Preparation

Checklist

This book is written for students appearing in the AISSCE (CBSE) Class XII Examination.
Your Preparatory phase is over by this time. Now close your books, keep it aside and sit with
this book. Recollect the chapters and their contents. This book will guide you in analysing your
preparation.
No formal Tests here.

Dr. Abhijit Saha

PGT (Biology), KV OF Dumdum
Kolkata 700028 INDIA

Visit: acadhelp.com
Feedback: [email protected]
 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / Content

Content

Based on Syllabus of 2022-23

Ch. No. Name of the Chapter Page No.

2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 1-2
3 Human Reproduction 3-4
4 Reproductive Health 5
5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation 6-7
6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance 8-9
7 Evolution 10
8 Human Health and Disease 11-12
10 Microbes in Human Welfare 13
11 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes 14-15
12 Biotechnology and its Applications 16
13 Organisms and Populations 17-18
14 Ecosystem 19
15 Biodiversity and Conservation 20

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 2. Sexual Rep in Flowering Plants

2 Sexual Reproduction in
Flowering Plants
Dear User
Thank you for showing your interest to use this material. It has been specially designed to help you check
your preparation at this moment. So, close your books hold this checklist and recall the answers. Repeat
if required. Tell others if satisfied, else tell me. ([email protected]). Refer Biology XII, NCERT.
Best wishes for your exams.

1 Definition of floriculture? P20

2 Name the male and female reproductive parts, P20
3 Parts of a typical stamen P21
4 Structure of an anther P21
5 T.S. of a microsporangium P21
6 Stages of microspore development (Microsporogenesis) P21
7 Structure of a typical pollen grain (male gametophyte) P22
8 Chemical composition of intine and exine. P23
10 What is germ pore? How germ tube forms*? P23
11 Explain the development of male gametes (microgametogenesis*) P23
12 Pollen allergy P23
13 Pollen and nutritional value P24
14 Pollen viability, Cryopreservation* P24
15 3 Parts of a pistil and their functions P24
16 Monocarpellary and multicarpellary gynoecium P24
17 Structure of an ovule P25
18 Describe the formation of megaspore from megaspore mother cells (megasporogenesis) P25
19 What is megasporic development of embryo sac P26
20 Importance of meiosis in sporogenesis P26
21 Name the female gametophyte P26
22 Describe the formation of embryo sac with a typical diagram P27
23 Define pollination. Classify into 3 basic types. Define them P27
24 Chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers/ examples / pollination in these flowers P28
25 Geitonogamy is functionally cross pollination but genetically autogamy. Explain P28
26 Advantage of xenogamy P28
27 Classify agents of pollination P28

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 2. Sexual Rep in Flowering Plants

28 Characteristics of wind pollinated flower. Examples. Cob tassels? P29

29 Characteristics of water pollinated flower. Examples P29
30 Water hyacinth and water lily are aquatic plants. How are they pollinated? P29
31 Wind and water pollinated flowers are not very colourful and do not produce nectar. Why? P29
32 Characteristics of insect pollinated flower. Examples P30
33 Which type of flowers flies and beetle pollinate? P30
34 Explain the floral rewards in case of Amorphophallus P30
35 What is the relationship between a species of moth and Yucca plant? P30
36 List at least four conditions which make flowers suitable for cross pollination P31
37 Dioecy prevents both autogamy and geitonogamy. How? P31
38 Explain how pollen pistil interaction favours compatible pollen to germinate on stigma. P33
Explain the development of the pollen grain up to entry in the embryo sac(ref. Q11)
39 How can you study pollen germination in the lab? P33
40 Explain: Emasculation, Bagging P33
41 Draw and label the structure of a fertilised embryo sac (Fig 2.13a) P34
42 What is double fertilisation and Triple fusion? P34
43 Describe the three types of endosperm formation P34
44 Explain the development of embryo in a dicot plant P35
45 Label the parts of a typical monocot embryo (Fig 2.14b) P35
46 Albuminous and non-albuminous seeds P36
47 What is perisperm? P36
48 Define seed dormancy / causes / advantage of dormancy / modes of dispersal P36
49 Parts of a seed P36
50 Difference: True fruit and false fruit with examples. Edible parts of these fruits P36
51 What is Parthenocarpic fruit? How developed? Why seedless? Example P37
52 Advantage of seeds to plants P37
53 Seed viability: oldest examples P38
54 Define apomixes. Name two plant families where plants have evolved such mechanism P38
55 Several ways to produce apomictic seeds P38
56 Define Polyembryony. Example P39
57 Problems with hybrid seed which can be overcome using apomictic seeds P40

*may not be available in the text book

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 3. Human Reproduction

3 Human Reproduction
Dear User
Thank you for showing your interest to use this material. It has been specially designed to help you check
your preparation at this moment. So, close your books hold this checklist and recall the answers. Repeat
if required. Tell others if satisfied, else tell me. ([email protected]). Refer Biology XII, NCERT.
Best wishes for your exams.

1 Humans are viviparous. What it means? P42

2 Write in sequence the reproductive events in humans P42
3 Difference between male and female fertility P42
4 Organs of male reproductive system P42
5 Scrotum, need to maintain lower temperature P43
6 Internal structure of testis P43
7 Male accessory ducts in sequence P43
8 Functions of urethra P43
10 T.S. of testis, labelling (Fig 3.2) P44
11 Glans penis, foreskin P44
12 Male accessory glands and their functions P44
13 Constituents of female reproductive system P44
14 Internal structure of ovary P44
15 Female accessory ducts P45
16 Sectional view of female reproductive system, labelling (Fig 3.3b) P45
17 Three layers (outer to inner) of uterus wall P46
18 Parts of female external genitalia P46
19 Ducts in the mammary gland (mammary lobes to lactiferous ducts) P48
20 Steps in Spermatogenesis P48
21 Differences: Spermatogenesis, Spermiogenesis, Spermiation P48
22 Hormonal regulation of male reproductive system (GnRH / LH / FSH) P48
23 Structure of human sperm (Fig.3.6) P48
24 What is semen? Sperm motility, viability P48
25 Oogenesis: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary follicles/ Primary and secondary oocyte P48
26 Start of Oogenesis and later events (Brief, only name of events) P48
27 Draw and label sectional view of ovary (Fig.3.7) P49
28 Ploidy of cells in each stage of Spermatogenesis and oogenesis (Fig. 3.8) P49
29 Menarche and menopause P49

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 3. Human Reproduction

30 Menstrual cycle - define P49

31 Day wise phases of Menstrual cycle P50
32 Ovarian events during Menstrual Cycle P50
33 Uterine changes during Menstrual Cycle P50
34 Hormonal changes Menstrual Cycle P50
35 Hormonal regulation of female reproductive system (LH / FSH/ Progesterone / Estrogen) P51
36 Site of fertilisation / Why not all copulations lead to pregnancy? P51
37 Steps in fertilicsation (Events)/ P51
38 Why only one sperm fertilises the female gamete P52
39 In which stage of the ovum, fertilisation take place P52
40 What happens to the polar bodies? Why polar bodies are formed?* P
41 Structure of ovum (Fig.3.10) P51
42 How cleavage is different from mitosis?* P
43 Explain post fertilisation developments : Zygote to implantation P52
44 Explain formation of 3 germ layers P53
45 How placenta develops? Main functions of placenta P53
46 Hormones secreted by placenta. P53
47 Hormones secreted by women only during pregnancy P53
48 During pregnancy, level s of several hormones increase manifold. Which are they? P53
49 Gestation period / developments in first, second and third trimester P54
50 Parturition definition P54
51 Explain the neuroendocrine mechanism causing child birth P54
52 Two functions of oxytocin P54
52 Lactation, Colostrum and its importance P54

*may not be available in the text book

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 4. Reproductive Health

4 Reproductive Health
Dear User
Thank you for showing your interest to use this material. It has been specially designed to help you check
your preparation at this moment. So, close your books hold this checklist and recall the answers. Repeat
if required. Tell others if satisfied, else tell me. ([email protected]). Refer Biology XII, NCERT.
Best wishes for your exams.

1 Define Reproductive health as per WHO P57

2 RCH program of the Indian Government, P58
3 Government of India initiatives to create awareness about reproduction-related aspects P58
4 What are actually the reproduction-related aspects? P58
5 What is amniocentesis? How it has been misused? P58
6 What is special about Saheli? P58
7 How birth control may be achieved? How the problems are overcome? P59
8 Definition of contraceptive. Characteristics of ideal contraceptive P59
10 Types of natural methods of contraception P59
11 Why chances of conception is almost nil within six months of parturition P60
12 Different types of barrier methods of contraception. How applied P60
13 What are IUDs? Types, examples and mode of functioning P60
14 Oral contraceptives / how they work /examples P60
15 Emergency contraceptives P60
16 Surgical methods of contraception P60
17 Vasectomy and Tubectomy: differences/ chance of reversibility P60
18 Ill/side effects of contraception P62
19 MTP, safe period of abortion/ why legalised in India? Misuse of MTP P62
20 What are STDs? Name of such diseases P64
21 How AIDS and Hepatitis-B are transmitted? P64
22 Name of three incurable STDs P64
23 Early symptoms of STDs, Why not diagnosed / treated early? Vulnerable age group P64
24 Complications arising out of non-treatment of STDs at early stage P64
25 Principles to be followed to prevent STD infection P64
26 Definition of infertility P64
27 Causes of Infertility in males* P
28 Causes of Infertility in females* P
29 Why females blamed for not having children? P64
30 ART-define P64
31 Brief description of the following P64
a) In vitro fertilisation & Embryo Transfer (Test tube baby)
b) ZIFT, IUT
c) GIFT
d) ICSI
e) Artificial Insemination, IUI
32 Your concept about ART and its benefits* P
*may not be available in the text book

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 5. Principles of Inheritance and Variation

5 Principles of Inheritance and

Variation
Dear User
Thank you for showing your interest to use this material. It has been specially designed to help you check
your preparation at this moment. So, close your books hold this checklist and recall the answers. Repeat
if required. Tell others if satisfied, else tell me. ([email protected]). Refer Biology XII, NCERT.
Best wishes for your exams.

1 Definition of Genetics. Who coined* this term? P69

2 What is variation? P69
3 Mendel’s experimental material name P70
4 7 characters and contrasting traits Mendel considered P70
5 Dominant trait in each of the 7 character P70
6 Steps in making a cross P71
7 Monohybrid cross: steps followed P71
8 Observation, Result and conclusion of Monohybrid cross P71
10 Definition: gene / allele / homozygous & heterozygous / genotype & phenotype / P72
11 Law of segregation P73
12 Define Punnett square. Who developed it P73
13 Show monohybrid cross using Punnett square P73
14 Test cross and back cross P74
15 Why test cross performed? P74
16 Explanation of Law of Dominance (3 points) P75
17 Define Law of Segregation P75
18 Incomplete dominance with example. Result, why deviation from Mendel laws? P76
19 Is law of Segregation applicable in Incomplete dominance? How P76
20 How dominant gene expresses P76
21 Definition of codominance. Difference from Incomplete dominance* P77
22 Using ABO blood group, explain Codominance P77
23 How ABO blood group a good example of Codominance and multiple allelism / Crosses P78
24 Explain Pleotropism* P
25 Give an example where a single gene product produces more than one effect P78
26 Explain dihybrid cross using Punnett square, Result P79
27 Law of Independent assortment. Difference from Segregation* P80
28 Why Mendel’s work remained unrecognized till his life time? P80
29 Name scientists who rediscovered Mendelism P81
30 Explanation of Chromosome theory of Inheritance P81
31 Compare the behaviour of chromosome and gene P82
32 Who provided an experimental verification of chromosome theory of inheritance? P3
33 Name the experimental material Morgan used for his experiment (Scientific name) P83
34 Advantage of using fruit fly in genetic studies P83

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 5. Principles of Inheritance and Variation

35 Definition of linkage / recombination P83

36 Why Morgan’s results differed from Mendel’s results?* P
37 Who gave Chromosome theory of Linkage?* P
38 Fig 5.11 Linkage / Results of dihybrid crosses conducted by Morgan P84
39 What is X-body? Who gave the name? What it is actually? P85
40 How the concept of X-body developed P85
41 Sex chromosome and autosome P85
42 XO type of sex determination P85
43 Male heterogamety and female heterogamety P86
44 ZZ-ZW type sex determination P86
45 Explain sex determination in Human P86
46 Define mutation P87
47 Chromosomal aberrations / types P87
48 Point mutation / Frame shift mutation P87
49 What is pedigree analysis P87
50 Any 10 symbols used in creating a Pedigree. Construct a hypothetical pedigree (3 P88
generation) using these symbols
51 Define Mendelian disorders / Chromosomal disorder. Differences P88
52 Names of common prevalent Mendelian disorders P88
53 Fig 5.14 a and b: analyse them as Autosomal or sex linked and dominant or recessive trait P88
54 How do you identify whether the pedigree is*
a) Autosomal or sex linked
b) Dominant or recessive
55 Why chance of haemophilia in women rare? Explain with a hypothetical cross P89
56 A normal man has a haemophilic son and a normal son. Is it possible? How?*
57 Genetic cause of sickle cell anaemia P89
58 Show a cross between couple where both are heterozygous to sickle cell anaemia. Give
results*
59 Cause / effect / symptoms of Phenylketonuria P90
60 Euploidy* and Aneuploidy 90
61 What is Non-disjunction*?
62 Classification* of Euploidy and Aneuploidy
63 Turner’s syndrome: cause 90
64 Down’s syndrome: cause / chromosome number / characteristics 91
65 Klinefelter’s syndrome: cause / chromosome number / characteristics 91
66 Turner’s syndrome: cause / chromosome number / characteristics 91

*may not be available in the text book

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 6. Molecular Basis of Evolution

6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Dear User
Thank you for showing your interest to use this material. It has been specially designed to help you check
your preparation at this moment. So, close your books hold this checklist and recall the answers. Repeat
if required. Tell others if satisfied, else tell me. ([email protected]). Refer Biology XII, NCERT.
Best wishes for your exams.

1 What is DNA? How is the length of DNA defined? Haploid content of DNA in human P96
2 Three Components of a nucleotide P96
3 Classification of nitrogenous bases found in polynucleotides P96
4 What is a phospho-di-ester bond? P96
5 How nucleotides are linked to form a polymer P96
6 How 5’ and 3’ ends of a polynucleotide formed P97
7 Differences between RNA and DNA P97
8 History of DNA in brief P97
10 Contributions of the following in establishing DNA structure P97
a) Wilkins and Franklin
b) Chargaff
c) Watson and Crick
11 Base pairing rule* P97
12 Salient features of DNA double helix (Physical and Chemical) P97
13 Central dogma in molecular biology. Who proposed it? Modification* P98
14 Calculating length of DNA (formula used). Calculate for human cell P99
15 Structure of a nucleosome / Nucleosome concept/ how DNA is packed inside nucleus P99
16 Explain: beads on a string structure P99
17 Euchromatin and heterochromatin P100
18 Griffith’s experiment / conclusion P100
19 Biochemical nature of transforming principle proposed by 3 scientists. Describe the P101
experiment
20 Experiment of Hersey and Chase P101
21 Criteria to be fulfilled by any molecule to act as genetic material P103
22 Why DNA and not RNA is better genetic material P103
23 Dependence of DNA on RNA in functioning P103
24 DNA evolved out of RNA P104
25 Replication definition/ Semi-conservative nature P104
26 Messelson and Stahl experiment /Methodology / Observation / conclusion P105
27 Steps in DNA replication (long qn) P106
28 Continuous and discontinuous strand / template strand / Okazaki fragment P107
29 What will happen if both strands act as template P107
30 Define transcription / Transcription unit component / structure P107
31 Template strand / coding strand in transcription unit P108
32 Define: promoter / structural gene / terminator P108
33 Terms: Cistron / monocistronic, polycistronic P109

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 6. Molecular Basis of Evolution

34 Difference: Exon and Intron P109

35 Gene splicing* P
36 Process of Transcription in bacteria (brief with steps) P109
37 Post transcriptional modification in eukaryotes (use technical terms) P110
38 Genetic code should be made of 3 bases. Who proposed it? Justification? P111
39 Who deciphered the genetic code P112
40 List the Salient features of genetic code P112
41 Explanation: Universality / Unambiguity/ Degenerate / Nonsense codon* terms in the code P112
42 AUG has dual functions, how P112
43 Mutation affects gene expression. Give one example P113
44 t-RNA called adapter molecule. Why P114
45 Steps in translation (long qn) P114
46 Levels at which gene can be regulated P115
47 How Lac operon works (in presence / absence of lactose) P117
48 What is negative regulation P117
49 Human Genome Project: P118-
a) Why called a mega project 120
b) Partners in the project
c) Bioinformatics-
d) Goals of HGP
e) Start and end date
f) Methodologies (ESTs and Sequence annotation) 119
g) BAC and YAC
h) How genetic and physical mapping was done 120
i) Salient features of HGP (min 6 points) 121
j) How HGP will be useful to mankind
50 DNA Fingerprinting: P121-
a) Rationale / Philosophy (what makes every individual different) 123
b) Terms: Repetitive DNA, satellite, mini and micro satellite, Polymorphism, VNTR
c) Technique of DNA Finger printing / steps/ developer 122
d) Application 123

*may not be available in the text book

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 7. Evolution

7 Evolution
Dear User
Thank you for showing your interest to use this material. It has been specially designed to help you check
your preparation at this moment. So, close your books hold this checklist and recall the answers. Repeat
if required. Tell others if satisfied, else tell me. ([email protected]). Refer Biology XII, NCERT.
Best wishes for your exams.

1 Definition of Evolutionary Biology P126

2 Define Evolution P126
3 Big Bang theory on origin of earth P127
4 Extra-terrestrial* concept on origin of life P127
5 Concept of Panspermia P127
6 Louis Pasteur and Theory of Spontaneous generation P127
7 Oparin and Haldane theory P127
8 Condition of primitive earth P127
10 How first self-replicating capsule arose P127
11 Define Biogenesis / Theory of special creation P128
12 Miller’s experiment in support of origin of life (Fig. 7.1) P128
13 Darwin’s voyage on HMS Beagle and conclusion P128
14 Alfred Wallace work in Malay Archipelago and his conclusion P129
15 Define fossils / How fossils are formed / P129
16 Paleontological evidence of evolution P129
17 Concept of comparative morphology and anatomy as evidences for evolution P129
18 Divergent evolution and homologous organs, their relationship / examples P129
19 Convergent evolution and analogous organs, their relationship / examples P130
20 Biochemical similarities and evolution P130
21 Industrial melanism and Natural Selection P131
22 Antibiotic resistance in bacteria P132
23 Evolution due to anthropogenic action / example P132
24 Darwin and Darwin’s finches / adaptive radiation P133
25 Australian marsupials and adaptive radiation (Fig.7.6) P133
26 Convergent evolution observed in Australian marsupials (Fig. 7.7) P134
27 Two key concepts of Darwinian Theory of evolution P134
28 Lamarck / ‘Use and disuse of organs’ P134
29 Thomas Malthus impact on Darwin P135
30 Natural Selection is based on certain observations made by Darwin. What are they? P135
31 Difference between Darwin and DeVries’ concept (Saltation) of evolution P135
32 Explanation of Hardy-Weinberg principle P136
33 Factors affecting Hardy-Weinberg equillibrium P137
34 Define Founder Effect P137
35 How speciation occurs P137
36 Natural selection on a trait may lead to three possibilities. Explain with graph P137
37 Brief idea of evolution of plant forms (Fig.7.9) P138
38 Brief idea of evolution of vertebrates Fig.7.10) / Ancestor of fish P139
39 Draw a schematic diagram showing evolution of humans (Dryopithecus to modern man) P140
along with the period, brain capacity and morphology
*may not be available in the text book

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 8. Human Health and Diseases

8 Human Health and Diseases

Dear User
Thank you for showing your interest to use this material. It has been specially designed to help you check
your preparation at this moment. So, close your books hold this checklist and recall the answers. Repeat
if required. Tell others if satisfied, else tell me. ([email protected]). Refer Biology XII, NCERT.
Best wishes for your exams.

1 Three important factors affecting Health P145

2 Definition of health P146
3 How good health is maintained? P145
4 Classification of Disease P145
5 Names of non-infectious disease causing majority of deaths P145
6 What are pathogens? P145
7 Typhoid P146
Causal Organism / mode of transmission / Symptoms / Confirmatory diagnostic test / 147
Typhoid Mary
8 Pneumonia P147
Causal Organism / mode of transmission / Symptoms
10 Common Cold P147
Causal Organism / mode of transmission / Symptoms
11 Malaria P147
Causal Organism / mode of transmission / Different types of malaria / Symptoms / Life cycle 148
of malarial parasite
12 Amoebiasis (Amoebic dysentery) P148
Causal Organism / mode of transmission / Symptoms /
13 Ascariasis P149
Causal Organism / mode of transmission / Symptoms
14 Elephantiasis (Filariasis) P149
Causal Organism / mode of transmission / Symptoms /
15 Ringworms P149
Causal Organism / mode of transmission / Symptoms /
16 How personal hygiene is maintained P149
17 Define Public hygiene. Standard Practices included in it? P149
18 Immunity- definition / Classification P150
19 Names of the Four types of Innate immunity P150
20 What includes Physical barriers P150
21 Expand PMNL neutrophil P150
22 What are the cellular barriers P150
23 Interferons – Interleukin* P151
24 Acquired immunity- definition P151
25 Primary and Secondary response P151
26 B-lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte differences P151
27 Structure of antibody molecule, H2L2 P151

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 8. Human Health and Diseases

28 Different types of antibodies P151

29 Humoral Immune Response P151
30 Antibody mediated and Cell mediated immune response- difference P151
31 Organ Graft / rejection / immunosuppression P152
32 Difference: Active and Passive immunity P152
33 Colostrum and IgA P152
34 Principle of vaccination P152
35 Traditional methods of vaccine production P152
36 rDNA vaccines P152
37 Allergy- definition / symptoms/ cause of symptoms/ treatment P153
38 Auto-immunity- definition / examples of autoimmune diseases P153
39 Primary and Secondary lymphoid organs/ examples P153
40 Functions of lymph nodes P154
41 Expand MALT. Location in our body P154
42 Expand AIDS/ causal organism P154
43 Modes of transmission of AIDS / how not transmitted P154
44 AIDS- window period* P155
45 How HIV establishes in human body P156
46 Diagnostic test for AIDS / Treatment P156
47 Contact inhibition- definition P157
48 Difference between Benign and malignant tumour P157
49 Carcinogens/ agents P157
50 Oncogenic viruses and cellular oncogenes P157
51 Detection of cancer-methods P157
52 Treatment of cancer P158
53 Drug abuse- define/ commonly abused drugs P158
54 Common name of heroin/ chemical characteristics/source plant / how prepared/ how used P158
55 Common cannabinoids / source plant / how used P159
56 Source plant of cocaine / common name of cocaine/ how used/ effect on body P159
57 Easily available Plants with hallucinogenic properties / P159
58 Drugs used as medicinal purpose P159
59 Diseases associated with smoking P160
60 How adolescents get into alcohol / drug abuse P160
61 What is withdrawal syndrome? P161
62 Warning signs of drug / alcohol abuse in youth P161
63 Diseases associated with drug users P162
64 Effect of alcoholism on human health P162
65 Measures to prevent / control alcohol and drug abuse in youths P162

*may not be available in the text book

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 10. Microbes in Human Welfare

10 Microbes in Human Welfare

Dear User
Thank you for showing your interest to use this material. It has been specially designed to help you check
your preparation at this moment. So, close your books hold this checklist and recall the answers. Repeat
if required. Tell others if satisfied, else tell me. ([email protected]). Refer Biology XII, NCERT.
Best wishes for your exams.

1 Microbes are diverse. Which group of organisms are included? P179

2 Expand LAB P181
3 How curd is beneficial to us P181
4 Scientific name of baker’s yeast P181
5 Name of common fermented foods P181
6 Cause of holes in Swiss cheese P181
7 Roquefort cheese ripening* P
8 Scientific name of brewer’s yeast P182
10 Classify Wine, beer, Rum, Whisky, Brandy into Distilled and Non-distilled beverage P182
11 Name the wonder drug P182
12 Discovery of Penicillin P182
13 Nobel prize awardees for Discovery of Penicillin P182
14 Names of organisms used for industrial production of the following acids: Citric acid, acetic P183
acid, Butyric acid, Lactic acid
15 Commercial use of lipase enzyme P183
16 Reason why industry produced bottled juices are clearer P183
17 Use and source of: Streptokinase, Cyclosporin A, Statins P183
18 Sewage-definition, major component P183
19 Primary treatment of sewage- process P184
20 Secondary treatment of sewage- process P184
21 What are flocks? P184
22 Expand BOD. Explain how the concept is used in Sewage treatment P184
23 Activated sludge and its use P184
24 What happens in anaerobic sludge digester P184
25 Government plans for cleaning of major rivers P185
26 Methanogens, where they are found P185
27 Role of methanogen in gobar gas plant P185
28 Construction of a gobar gas plant P185
29 Advantage of Biological pest control over conventional methods P186
30 Use of ladybird and dragonflies in agro farms P187
31 Example of microbial biocontrol. How it is applied P187
32 Trichoderma uses P187
33 Baculoviruses P187
34 IPM P187
35 Biofertilisers and examples P188
36 Nitrogen supplement in paddy fields P188
37 Names of Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria P188
*may not be available in the text book

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 11. Biodiversity and Conservation

11 Biotechnology: Principles and

Processes
Dear User
Thank you for showing your interest to use this material. It has been specially designed to help you check
your preparation at this moment. So, close your books hold this checklist and recall the answers. Repeat
if required. Tell others if satisfied, else tell me. ([email protected]). Refer Biology XII, NCERT.
Best wishes for your exams.

1 Definition of Biotechnology by EFB P193

2 Old (traditional) and new (modern) Biotechnology P193
3 Two core techniques that enabled modern biotechnology P193
4 Problems with traditional hybridization methods in plant and animals P194
5 How rDNA method overcomes the limitations of traditional breeding P194
6 Fate of piece of DNA if somehow introduced into an alien organism P194
7 Importance of ‘ori’ in DNA P194
8 Definition of gene cloning P194
10 What is a plasmid? P194
11 Construction of first artificial rDNA molecule P194
12 What are molecular scissors? Classify P195
13 Three basic steps in genetically modifying an organism P195
14 Name of the tools required for genetic engineering P195
15 Name of first restriction endonuclease. P195
16 What is a recognition sequence? P195
17 Rules for Naming a Restriction enzyme, e.g. EcoRI P195
18 Write recognition sequence of EcoR I, BamH I*, Sma I* P196
19 Difference between endonuclease and exonuclease in their action P196
20 Palindromic nucleotide sequence, example P196
21 Sticky end and blunt* end cut by RE with example P196
22 Why same RE used for cutting DNA of interest and plasmid? P197
23 Steps followed in rDNA technology (diagrammatic representation, Fig 11.2) P197
24 Principle of gel electrophoresis* P198
25 How DNA fragments are separated using agarose gel electrophoresis P198
26 Use of Ethidium bromide in separated DNA fragments following electrophoresis P198
27 What is Elution? P198
28 What are cloning vectors? Name of any other cloning vectors other than in the text book* P198
29 List the features required to facilitate cloning into a vector P199
30 Why selectable marker required in a vector? P199
31 Why single recognition site preferred over multiple sites in a vector? P199
32 Meaning of vector pBR322* P
33 What happens when you ligate a foreign DNA at BamH I site of tetR gene in pBR322? P199
34 How selection and screening of transformed cells done? P200

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 11. Biodiversity and Conservation

35 What is insertional inactivation? How it used in identifying transformants from non- P200
transformants?
36 Name a natural genetic engineer P200
37 How Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium has been exploited by genetic engineers? P200
38 How bacterium is made competent to take up a DNA? P200
39 List different methods of gene transfer P201
40 Name enzymes used for DNA isolation from different sources P201
41 Steps in DNA isolation (brief) P201
42 What is PCR? Why used in a genetic engineering lab? P202
43 Describe the three steps in a cycle of PCR P202
44 Why DNA polymerase not used in PCR? Name the substitute. Why used? Source of the P203
enzyme?
45 Batch culture and continuous culture system P203
46 Common Bioreactors. Why used replace normal vessels? P204
47 Construction of stirred tank bioreactor P204
48 Why the name Sparged tank bioreactor? P204
49 What is down-stream processing? P204
50 Define up-stream processing* P
*may not be available in the Text book

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 12. Biotechnology and its Applications

12 Biotechnology and its Applications

Dear User
Thank you for showing your interest to use this material. It has been specially designed to help you check
your preparation at this moment. So, close your books hold this checklist and recall the answers. Repeat
if required. Tell others if satisfied, else tell me. ([email protected]). Refer Biology XII, NCERT.
Best wishes for your exams.

1 Definition of Biotechnology P207

2 Three critical research areas of Biotechnology P207
3 Three options that can be thought for increasing food production. P207
4 Green revolution P208
5 What are GMOs? P208
6 How GM plants are useful to us P208
7 How pest resistant plants are developed using Bt toxin gene P208
8 Bt toxin does not kill Bacillus (host). Why? P208
10 Source of Bt toxin gene P208
11 Name of Genes coding toxic proteins and their target pests P209
12 Using RNA interference in developing pest resistant plants (detail) P209
13 Earlier methods of making insulin P210
14 How genetically engineered insulin is made P210
15 Major problem faced while making genetically engineered insulin. P211
16 How was the problem solved while making genetically engineered insulin P211
17 When gene therapy administered? P211
18 Explain steps in gene therapy using ADA as example P211
19 Why molecular diagnostic preferred over conventional ones? P212
20 Name 3 techniques of molecular diagnosis P212
21 Expand ELISA P212
22 Principle of ELISA P212
23 How rDNA technology used in diagnostics? P212
24 How PCR technique used in diagnostics? P212
25 Transgenic animals. Examples. P212
26 Uses of transgenic animals P212
27 What is the use of transgenic animals in studying a disease? P212
28 Name Biological products obtained from transgenic animals P213
29 Expand GEAC P213
30 Role of GEAC P213

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 13. Organisms and Populations

13 Organisms and Populations

Dear User
Thank you for showing your interest to use this material. It has been specially designed to help you check
your preparation at this moment. So, close your books hold this checklist and recall the answers. Repeat
if required. Tell others if satisfied, else tell me. ([email protected]). Refer Biology XII, NCERT.
Best wishes for your exams.

1 Definition of Population in ecological terms. P226

2 Population Ecology? P227
3 Population attributes which individual organisms do not have? P227
4 Calculating Birth rate and death rate P227
5 Expanding, Stable and declining age pyramids P227
6 Population size (Population density) P228
7 Absolute population density, relative population density P228
8 How Tiger census is done P228
10 Why population is not static matter P228
11 Four basic processes for which population density fluctuates P228
12 Mathematical expression for population density at time t. ( Nt= ?) P229
13 Exponential growth model P229
14 Mathematical expression for Exponential growth, explain (dN/dt=rN) P230
15 Population growth curves (fig 13.5) P230
16 Logistic growth P231
17 Carrying capacity (K) P231
18 Mathematical expression for Logistic growth P231
19 Which type of growth is more realistic? Why? P231
20 Reproductive fitness (Darwinian fitness) i.e. high r value P231
21 Types of interspecific interactions P232
22 Predation P232
a) Important roles played by predators
b) Prickly pear cactus introduced in Australia
c) Biological control of pests
d) Pisaster (starfish) in American Pacific coast
e) Why predators in nature are prudent?
f) Defence strategies of animal prey species.
g) Defence strategies of plant prey species P233

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 13. Organisms and Populations

23 Definition of Competition in terms of ‘r’ P233

a) Reasons for competition
b) Examples of Interspecific competition
c) Abingdon tortoise in Galapagos island
d) Definition of Competitive release P224
e) Connell’s field experiment
f) Competitive Exclusion Principle
g) Resource partitioning
h) Mc Arthur observation
24 Definition of Parasitism P235
a) Host specific parasitism
b) Co-evolution
c) Adaptive evolution in parasites
d) Parasite having one-two intermediate hosts
e) Ectoparasites in animals and plants P236
f) Brood parasitism
25 Commensalism- definition P236
a) Epiphyte on mango branch
b) Barnacle on whale back
c) Cattle egret and grazing cattle
d) Sea anemone and clown fish P237
26 Mutualism- Definition P237
a) Lichen
b) Mycorrhiza
c) Plant-pollinator relation
d) Cheaters
e) Co-evolution in mutualists
f) Fig – wasp relation
g) Sexual deceit and co-evolution (orchid Ophrys) P238

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 14. Ecosystem

14 Ecosystem
Dear User
Thank you for showing your interest to use this material. It has been specially designed to help you check
your preparation at this moment. So, close your books hold this checklist and recall the answers. Repeat
if required. Tell others if satisfied, else tell me. ([email protected]). Refer Biology XII, NCERT.
Best wishes for your exams.
Based on Reduced syllabus (2022-23)

1 Two basic categories of ecosystem with examples P241

2 Stratification in a forest P242
3 Components of an ecosystem to function as an unit P242
4 Pond- as self-sustainable unit P242
5 Productivity- definition P243
a) Primary productivity
b) Gross Primary Productivity
c) Net Primary Productivity
d) Secondary Productivity
6 Decomposition- definition P243
7 Important steps in decomposition process P243
8 Detritus P243
10 Fragmentation P243
11 Leaching P243
12 Humus and Humification P244
13 Mineralisation P244
14 Factors affecting rate of decomposition P244
15 Photosynthetic active radiation P245
16 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics and application in understanding Energy flow in P245
ecosystem
17 Primary producers in aquatic ecosystem P245
18 Food chain- definition P245
19 Food web- definition P245
20 How a detritus food chain / web starts P245
21 Grazing food chain (GFC) P245
22 Detritus food chain (DFC) P246
23 Trophic levels in an ecosystem, see fig 14.2 P246
24 Standing crop and biomass P247
25 10% law and energy flow in trophic levels P247
26 Ecological pyramid- definition P247
27 Three types of ecological pyramids P248
28 How can a species occupy more than one trophic levels? Take example of sparrow P249
29 All pyramids are upright. Why? P249
30 Exceptional pyramids P249
31 Pyramid of biomass in sea is inverted. How? P249
32 Pyramid of energy is always upright. Why? P249
33 Limitations of ecological pyramids P250

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 Preparation Checklist / BIOLOGY – XII / 15. Biodiversity and Conservation

15 Biodiversity and Conservation

Dear User
Thank you for showing your interest to use this material. It has been specially designed to help you check
your preparation at this moment. So, close your books hold this checklist and recall the answers. Repeat
if required. Tell others if satisfied, else tell me. ([email protected]). Refer Biology XII, NCERT.
Best wishes for your exams.
1 Definition of Biodiversity. P258
2 Levels of biological organisation and study of biodiversity P259
3 Genetic diversity, Rauwolfia P259
4 Species diversity and Western ghats P259
5 Ecological diversity- examples P259
6 Estimation of biodiversity, Robert May P259
7 Expand IUCN P259
8 Fig. 15.1 P260
10 What makes our country mega biodiversity country? P261
11 What trend is observed in the latitudinal gradient in biodiversity? Examples P261
12 Why tropics are abundant in biodiversity? P261
13 Species-area relationship/ Alexander von Humboldt observation P262
14 Graphical representation of Species-area relationship P262
15 Mathematical expression of Species-area relationship P262
16 Slope becomes steeper with increased Z-values. Example? What is the meaning of steeper P262
slope?
17 Characteristics of a stable community P263
18 David Tilman’s observations P263
19 Rivet popper hypothesis (Paul Ehrlich) P263
20 What is IUCN Red List P263
21 IUCN Red List 2004 and extinction of species P263
22 Recent extinctions P263
23 Mass extinction P264
24 Sixth extinction P264
25 Consequences of loss of biodiversity in a region P264
26 Major causes of biodiversity loss (Evil quartet) P264
27 Example of over-exploitation leading to extinction of species P265
28 Alien species invasion and consequences P265
a) Nile perch
b) Invasive weeds
c) African catfish
29 Why should we conserve biodiversity? P265
30 Meaning of In situ and Ex situ conservation P266
31 Meaning and criteria for biological hotspot P266
32 Endemism P266
33 Indian Biodiversity hotspots P266
34 Role of sacred groves P267
35 Examples of Ex situ conservation P267
36 Cryopreservation and conservation P267
37 Earth summit P267

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