Heat Transfer
Dr. M K Mandal
Chemical Engg. Dept
NIT Durgapur
[email protected]
Heat Transfer
• Heat is a transfer of energy from one object to another due to a
difference in temperature
• Temperature is a measure of the molecular energy in an object
with the motion of atoms or molecules.
• Heat always flows from an object of higher temp (TH) to one
of lower temp (TL)
• We are often interested in the rate at which this heat transfer
takes place
Heat transfer: the mechanisms
Three mechanisms or modes for heat transfer:
• Conduction, Convection and Radiation
Conduction
• Transfer of heat through direct contact
• Molecules are in constant motion, their speed is proportionate
to the temperature of the object
• Conduction of heat is due to vibration of molecules
• Heat conduction may takes place through solids, liquids and
gases
• Particle themselves remain in fixed position relative to each
other
• As long as the objects are in contact, transfer of heat will
continue until the temperature of the objects is the same
Convection
Convection is the process of heat transfer during which heat
energy is carried from one part of a fluid to another part of it
by the actual movement of heated mass of the fluid.
The motion of the fluid is caused by the differences in density
which results from temperature difference
Radiation
• It is a process of heat transfer from a hot body to a cold body,
in a straight line, without affecting the intervening medium
• Energy transferred in the form of rays or waves or particles
E.g. solar radiation heats the Earth
Conduction Heat transfer: heat flux or rate
Heat flux is the flow per unit area and per unit time of heat. It is directly
proportional to the temperature gradient.
General 1D heat conduction equation One dimensional, steady state equn.:
dT
One dimensional, steady state Fourier's law: q k
dx
where:
q is the heat flux • q is in [Wm-2]
k is the coefficient of thermal conductivity
T is the temperature (K) • k is in [Wm-1K-1]
x is a spatial coordinate
Heat transfer rate
• Q is heat transfer rate in [W]
dT • A is cross-sectional area (m2) and depends on geometry
Q kA
dx
Question: why is the minus sign?
Thermal resistance
T1 T 2 B.C.
Rate of heat flow, Q kA
L At x= 0, T=T1
X= L, T=T2
The above equation can be written as,
T1 T 2 T1 T 2
Q C (T 1 T 2 )
L (R )
( )
KA
The terms
R, (L/kA) is known as thermal resistance and
C (KA/L) is known as thermal conductance
C and R is reciprocal
Thermal conductivity
• The thermal conductivity is defined as the rate of heat tra
nsfer through a unit thickness of material per unit area per u
nit temperature difference
• Unit is W/mK
Thermal conductivity k is a measure of a material’s ability to
conduct heat
Varies with materials
Thermal Conductivity of Materials
Material (W m-1 K-1) comments
Silver 422 room T metals feel cold
Copper 391 great for pulling away heat
Gold 295
Aluminum 205
Stainless Steel 10–25 why cookware uses S.S.
Glass, Concrete,Wood 0.5–3 buildings
Many Plastics ~0.4 room T plastics feel warm
G-10 fiberglass 0.29 strongest insulator choice
Stagnant Air 0.024 but usually moving…
Styrofoam 0.01–0.03 can be better than air!
Conductors and Insulators
• Some materials conduct heat better than others.
• Materials that transfer heat well are called conductors.
• Metals are usually good conductors.
• Wood, paper and plastic are not.
• Materials that stop the transfer of heat are called insulators
(styrofoam, wool, fiberglass).
A substance with a large value of k is a good thermal conductor, whereas a substance
with a small value of k is a poor thermal conductor or a good thermal insulator.
Heat transfer: heat rate for slab or wall
dT
Fourier Law of Conduction: Q kA
dx
Q kA
T hot T cold kA
T
L L
x • Q is heat transfer rate in [W]
• A is cross-sectional area (m2) = B xW
Temperature distribution through a slab
Heat transfer: composite slab in series
Heat rate through slab 1:
T1 T 2 k1 k2
Q1 k 1 A
L1 heat
Heat rate through slab 2: T1 T2 T3
T 2 T3 T1 > T3
Q2 k2 A
L2
L1 L2
In steady-state Q1=Q2, we get:
T1 T 3 T1 T 3
Q1 Q 2
( L 1 / Ak 1 ) ( L 2 / Ak 2 ) ( R1 ) ( R 2 )
Heat Transfer through entire series:
T T L
Q R
i 1 , n
L i / Ak i R where
kA
Total resistance = ΣR
Problem
Find the heat transfer per unit area, total resistance and temp. of
walls T2 and T3 of previous diagram through the composite wall.
Heat transfer: composite slab in parallel
In steady-state Q=Q1 + Q2, we get:
T1 > T3
Different combinations can be given like either series / parallel / series-parallel
Problem
Determine the heat transfer through parallel wall shown in the
figure below. Take the conductives of B and C as 10 and 6.67
W/mK respectively and assume one dimensional heat transfer.
Take of area of B & C = 0.5 m2. Temperature entering at wall A is
150 0C and leaving at wall E is 100 0C.
B
Solution
T 2 T3 150 100
Q2 417 . 36 W
R 0 . 1198
Problem
Determine the heat transfer through the composite wall shown in
the figure below. Take the conductives of A, B, C, D & E as 50,
10, 6.67, 20 & 30 W/mK respectively and assume one
dimensional heat transfer. Take of area of A =D= E = 1m2 and
B=C=0.5 m2. Temperature entering at wall A is 800 0C and
leaving at wall E is 100 0C.
Note: having series and parallel network
Solution
Heat Conduction in Cylinders
Steady state heat transfer through pipes is in the normal direction to the
wall surface (no significant heat transfer occurs in other directions).
Therefore, the heat transfer can be modeled as steady-state and one
dimensional, and the temperature of the pipe will depend only on the radial
direction, T = T (r).
Since, there is no heat generation in the layer and thermal conductivity i
s constant, the Fourier law becomes:
One dimensional heat conduction in a cylindrical layer
where Rcyl is the conduction resistance
Problem
A steel pipe (K = 45.0 W/m.K) having a 0.05m O.D is covered with a 0.042 m
thick layer of magnesia (K = 0.07W/m.K) which in turn covered with a 0.024 m
layer of fiberglass insulation (K = 0.048 W/m.K). The pipe wall outside
temperature is 370 K and the outer surface temperature of the fiberglass is 305K.
What is the interfacial temperature between the magnesia and fiberglass? Also
calculate the steady state heat transfer.
Given:
OD = 0.05 m d1= 0.05 m, r1 = 0.025 m, k1 = 45 W/mK
r2 = r1 + thick of insulation 1 = 0.025+0.042 = 0.067 m, k2 = 0.07 W/mK
k3 = 0.048 W/mK, r3 = r2 + thick of insulation 2 = 0.067+0.024 = 0.091 m
T1 = 370 K, T3 = 305 K
Solution
T2 = 325.26 K
Heat Conduction in Spheres
Fourier law becomes:
one dimensional heat conduction in a cylindrical layer
where Rsph is the conduction resistance
Problem
A spherical shaped vessel of 1.2 m diameter is 100 mm thick. Find the rate of
heat leakage, if the temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces is
200 0 C. Thermal conductivity of material is 0.3 kJ /m hr. 0C.
Given
d1 =1.2 m
r1 = 0.6 m
r2 = r1 + thick = 0.6 + 0.1 = 0.7 m
∆ =200 0C
K = 0.3 kJ /m hr. 0C = 0.0833 W/m 0C
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