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Lecture 3 Selection

The document explains the flow of control in programming, focusing on selection statements in Java, including if, if-else, and switch statements. It details the syntax and logic of these statements, the use of boolean expressions, operator precedence, and the conditional operator. Additionally, it provides examples and emphasizes the importance of indentation and block statements.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

16 views49 pages

Lecture 3 Selection

Uploaded by

yadullahgoni

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Selections

1
1. Flow of Control

• The order of statement execution is called the flow of control

• Unless specified otherwise, the order of statement execution through
a method is linear (sequential): one statement after another in
sequence
• Some programming statements allow us to:
• decide whether or not to execute a particular statement
• execute a statement over and over, repetitively

• These selection (decision) statements are based on boolean

expressions (or conditions) that evaluate to true or false

2
2. Selection Statements

• A Selection (conditional) statement allows us to choose which

statement (or block of statements) will be executed next.
• Java selection statements are:

•if statement - allows one option

•if-else statement - allows two options
•switch statement - allows multiple options

3
3. The if Statement

• The if statement has the following syntax:

The condition must be a

boolean expression. It must
if is a Java evaluate to either true or false.
reserved
word
if (condition)
{
statementBlock;
};

If the condition is true, the statementBlock is

executed.
If it is false, the statementBlock is skipped.
4
Logic of if statement

Statement
1 grade = 70;
2 If (grade>= 90)
3 System.out.println("You got an
condition "A");
evaluated 4 System.out.println("This is line 4");

tru fals
e e
Statement Block
1 grade = 95;
2 If (grade>= 90)
3 System.out.println("You got an
"A");
Statement 4 System.out.println("This is line 4");

5
Boolean Expressions

• A condition often uses one of Java's equality operators or relational

operators, which all return boolean results:
== equal to
!= not equal to
< less than
> greater than
<= less than or equal to
>= greater than or equal to

• Note the difference between the equality operator (==) and the
assignment operator (=)

6
Example - if Statement

• An example of an if statement:

if (sum > MAX)

delta = sum - MAX;
System.out.println ("The sum is " + sum);

• First, the condition is evaluated -- the value of sum

is either greater than the value of MAX, or it is not
• If the condition is true, the assignment statement
is executed -- if it isn’t (i.e., false), the assignment
statement is skipped.
• Either way, the call to println is executed next
• See Age.java next slide
7
Example - if Statement
// Age.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Age
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
final int MINOR = 21;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.print ("Enter your age: ");
int age = scan.nextInt();
System.out.println ("You entered: " + age);

if (age < MINOR)

System.out.println ("Youth is a wonderful thing. Enjoy!");

System.out.println ("Age is a state of mind.");

}
}

8
Boolean Expressions

• Expressions that use logical operators can form complex conditions

if (total < MAX + 5 && !found)

System.out.println ("Processing…");

• Mathematical operators have higher precedence

than the Relational and Logical operators
• Relational operators have higher precedence than
Logical operators

9
Boolean Expressions

• Specific expressions can be evaluated using truth tables

• Given X = total < MAX && !found
What is the values of X ?

total < MAX !found X = total < MAX && !found

true true true
true false false
false true false
false false false

10
Operator Precedence
var++, var-- Postfix increment
++var, --var Prefix increment
+, - unary operators

(type) Casting and parenthesis

! Not
*, /, % Math operators
+, - Math operators
<, <=, >, >= Relational operators
==, != Relational equality
^ Exclusive OR
&& Logical AND
|| Logical OR
=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= Assignment operators
11
Operator Precedence

Applying operator precedence and associativity rule to the expression: 3 +

4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - 1

12
4. The if-else Statement

• An else clause can be added to an if statement to make an if-else

statement

if ( condition )
statementBlock1;
else
statementBlock2;

• If the condition is true, statementBlock1 is

executed; if the condition is false, statementBlock2
is executed
• One or the other will be executed, but not both

13
Logic of an if-else statement

Statement

condition
evaluated

tru fals
e e

StatementBlock1 StatementBlock2

Statement

14
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else System.out.print("F");

15
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else System.out.print("F");

16
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 The condition is true

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else System.out.print("F");

17
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 grade is C

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else System.out.print("F");

18
Trace if-else statement
Suppose score is 70.0 Exit the if statement

if (score >= 90.0)

System.out.print("A");
else if (score >= 80.0)
System.out.print("B");
else if (score >= 70.0)
System.out.print("C");
else if (score >= 60.0)
System.out.print("D");
else System.out.print("F");

• See Wages.java example next slide.

19
Example
// Wages.java
import java.text.NumberFormat;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Wages
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
final double RATE = 8.25; //regular pay rate
final int STANDARD = 40; //weekly hours
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in); //scanner object
double pay = 0.0; // initialization
System.out.print ("Enter the number of hours worked: "); //prompt
int hours = scan.nextInt(); //read input value
System.out.println (); //print blank line
// Pay overtime at "time and a half"
if (hours > STANDARD)
pay = STANDARD * RATE + (hours-STANDARD) * (RATE * 1.5);
else
pay = hours * RATE;
NumberFormat fmt = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance();
//format
System.out.println ("Gross earnings: " + fmt.format(pay));
//output
}
}

20
Indentation - Revisited

• Remember that indentation is for the human reader, and is ignored by

the computer

if (total > MAX)

System.out.println ("Error!!");
errorCount++;

Despite what is implied by the indentation, the increment

will occur whether the condition is true or not

21
Block Statements
• Several statements can be grouped together into a block statement
delimited by braces

if (total > MAX)

{
System.out.println ("Error!!");
errorCount++;
// more statements…
}

22
Block Statements

• In an if-else statement, the if portion, or the else portion, or

both, could be block statements

if (total > MAX)

{
System.out.println ("Error!!");
errorCount++;
}
else
{
System.out.println ("Total: " + total);
current = total * 2;
}

• See Guessing.java next slide.

23
Example
// Guessing.java
import java.util.*;
public class Guessing
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
final int MAX = 10;
int answer, guess;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in); //scanner object
Random generator = new Random(); //number generator object
answer = generator.nextInt(MAX) + 1; //generate a number
System.out.print ("I'm thinking of a number between 1"
+ "and " + MAX + ". Guess what it is: ");
guess = scan.nextInt(); //read user input
if (guess == answer)
System.out.println ("You got it! Good guessing!");
else
{
System.out.println ("That is not correct!");
System.out.println ("The number was " + answer);
}
}
}

24
5. The Conditional Operator

• Java has a conditional operator that uses a boolean condition to

determine which of two expressions is evaluated
• Its syntax is:
condition ? expression1 : expression2
• If the condition is true, expression1 is evaluated; if it is false,
expression2 is evaluated
• The conditional operator is ternary because it requires three
operands

25
The Conditional Operator

• The conditional operator is similar to an if-else statement, except that

it is an expression that returns a value
• For example:
larger = ((num1 > num2) ? num1 : num2);
• If num1 is greater than num2, then num1 is assigned to larger;
otherwise, num2 is assigned to larger
• Same as if (num1 > num2)
larger = num1;
else
larger = num2;

26
The Conditional Operator

• Another example:

System.out.println ("Your change is " + count +

((count == 1) ? "Dime" : "Dimes"));

• If count equals 1, then "Dime" is printed

• If count is anything other than 1, then "Dimes" is
printed

27
Nested if Statements

• The statement executed as a result of an if statement or else

clause could be another if statement
• These are called nested if statements
• Java Rule: An else clause is matched to the last unmatched if (no
matter what the indentation implies)
• Braces can be used to specify the if statement to which an else
clause belongs
• See MinOfThree.java next slide

28
Example
// MinOfThree.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class MinOfThree
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{ int num1, num2, num3, min = 0;
Scanner scan = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.println ("Enter three integers: ");
num1 = scan.nextInt();
num2 = scan.nextInt();
num3 = scan.nextInt();
if (num1 < num2)
if (num1 < num3) if (num1 < num2)
min = num1; min = num1;
else else
min = num3; min = num2;
else
if (num2 < num3)
min = num2; if (num3 < min)
else min = num3;
min = num3;
System.out.println ("Minimum value: " + min);
}
}
29
6. Switch Statement

• The switch statement provides another way to decide which

statement to execute next
• The switch statement evaluates an expression, then attempts to
match the result to one of several possible cases (options)
• Each case contains a value and a list of statements
• The flow of control transfers to statement associated with the first
case value that matches

30
Syntax

• The general syntax of a switch statement is:

switch
switch (expression)
and {
case case value1:
are statement_List1
reserve break;
d case value2:
statement_List2
words break; If expression
case value3: matches
statement_List3 value2,
break; control jumps
case ...
to here
default:
statement_List
}
31
break Statement

• Often a break statement is used as the last statement in each case's

statement list
• A break statement causes control to transfer to the end of the switch
statement
• If a break statement is not used, the flow of control will continue into the
next case
• Sometimes this may be appropriate, but often we want to execute only the
statements associated with one case

32
Trace switch statement
Suppose day is 2:

switch (day) { //day is of type int

case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5: System.out.println("Weekday"); break;
case 6:
case 7: System.out.println("Weekend");
}

33
Trace switch statement
Match case 2