circuit impedance, (Z=63.88Ω)
(e) the power dissipated,(P=720W)
(f) the apparent power,(S=901.7VA)
47
DO EXERCISE 91 ON CHAPTER 16 !
iii. LC PARALLEL AC CIRCUIT

48
 EXERCISE
Problem 1.
A pure inductance of 120mH is connected in
parallel with a 25 μF capacitor and the network is
connected to a 100V, 50 Hz supply. Determine
(a) the branch currents, (IL=2.653A, IC=0.786A)
(b) the supply current (I=1.867A)
(c) its phase angle, (θ=90° LAGGING)
(d) the circuit impedance, (Z=53.56Ω)
(e) the power consumed. (P=0W)
49
DO EXERCISE 92 ON CHAPTER 16 !
iv. R-L-C PARALLEL AC CIRCUIT
It

Ic IL Ir

50
 RLC PARALLEL
CIRCUIT
• Vs = VR = Vc = VL = V0
• VR = IR R
• VL = IL XL
• VC = IC XC
• IR = V0/ R0 = IR0
• IC = V0/ XC-90 = IC90
• IL = V0/ XL90 = IL-90

51
 EXERCISE
Problem 1.
Given L=120mH parallel with C=25µ, V=100V,
50 Hz supply. Determine:
(a) the branch currents, (IL=2.65A, IC=0.755A)
(b) the supply current, (I=1.864A)
(c) the circuit impedance, (Z=53.64Ω)
(D) the power dissipated,(P=0W)

52
 EXERCISE
Problem 2.
Find Z and the phase angle for the circuit:

80Ω 100Ω 100Ω

(Z=70.7Ω, θ=45°)
53
 EXERCISE
Problem 3.
Find I and the phase angle for the circuit. (I=2.32A, θ=12.42°)
Find Z and the phase angle for the circuit. (Z=2.17Ω, θ=12.52°)

5<0°v 5Ω 10Ω 2.2Ω

54
 PROBLEM 4

A 50Ω resistor, a 20mH coil and a 5uF

capacitor are all connected in parallel across a
50V, 100Hz supply. Calculate the total current
drawn from the supply, the current for each
branch, the total impedance of the circuit and
the phase angle. Also construct the current
triangles representing the circuit.

55
SOLUTION
• Inductive Reactance, ( XL ):

• Capacitive Reactance, ( XC ):

• Impedance, ( Z ):

56
SOLUTION
• Current through resistance, R ( IR ):

• Current through inductor, L ( IL ):

• Current through capacitor, C ( IC ):

• Total supply current, ( IS ):

57
SOLUTION

• Phase angle, cos  = tan-1 (IL – IC)

IR
= tan-1 (3.9 – 0.16) = 75.03
1.0
• Current triangle

58
PROBLEM 5

Calculate :- IR

• IR
• IC IC
• ILR
ILR
• IT

59
 SOLUTION :
• IR = V/R = 1000 / 20 = 5A
• IC = V/XC = 1000 / 63.66-90 = 1.5790A
* Z = R + jXL = 5 + j(2 x 50 x 0.05) = 5 + j15.7
= 16.4872.33
• ILR = V/Z = 1000/ 16.4872.33
= 6.07-72.33A
• IT = IR + IC + ILR
= 5 + 1.5790 + 6.07-72.33
= 5 + j1.57 + 1.84 – j5.78
= 6.84 – j4.21
= 8.03 -31.61 60
PROBLEM 6:

Calculate :-
I2
• I1
• I2
I1
• IT

61
SOLUTION:
– Z1 = R – jXC = 50 – j53.05 = 72.9-46.7
– Z2 = R + jXL = 50 – j22 = 29.7347.73
• I1 = V / Z1 = 2000 / 72.9-46.7 = 2.74 46.7A
• I2 = V / Z2 = 2000 / 29.7347.73= 6.73-47.73
• IT = I1 + I2 = 2.74 46.7 + 6.73-47.73
= 1.88 + j1.99 + 4.53 – j4.98
= 6.41 – j2.99
= 7.07 -25A

62
 2.4. Single-phase SERIES-
PARALLEL a.c.circuits

Reference : CHAPTER 15/16

Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology
Third edition
John Bird BSc(Hons), CEng, CSci, CMath, FIET, MIEE,
FIIE, FIMA, FCollT

63
 EXERCISE
Problem 1.
A coil of inductance 159.2mH and R=40Ω is connected in
parallel with a 30µF capacitance across 240V, 50Hz supply.
Calculate :
(a) I in the coil and phase angle, (IRL=3.75<-51°A)
(b) I in the capacitor and phase angle (IC=2.26<90°A)
(c) the circuit impedance, (Z=98.5<16°Ω)
(d) the supply current and phase angle, (I=2.44<16°A)
(e) the power consumed. (P=562.9W)
(f) the apparent power (S=585.6VA)
(g) the reactive power (Q=161.4VAR)

64
 EXERCISE
Problem 2.
A coil of inductance 318.4mH and R=60Ω is
connected in parallel with a 15uF capacitance
across 200V, 50Hz supply.
Calculate :
(a) I in the coil and phase angle, (IRL=1.71<-59°A)
(b) I in the capacitor and phase angle
(IC=0.94<90°A)
(c) the circuit impedance, (Z=192<31°Ω)
(d) the supply current and phase angle, (I=1<-31°A)
(e) the power consumed. (P=171.4W)
65
 EXERCISE
Problem 3.

10<0°
5kHz

Find:
(a) Z total (Z=11.4k<56.5°Ω)
(b) I total (Z=885u<-56.5°A)
(c) θ (56.5°Ω)
66
 EXERCISE
Problem 4. (TUTORIAL 3 : Soalan 1)

10<0°

Find Ztotal and Itotal

Sketch phasor diagram for voltages and currents

67
 EXERCISE
Problem 5. (TUTORIAL 3 : Soalan 2)

10<0°

Find Ztotal and Itotal

68
 2.5 POWER IN AC CIRCUIT

Reference : CHAPTER 15
Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology
Third edition
John Bird BSc(Hons), CEng, CSci, CMath, FIET, MIEE,
FIIE, FIMA, FCollT

69
Power in pure resistance, inductance
and capacitance

70
 Power in R-L, R-C or R-L-C series
For an R–L, R–C or R–L–C series a.c. circuit,
the average power P is given by:

POWER FACTOR
71
 Exercise
Problem 1.

A series circuit of resistance 60Ω and inductance

75mH is connected to a 110V, 60 Hz supply.
Calculate the power dissipated. (P=165W)

72
2.6 Power consumption in AC
circuits

73
a. POWER TRIANGLE

74
b. POWER FACTOR

POWER FACTOR
75
 EXERCISE
Problem 1.
A pure inductance is connected to A 150V, 50 Hz supply,
and the apparent power of the circuit is 300VA. Find the
value of the inductance. (L=0.24H)

Problem 2.
A transformer has a rated output of 200 kVA at a power
factor of 0.8. Determine the rated power output and the
corresponding reactive power. (P=160kW, Q=120kVAR)

76
 EXERCISE
Problem 3.

A load takes 90kW at a power factor of 0.5

lagging. Calculate the apparent power and the
reactive power.
(S=180kVA, Q=156kVAR)

77
 EXERCISE
Problem 4.
The power taken by an inductive circuit when
connected to a 120V, 50 Hz supply is 400W and the
current is 8A. Calculate
(a) the resistance, (R=6.25Ω)
(b) the impedance, (Z=15Ω)
(c) the reactance, (XL=13.64Ω)
(d) the power factor, (P.F=0.4167)
(e) the phase angle between voltage and current.
(θ=65.37° LAGGING)
78
POWER FACTOR
IMPROVEMENT
➢ The design of any power transmission system is very
sensitive to the magnitude of the current in the lines as
determined by the applied loads.

➢ Increased currents result in increased power losses (by

a squared factor since P = I2R) in the transmission lines
due to the resistance of the lines.

➢ Heavier currents also require larger conductors,

increasing the amount of copper needed for the system,
and they require increased generating capacities by the
utility company.

➢ Since the line voltage of a transmission system is fixed,

the apparent power is directly related to the current level.
79
➢ In turn, the smaller the net apparent power, the smaller
the current drawn from the supply. Minimum current is
therefore drawn from a supply when S = P and QT = 0.

➢ The process of introducing reactive elements to

bring the power factor closer to unity is called
power-factor correction. Since most loads are
inductive, the process normally involves introducing
elements with capacitive terminal characteristics having
the sole purpose of improving the power factor.

80
 Increasing the power
factor without altering
the voltage or current to
the load is called Power
Factor Correction

Effect of capacitor on total current 81

Power triangle of power factor correction
Concept of Work, Power and Energy

Reference : CHAPTER 15
Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology
Third edition
John Bird BSc(Hons), CEng, CSci, CMath, FIET, MIEE,
FIIE, FIMA, FCollT

82
 The Concept
WORK : Unit JOULE (J)
Work done or energy transferred when a
force of 1 newton is exerted through a
W=Fs
distance of 1m in the force direction.

ENERGY : Unit JOULE (J)

Ability to do work or capacity for doing work W=Pt

POWER : Unit WATT (W)

The rate at which energy is used or rate of doing
P=W/t
work

***ONE WATT is the amount of power when 1Joule of energy is used in a second83
 EXERCISE

P=20W

W=300J

W=1.4kWh W=5kWh W=500kWh

W=2kWh
84
Power Supply Efficiency
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency is the ratio of the output power delivered
to a load to the input power to a circuit.

POWER LOSS
Internal power dissipation – operate power supply circuitry

***The HIGHER EFFICIENCY = The LOWER POWER LOSS 85

 EXERCISE
PROBLEM 1

Efficiency = 80%, PLoss = 5W

PROBLEM 2

POUT = 46W

86
87