JAWED IBRAHIMI

COMPUTER CENTER
INSTRUCTOR: MOHAMMAD ISMAIL SAHAK

A+
Hardware
HARD DISK DRIVE
TECHNOLOGIES
CHAPTER 3
HDD
HARD DRIVE TECHNOLOGIES

 Two major types

 Most common type has moving parts (HDD)
 Newer and more expensive technology has no moving parts(SSD)
MAGNETIC HARD DRIVES
SOLID – STATE DRIVE
HDD VS SSD
SSD FORM FACTOR
PARALLEL ATA (PATA)

 PATA Ports
 PATA Controller
SERIAL ATA (SATA)
SERIAL ATA

 Parallel ATA has problems:

 The flat ribbon cables impede airflow and can be a pain to insert properly.
 The cable have a limited length and 18 inches.
 You cant hot swap PATA drives you have to shut down completely before installing or replacing a drive.
 Finally the technology has simply reached the limits of what it can do in terms of throughput.
 SATA 1 2003 – 1.5 Gbit/s
 SATA 2 2004 – 3.0 Gbit/s
FORM FACTOR
SSD SATA
M.2 AND MSATA
M.2 SSD
NVME SSD
CONNECTING SOLID-STATE DRIVE

 You install a solid state drive as you would PATA or SATA drive.
 Keep in mind the following consideration before installing or replacing an HDD with an SSD.
 Does the system currently use a PATA or STA interface?
 You need to make sure you solid state drive can connect properly.
 Do you have the appropriate drivers and firmware for the SSD?
 You are ready to run the system off, unplug the battery ground yourself and join the world of solid state.
PARTITIONING

 After you’ve successfully installed a hard drive, you must perform two more steps to translate a driver’s geometry
and circuits int something the system an use:
 Partitioning and
 formatting

 Portioning: is the process of electronically subdividing the physical hard drive into smaller units called portions.
HARD DRIVE FORMATTING

 Formatting does two things:

 It creates a file system like FAT and NTFS
 And makes the root Directory in that file system.
 The version of windows in current use support three separate Microsoft file system FAT16, FAT32, NTFS and exFAT
(FAT64).
 FAT64 is another type of file system that is mainly used in USB thumb drives
 NTFS offers 4 major improvements:
 Security, compression, encryption, disk quotas
BIOS
BIOS

 To Communicate with a specific device, the CPU need some sort of support programming loaded into memory
that teaches it about a particular device.
 This programming is called basic input/output services (BIOS).
 BIOS is a program embedded into a chip called ROM built into personal computers that start the operating
system when you turn on computer.
 BIOS is part of your computer’s hardware and is separate from windows
 The programs dedicated to enabling the CPU to communicate with devices are called services or (device
drivers).
ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)

 ROM is a type of memory chip that stores data for once and it can only be read
 We can not copy our data to this type of memory
 We can not copy that data from this memory
 Types:
 ROM➔ Read Only Memory
 PROM➔ Programmable Read Only Memory
 EPROM➔ Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
 EEPROM➔ Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
BIOS FIRMWARE

 Contains device startup program called startup BIOS.

 Has instructions to load drivers for basic hardware
 Maintains motherboard setting in CMOS setup
 Supports advanced configuration power interface ACPI
 Supports Plug and Play (PnP)
THE BOOT PROCESS
THE BOOT PROCESS

 The POST passes control to the last BIOS Functions: the Bootstrap loader.
 The bootstrap loader is little more than a few dozen lines of BIOS code tacked to the end of the PST program.
 Its job is to find the operating system.
 The Bootstrap loader reads CMOS information to tell it where to look for operating system
 All of the standard devices in the computer
then run their own internal diagnostic.
 Suppose some device runs its diagnostic and
determines that it is not working properly
 PCs convey POST information to you in two
ways:
 Beep Codes and
 Text messages
 BEEB CODE
Code Description

1 Beep BIOS ROM corruption or failure.

2 Beeps Memory (RAM) not detected

3 Beeps Motherboard failure

4 Beeps Memory (Ram) Failure

5 Beeps CMOS battery failure

6 Beeps Video card failure

7 Beeps Bad Processor (CPU)

CMOS
COMPLEMENTARY METAL-OXIDE-SEMICONDUCTOR)

 This chip memory only stores the setting that we make in BIOS.
 In modern computer this chip is integrated into southbridge
ACCESSING TO BIOS OR SYSTEM SETUP UTILITY

 Motherboard manufacturer can change the key combinations for entering CMOS Setup
 If you don’t see an “enter setup” message, wait until the RAM count starts and then try one of the following keys
or key combinations:
 DEL, ESC, F1, F2, CTRL-ALT-ESC, CTRL-ALT-INS, CTRL-ALT-ENTER, OR CTRL-S.
OPTION ROM AND DEVICE DRIVER
 LOSING CMOS SETTINGS

 If the battery runs out of charge, you lose all of your

CMOS information
 If some mishap suddenly erases the information on
the CMOS chip, the computer might not boot.
CLEARING CMOS RTC RAM
DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY
VIDEO DISPLAY

 The monitor or video display shows y0u

what's going on with your programs and
operating system.
 It’s the primary output device for the pc
 The video card or display adapter handles
all of the communication between the CPU
and the monitor
 Video display for the PCs come in three
varieties:
 LCD
 LED
 Projector
LCD MONITORS

 LCD Stands for Liquid Crystal Display

 Introduced in 1971
 Today almost every computing device uses LCD
display
HOW DOES LCD DISPLAYS WORK?
LCD COMPONENTS
LCD DISPLAY PANELS

 There are two types of LCD panels used

 Twisted Noematic (TN)
 In Plane Switching (IPS)
TN VS IPS

 TN (Twisted Noematic) LCD Panel

 Most Common Technology
 Fast response time (best for Gaming)
 Lower Power Consumption
 Poor viewing angles
TN VS IPS

 IPS( In Plane Switching) LCD Panel

 Excellent Color Representation
 No Tailing When Touched
 Best for Graphic Designers
 Wide Viewing Angle
 More Expensive then TN
LCD BACKLIGHT TYPES

Cold Cathode Florescent Lamp (CCFL) Light Emitting Diode LED

CCFL VS LED BACKLIGHTS
FINISH TYPES ON LCD DISPLAY PANEL
GLOSSY VS MATTE
LCD VARIATIONS

 Resolution
 Brightness
 Viewing angle
 Response rate
 Refresh rate
 Color depth
 size
RESOLUTION

 A resolution such as 2560 x 1440, describe

the number of pixels on a display ( in this case,
2560 pixels across and 1440 pixels down).
 LCD monitors are designed to run at a single
native resolution.
 Other common resolutions are
BRIGHTNESS

 The strength of an LCD monitor’s backlights determines

the brightness of the monitor.
 The brightness is measured in nits.
 LCD panel vary from 100 nits on the low end to over
1000 nits or more on the high end.
 Average LCD panels are around 300 nits
VIEWING ANGLE

 Viewing angle, meaning the screen

fades out when viewed from the side
RESPONSE RATE

 An LCD panel’s response rate is the amount of time it

takes for all of the sub pixel on the panel to change
from one state to another.
 Manufacturers measure LCD response rates in
milliseconds
REFRESH RATE

 The refresh rate for an LCD monitor refers to how often a screen can change or update completely
 60 Hz
 144 Hz
 165 Hz
 240 Hz
LCD DISPLAY SIZES
PROJECTORS

 Projectors generate an image in one device and then use light to throw or project it on to a screen or some
other object.
DISPLAY ADAPTERS

 Five Aspects:
 Motherboard connections
 Graphics processor circuitry
 Video memory
 Integrated GPU
 And connection
GRAPHIC PROCESSING UNIT

 The Graphic Processor:

 take commands from the CPU
 Translate them into color information that monitor understands and display

 Most techs today refer to it the graphic processing unit (CPU).

 Many companies produce video cards, but three are the bigger:
 Nvidia
 AMD and
 Intel